Cohesion is the component of shear strength of a rockorsoil that is independent of interparticle friction.
In soils, true cohesion is caused by following:
There can also be apparent cohesion. This is caused by:
Cohesion (alternatively called the cohesive strength) is typically measured on the basis of Mohr–Coulomb theory. Some values for rocks and some common soils are listed in the table below.
| Material | Cohesive strength in kPa | Cohesive strength in psi |
|---|---|---|
| Rock | 10000 | 1450 |
| Silt | 75 | 10 |
| Clay | 10to20 | 1.5to3 |
| Very soft clay | 0to48 | 0to7 |
| Soft clay | 48to96 | 7to14 |
| Medium clay | 96to192 | 14to28 |
| Stiff clay | 192to384 | 28to56 |
| Very stiff clay | 384to766 | 28to110 |
| Hard clay | > 766 | > 110 |
During critical state flow of soil, the undrained cohesion results from effective stress and critical state friction, not chemical bonds between soil particles. All that small clay mineral particles and chemicals do during steady plastic deformation of soft soil is to cause a pore water suction, which can be measured. When we remould soft soil in a classification test, its strength is [(suction) x (friction)], it remains ductile plastic material with constant "apparent cohesion" while it flows at constant volume, because it is at a constant effective stress, and critical state friction is constant. Critical state soil mechanics analyses the bearing capacity of soft clay on the wet side of critical state in terms of a perfectly plastic material with rapid undrained "apparent" cohesion.[1]