1 Chronicles 5 is the fifth chapter of the Books of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible or the First Book of Chronicles in the Old Testament of the ChristianBible.[1][2] The book is compiled from older sources by an unknown person or group, designated by modern scholars as "the Chronicler", and had the final shape established in late fifth or fourth century BCE.[3] This chapter focuses on the Transjordanian tribes, geographically from south to north: Reuben (verses 1–10), Gad (verses 11–17) and the half tribe of Manasseh (verses 23–24), as well as the account of the war against the Hagrites (verses 10, 18–22) and the reasoning why Transjordanian tribes were taken away into exile (verses 25–26).[4] It belongs to the section focusing on the list of genealogies from Adam to the lists of the people returning from exile in Babylon (1 Chronicles 1:1 to 9:34).[1]
This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language. It is divided into 26 verses in English Bibles, but counted to 41 verses in Hebrew Bible using a different verse numbering (see below).
There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; B; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; A; 5th century).[7][a]
The whole chapter belongs to an arrangement comprising 1 Chronicles 2:3–8:40 with the king-producing tribes of Judah (David;
2:3–4:43) and Benjamin (Saul; 8:1–40) bracketing the series of lists as the priestly tribe of Levi (6:1–81) anchors the center, in the following order:[12]
This section begins with explanation (a kind of midrash) that Reuben did not receive the rights of a firstborn son of Jacob because he slept with Bilhah, his father's concubine (Genesis 35:22; cf. 49:3–4). The firstborn rights were passed on to the two sons of Joseph, whereas the leadership was given to Judah (underlined in verse 2 and reflected in its prominence in the lists of tribes themselves) with an unnamed "chief ruler" (certainly pointing to David). Reuben's four sons are only named in verse 4.[4]
Now the sons of Reuben the firstborn of Israel—he was indeed the firstborn, but because he defiled his father's bed, his birthright was given to the sons of Joseph, the son of Israel, so that the genealogy is not listed according to the birthright;[13]
"Given to the sons of Joseph": Some ancient Hebrew manuscripts, the Syriac and Arabic translations read "to Joseph".[14] This transfer of primogeniture rights refers to Jacob's curse (toReuben, Jacob's biological firstborn) that the special blessing was given to Joseph (Genesis 49:22-26) and of his two sons (representing two parts of inheritance for the firstborn; Genesis 48:15-20), where Ephraim later emerges as the leading tribe of the two (Judges 2:9; Judges 4:5; Judges 5:14; Judges 8:1-2; Judges 12:1; Judges 12:15).[14]
"Birthright": or "the right of the firstborn",[17] was Joseph's, who received the "double portion" in the land portions of Ephraim and Manasseh, his sons.[14]
This section focuses on the tribe of Gad, which settled in the area east of the Jordan river ("Transjordan"), along with the tribes of Reuben and Manasseh (half of the tribe).[21] The close relationship among these tribes is noted in Numbers 32:20–42; Joshua 13:8–33; 1 Chronicles 5:18–22, 26.[21] The sources of the genealogies of the descendants of Gad are the documents compiled during the reign of Jotham, King of Judah (c. 750–735 BCE), and Jeroboam, King of Israel (c. 793–753 BCE), that bear no resemblance to other parts of the Bible (cf. Genesis 46:16; Numbers 26:15).[21]
"Sharon": is not the same area as the identically named plain south of Carmel, but a Transjordanian region (its precise position uncertain), which is also mentioned on the inscription of Mesha, king of Moab (line 13; dated around 830–810 BCE).[25]
This section elaborates the conflict against the Hagrites (descendants of Hagar) during the reign of Saul, as briefly mentioned in verse 10 (also in Psalm 83:7, where the group was mentioned along with Edom, Ishmael, and Moab), over pastureland.[26]
This section focuses on the half-tribe of Manasseh, which settled in the area east of the Jordan river ("Transjordan"), along with the tribes of Reuben and Gad.[21] The close relationship among these tribes is noted in Numbers 32:20–42; Joshua 13:8–33; 1 Chronicles 5:18–22, 26.[21]
This passage combines the two-phases of the northern Israel kingdom (2 Kings 15:29 and 2 Kings 17:6; 18:11) into a single exile of the Transjordanian tribes, by taking the name of the king from the first, whilst using the deportation place-names of the second phase.[25] Historical documents only record that Tiglath-pileser conquered Gilead in the east of Jordan.[25]
And the God of Israel stirred up the spirit of Pul king of Assyria, and the spirit of Tilgathpilneser king of Assyria, and he carried them away, even the Reubenites, and the Gadites, and the half tribe of Manasseh, and brought them unto Halah, and Habor, and Hara, and to the river Gozan, unto this day.[27]
"The spirit of Pul king of Assyria, and the spirit of Tilgathpilneser king of Assyria": also translated as "the spirit of Pul, king of Assyria, that is, the spirit of Tilgath-pilneser king of Assyria" (NASB). In 2 Kings 15:19, the Assyrian king is called Pul (as in late-Babylonian sources) and then in 2 Kings 15:29 (also in 2 Kings 16:7, 10) as Tiglath-pileser (written as "Tiglath-Pilneser" in 1 Chronicles 5:6, 26 and 2 Chronicles 28:20).[25]
Ackroyd, Peter R (1993). "Chronicles, Books of". In Metzger, Bruce M; Coogan, Michael D (eds.). The Oxford Companion to the Bible. Oxford University Press. pp. 113–116. ISBN978-0195046458.
Gilbert, Henry L (1897). "The Forms of the Names in 1 Chronicles 1-7 Compared with Those in Parallel Passages of the Old Testament". The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures. 13 (4). Liturgical Press: 279–298. JSTOR527992.
Mabie, Frederick (2017). "I. The Chronicler's Genealogical Survey of All Israel". In Longman III, Tremper; Garland, David E (eds.). 1 and 2 Chronicles. The Expositor's Bible Commentary. Zondervan. pp. 267–308. ISBN978-0310531814. Retrieved December 6, 2019.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Codex Sinaiticus". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.