Butyraldehyde, also known as butanal, is an organic compound with the formula CH3(CH2)2CHO. This compound is the aldehyde derivative of butane. It is a colorless flammable liquid with an unpleasant smell. It is miscible with most organic solvents.
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| Names | |
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| Preferred IUPAC name
Butanal | |
| Other names
Butyraldehyde | |
| Identifiers | |
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3D model (JSmol) |
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| ChEBI | |
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| ECHA InfoCard | 100.004.225 
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PubChem CID |
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| UNII | |
| UN number | 1129 |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |
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| Properties | |
| C4H8O | |
| Molar mass | 72.107 g·mol−1 |
| Appearance | Colorless liquid |
| Odor | Pungent, aldehyde odor |
| Density | 0.8016 g/mL |
| Melting point | −96.86 °C (−142.35 °F; 176.29 K) |
| Boiling point | 74.8 °C (166.6 °F; 347.9 K) |
| Critical point (T, P) | 537 K (264 °C), 4.32 MPa (42.6 atm) |
| 7.6 g/100 mL (20 °C) | |
| Solubility | Miscible with organic solvents |
| log P | 0.88 |
| −46.08·10−6 cm3/mol | |
Refractive index (nD) |
1.3766 |
| Viscosity | 0.45 cP (20 °C) |
| 2.72 D | |
| Thermochemistry[2] | |
Heat capacity (C) |
163.7 J·mol−1·K−1 (liquid) 103.4 J·mol−1·K−1 (gas) |
Std molar |
246.6 J·mol−1·K−1 (liquid) 343.7 J·mol−1·K−1 (gas) |
Std enthalpy of |
−239.2 kJ·mol−1 (liquid) −204.8 kJ·mol−1 (gas) |
Std enthalpy of |
2470.34 kJ·mol−1 |
| Hazards | |
| GHS labelling: | |
  [3]
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| Danger | |
| H225, H319[3] | |
| P210, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338[3] | |
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | |
| Flash point | −7 °C (19 °F; 266 K) |
| 230 °C (446 °F; 503 K) | |
| Explosive limits | 1.9–12.5% |
| Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): | |
LD50 (median dose) |
2490 mg/kg (rat, oral) |
| Safety data sheet (SDS) | Sigma-Aldrich |
| Related compounds | |
Related aldehyde |
Propionaldehyde Pentanal |
Related compounds |
Butan-1-ol Butyric acid, isobutyraldehyde |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). | |
Butyraldehyde is produced almost exclusively by the hydroformylationofpropylene:
Traditionally, hydroformylation was catalyzed by cobalt carbonyl and later rhodium complexes of triphenylphosphine. The dominant technology involves the use of rhodium catalysts derived from the water-soluble ligand tppts. An aqueous solution of the rhodium catalyst converts the propylene to the aldehyde, which forms a lighter immiscible phase. About 6 billion kilograms are produced annually by hydroformylation. Butyraldehyde can be produced by the catalytic dehydrogenationofn-butanol. At one time, it was produced industrially by the catalytic hydrogenationofcrotonaldehyde, which is derived from acetaldehyde.[4]
Butyraldehyde undergoes reactions typical of alkyl aldehydes, and these define many of the uses of this compound. Important reactions include hydrogenation to the alcohol, oxidation to the acid, and base-catalyzed condensation.
Aldol condensation in the presence of a base forms 2-ethyl-2-hexenal, which is then hydrogenated to form 2-ethylhexanol, a precursor to the plasticizer bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate.[4]
Butyraldehyde is a precursor in the two-step synthesis of trimethylolpropane, which is used for the production of alkyd resins.[5]
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