Afonso VI of Portugal

Afonso was the second of three sons born to King John IV and Queen Luisa.^[9] At the age of three, he experienced an illness that resulted in paralysis on the right side of his body.^[10][11] The condition was believed to have also affected his intellectual abilities.^[10][12] His father created him 10th Duke of Braganza.^[13]

After the death of his eldest brother Teodósio, Prince of Brazil in 1653, Afonso became the heir apparent to the throne of the kingdom.^[10] He also received the crown-princely title 2nd Prince of Brazil.

He succeeded his father, John IV, in 1656 at the age of thirteen.^[11] His mother, Luisa de Guzmán, was named regent in his father's will.^[11][14]

Luisa's regency continued even after Afonso came of age because he was considered mentally unfit for governing.^[15][16] In addition to lacking intellect, the king exhibited wild and disruptive behavior.^[11][10] In 1662, after Afonso terrorized Lisbon at night alongside his favorites,^[17][18] Luisa and her council responded by banishing some of the king's companions that were associated with the raids.^[18] Angered, Afonso took power with the help of Castelo-Melhor and Luisa's regency came to an end.^[19][20][21] She subsequently retired to a convent,^[22][14] where she died in 1666.^[23]

Afonso appointed Castelo-Melhor as his private secretary (escrivão da puridade).^[24][19] He proved to be a competent minister.^[20] His astute military organization and sensible general appointments resulted in decisive military victories over the Spanish^[25]atElvas (14 January 1659), Ameixial (8 June 1663) and Montes Claros (17 June 1665),^[26][27] culminating in the final Spanish recognition of sovereignty of Portugal's new ruling dynasty, the House of Braganza,^[28][29] on 13 February 1668 in the Treaty of Lisbon.^[30][31]

Colonial affairs saw the Dutch conquest of Jaffna, Portugal's last colony in Portuguese Ceylon (1658),^[32] and the cession of Bombay and Tangier to England (23 June 1661) as dowry for Afonso's sister, Catherine of Braganza, who had married King Charles II of England.^[33][34]

Melhor successfully arranged for Afonso to marry Maria Francisca of Savoy,^[35] a relative of the Duke of Savoy, in 1666,^[36] but the marriage was short-lived. Maria Francisca filed for an annulment in 1667 based on the impotence of the king.^[37][38] The church granted her the annulment, and she married Afonso's brother, Peter II, Duke of Beja.^[6][39]

Also in 1667, Pedro managed to gain enough support to force Afonso to relinquish control of the government to him,^[38] and he became prince regent in 1668.^[37][6][36] While Pedro never formally usurped the throne, Afonso was king in name only for the rest of his life.^[40][41] For seven years after Peter's coup, Afonso was kept on the island of Terceira^[42] in the Azores.^[29][43] His health broken by this captivity, he was eventually permitted to return to the Portuguese mainland, but he remained powerless and kept under guard. At Sintra he died in 1683.^[42][44][45]

The room where he was imprisoned is preserved at Sintra National Palace.

• Ames, Glenn Joseph (2000). Renascent Empire?: The House of Braganza and the Quest for Stability in Portuguese Monsoon Asia, ca. 1640-1683. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 9053563822.
• Davidson, Lillias Campbell (1908). Catherine of Bragança, infanta of Portugal, & queen-consort of England.
• Dyer, Thomas Henry (1877). Modern Europe Vol III.
• Livermore, H.V. (1969). A New History of Portugal. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521095716.
• Marques, Antonio Henrique R. de Oliveira (1976). History of Portugal.
• McMurdo, Edward (1889). The history of Portugal, from the Commencement of the Monarchy to the Reign of Alfonso III. London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle, & Rivington. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
• Stephens, H. Morse (1891). The Story of Portugal. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
• Ogg, David (1934). England in the Reign of Charles II. Oxford University Press.