1265

Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	12th century 13th century 14th century
Decades:	1240s 1250s 1260s 1270s 1280s
Years:	1262 1263 1264 1265 1266 1267 1268

1265 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar	1265 MCCLXV
Ab urbe condita	2018
Armenian calendar	714 ԹՎ ՉԺԴ
Assyrian calendar	6015
Balinese saka calendar	1186–1187
Bengali calendar	672
Berber calendar	2215
English Regnal year	49 Hen. 3 – 50 Hen. 3
Buddhist calendar	1809
Burmese calendar	627
Byzantine calendar	6773–6774
Chinese calendar	甲子年 (Wood Rat) 3962 or 3755 — to — 乙丑年 (Wood Ox) 3963 or 3756
Coptic calendar	981–982
Discordian calendar	2431
Ethiopian calendar	1257–1258
Hebrew calendar	5025–5026
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1321–1322
- Shaka Samvat	1186–1187
- Kali Yuga	4365–4366
Holocene calendar	11265
Igbo calendar	265–266
Iranian calendar	643–644
Islamic calendar	663–664
Japanese calendar	Bun'ei2 (文永2年)
Javanese calendar	1175–1176
Julian calendar	1265 MCCLXV
Korean calendar	3598
Minguo calendar	647 before ROC 民前647年
Nanakshahi calendar	−203
Thai solar calendar	1807–1808
Tibetan calendar	阳木鼠年 (male Wood-Rat) 1391 or 1010 or 238 — to — 阴木牛年 (female Wood-Ox) 1392 or 1011 or 239

By topic

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War and politics

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January 20 – In Westminster, the first elected English parliament (called Montfort's Parliament) conducts its first meeting in the Palace of Westminster, later to be known as the Houses of Parliament.^[1]
March – End of the Hungarian Civil War (1264–1265) – Battle of Isaszeg: Younger King Stephen decisively defeats his father's army.^[2]
May 28 – Future King Edward I of England escapes the captivity of Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester.^[3]
June 18 – A draft Byzantine–Venetian treaty is concluded between Venetian envoys and Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos, but is not ratified by Doge Reniero Zeno^[4]
August 4 – Second Barons' War: The Battle of Evesham is fought in Worcestershire, with the army of Edward defeating the forces of rebellious barons led by Simon de Montfort, resulting in the death of Montfort and many of his allies. This is sometimes considered the death of chivalry in England.^[5]
The Isle of Man comes under Scottish rule.^[6]
Mongol armies, led by Nogai Khan, raid Thrace.^[7]
In the first major battle in five years (since the Song Dynasty Chinese pushed the forces of Kublai Khan back across the Yangzi River, after Möngke Khan's failed invasion in 1259), Kublai Khan engages the Chinese in Sichuan province. Kublai gains a preliminary victory, and war booty of 146 captured Song Dynasty naval ships.^[8]

Culture

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The Book of Aneirin, a Welsh manuscript of poetry, is penned.^[9]
The brewingofBudweiser Budvar beer begins in Bohemia; Budweiser Budvar has been produced continuously there to this day.^[10]
Correspondence from Pope Clement IV contains the first known mention of the ring of the Fisherman, an item of papal regalia then used to seal personal correspondence from the pope, and later for papal bulls.^[11]^[12]
February 5 – Pope Clement IV succeeds Pope Urban IV, as the 183rd pope.^[13]

By place

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Africa and Asia

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The Mamluk Sultanate Bahri dynastyofEgypt captures several cities and towns from Crusader states in the Middle East, including the cities of Haifa, Arsuf, and Caesarea Maritima; these events eventually precipitate the Eighth Crusadein1267.^[14]^[15]
Kublai Khan sends a delegation to Japan, which loots islands along the way.^[16]
Fire destroys parts of Old Cairo.^[17]
India, Delhi: Ghiyas-Ud-Din-Balban comes to the throne and introduces Sijdah.^[18]

^ Lehmberg, Stanford (2002). A History of the Peoples of the British Isles: From Prehistoric Times to 1688. New York and London: Routledge. p. 77. ISBN 9781134415281.

^ Zsoldos, Attila (2007). Családi ügy: IV. Béla és István ifjabb király viszálya az 1260-as években [A family affair: The Conflict between Béla IV and Junior King Stephen in the 1260s] (in Hungarian). História, MTA Történettudományi Intézete. p. 141. ISBN 978-963-9627-15-4.

^ Grossman, Mark (2007). World Military Leaders: A Biographical Dictionary. Facts on File Library of World History. New York: Infobase Publishing. pp. 97–98. ISBN 9780816074778.

^ Setton, Kenneth Meyer (1976). The Papacy and the Levant, 1204–1571: The thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society 114. Vol. I: The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries. Philadelphia, PA: American Philosophical Society. p. 100. ISBN 9780871691149.

^ ^a ^b Mackintosh, James; Wallace, William (1836). The history of England, by sir J. Mackintosh (continued by W. Wallace, R. Bell). Vol. I: England. London: Longman and John Taylor. pp. 237–238.

^ Bullock, H. A. (1816). History of the Isle of Man: With a Comparative View of the Past and Present State of Society and Manners, Containing Also Biographical Anecdotes of Eminent Persons Connected with that Island. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown. pp. 23. 1265 isle of man.

^ Howorth, Henry Hoyle (2008). History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century. Vol. Part 2: The So-Called Tartars of Russia and Central Asia. New York: Cosimo, Inc. p. 123. ISBN 9781605201344.

^ Powell, John (2001). Magill's Guide to Military History. Vol. 3: Jap-Pel. Pasadena, CA: Salem Press. p. 854. ISBN 9780893560171.

^ Strabone, Jeff (2018). Poetry and British Nationalisms in the Bardic Eighteenth Century: Imagined Antiquities. Palgrave Studies in the Enlightenment, Romanticism and Cultures of Print. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. pp. 126–127. ISBN 9783319952550.

^ Corte-Real, Antonio (2005). "The Conflict Between Trade Marks and Geographical Indications - The Case of Budweiser in Portugal". In Heath, Christopher; Sanders, Anselm Kamperman (eds.). New Frontiers of Intellectual Property Law: IP and Cultural Heritage – Geographical Indications – Enforcement – Overprotection. Oxford and Portland, OR: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 155. ISBN 9781847312563.

^ Aavitsland, Kristin B. (2012). Imagining the Human Condition in Medieval Rome: The Cistercian Fresco Cycle at Abbazia Delle Tre Fontane. Surrey and Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 174. ISBN 9781409438182.

^ Kunz, George Frederick (1973) [1917]. Rings for the Finger: From the Earliest Known Times to the Present, with Full Descriptions of the Origin, Early Making, Materials, the Archaeology, History, for Affection, for Love, for Engagement, for Wedding, Commemorative, Mourning, etc. New York: Dover Publications. p. 263. ISBN 9780486144245.

^ Izbicki, Thomas M. (2016) [1995]. "Clement IV". In Kibler, William W.; Zinn, Grover A. (eds.). Routledge Revivals: Medieval France (1995): An Encyclopedia. New York and London: Taylor & Francis. p. 230. ISBN 9781351665667.

^ Stanton, Charles D. (2015). Medieval Maritime Warfare. Barnsley, UK: Pen and Sword. p. 104. ISBN 9781473856431.

^ Slack, Corliss K. (2013). Historical Dictionary of the Crusades. Lanham, Toronto, Plymouth, UK: Scarecrow Press. pp. xxxii. ISBN 9780810878310.

^ Okazaki, Hisahiko (1986). A grand strategy for Japanese defense. Lanham, MD: University Press of America. p. 4. ISBN 9780819153258.

^ Goitein, S. D. (1999). A Mediterranean Society: The Jewish Communities of the Arab World as Portrayed in the Documents of the Cairo Geniza. Vol. I: Economic Foundations. Berkeley, CA, Los Angeles, CA and London: University of California Press. p. 19. ISBN 9780520221581.

^ Dwivedi, Rakesh (2010). Gs In 60 Days. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill Education. p. 1.49. ISBN 9780070670785.

^ Mostow, Joshua S. (2014). Courtly Visions: The Ise Stories and the Politics of Cultural Appropriation. Leiden, Boston: BRILL. p. 99. ISBN 9789004249431.

^ Tonʼa (2003). Just Living: Poems and Prose by the Japanese Monk Tonna. Translated by Steven D. Carter. New York and Chichester, UK: Columbia University Press. p. 232. ISBN 9780231125536.

^ Tonʼa (2003). Just Living: Poems and Prose by the Japanese Monk Tonna. New York and Chichester, UK: Columbia University Press. p. 232. ISBN 9780231125536.

^ Mass, Jeffrey P. (1997). The Origins of Japan's Medieval World: Courtiers, Clerics, Warriors, and Peasants in the Fourteenth Century. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. p. 274. ISBN 9780804743792.

^ Thomas, Joseph (2009). The Universal Dictionary of Biography and Mythology. Vol. I: A - CLU. New York: Cosimo, Inc. p. 91. ISBN 9781616400699.

^ Toynbee, Paget (2005). "Part II: Dante in Florence". Dante Alighieri: His Life and Works. Mineola, NY: Courier Corporation. p. 36. ISBN 9780486146423.

^ Martin, Therese (2012). Reassessing the Roles of Women as 'Makers' of Medieval Art and Architecture. Visualising the Middle Ages. Vol. Two. Leiden, Boston: BRILL. p. 1083. ISBN 9789004185555.

^ Roberson, Gloria G. (2003). The World of Toni Morrison: A Guide to Characters and Places in Her Novels. Wesport, CT and London: Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 13. ISBN 9780313323805. 1265 Beatrice Portinari.

^ Dyer, Ray (2016). Lady Muriel: The Victorian Romance by Lewis Carroll. Kibworth Beauchamp, UK: Troubador Publishing Ltd. pp. l. ISBN 9781785890314.

^ The Chetham Society (1890). Remains, Historical and Literary, Connected with the Palatine Counties of Lancaster and Chester. Manchester, UK: Chetham Society. pp. 721. 1265 John maunsell.

^ Browne, Edward G. (2013) [1920]. A History of Persian Literature under Tartar Dominion (AD 1265–1502). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 17. ISBN 9781107682412.

^ Guiley, Rosemary (2001). The Encyclopedia of Saints. New York: Infobase Publishing. pp. 305–306. ISBN 9781438130262.

^ Bartlett, Robert (2013). Why Can the Dead Do Such Great Things?: Saints and Worshippers from the Martyrs to the Reformation. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. p. 218. ISBN 9781400848782.

^ Crabb, George (1825). Universal Historical Dictionary: Or, Explanation of the Names of Persons and Places in the Departments of Biblical, Political, and Ecclesiastical History, Mythology, Heraldry, Biography, Bibliography, Geography, and Numismatics. Illustrated by Portraits and Medallic Cuts. Vol. II. London: Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy.

^ ^a ^b Wilkinson, Louise J. (2012). Eleanor de Montfort: A Rebel Countess in Medieval England. London and New York: A&C Black. p. 208. ISBN 9781441182197.

^ Imsen, Steinar (2010). The Norwegian Domination and the Norse World, C.1100-c.1400. "Norgesveldet", Occasional Papers No. 1. Trondheim, Norway: Tapir Academic Press. p. 104. ISBN 9788251925631.

^ Dongen, Emanuel van (2014). Contributory Negligence: A Historical and Comparative Study. Leiden, Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 120. ISBN 9789004278721.

^ Kadens, Emily (2019). "Convergence and the colonization of customs in pre-modern Europe". In Moréteau, Olivier; Masferrer, Aniceto; Modéer, Kjell A. (eds.). Comparative Legal History. Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 178. ISBN 9781781955222.

^ Eichner, Heidrun (2011). "Essence and Existence. Thirteenth-Century Perspectives in Arabic-Islamic Philosophy and Theology". In Hasse, Dag Nikolaus; Bertolacci, Amos (eds.). The Arabic, Hebrew and Latin Reception of Avicenna's Metaphysics. Berlin and Boston: Walter de Gruyter. p. 125. ISBN 9783110215762.

Contents

Events

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War and politics

Culture

By place

Africa and Asia

Births

Deaths

References

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