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December 21

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December 21 in recent years
2023 (Thursday)
2022 (Wednesday)
2021 (Tuesday)
2020 (Monday)
2019 (Saturday)
2018 (Friday)
2017 (Thursday)
2016 (Wednesday)
2015 (Monday)
2014 (Sunday)

December 21 is the 355th day of the year (356th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar; 10 days remain until the end of the year.

Events

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Pre-1600

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AD 69 – The Roman Senate declares Vespasian emperor of Rome, the last in the Year of the Four Emperors.^[1]
1124 – Pope Honorius II is consecrated, having been elected after the controversial dethroning of Pope Celestine II.^[2]
1140 – After a siege of several weeks, the city of Weinsberg and its castle surrender to Conrad III of Germany.^[3]
1237 – The city of Ryazanissacked by the Mongol army of Batu Khan.^[4]
1361 – The Battle of Linuesa is fought in the context of the Spanish Reconquista between the forces of the Emirate of Granada and the combined army of the Kingdom of Castile and of Jaén resulting in a Castilian victory.
1598 – Battle of Curalaba: The revolting Mapuche, led by cacique Pelentaru, inflict a major defeat on Spanish troops in southern Chile.^[5]

1601–1900

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1620 – Plymouth Colony: William Bradford and the Mayflower Pilgrims land near what is now known as Plymouth RockinPlymouth, Massachusetts.
1826 – American settlers in Nacogdoches, Mexican Texas, declare their independence, starting the Fredonian Rebellion.
1832 – Egyptian–Ottoman War: Egyptian forces decisively defeat Ottoman troops at the Battle of Konya.
1844 – The Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers commences business at its cooperativeinRochdale, England, starting the Cooperative movement.
1861 – Medal of Honor: Public Resolution 82, containing a provision for a Navy Medal of Valor, is signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln.
1872 – Challenger expedition: HMS Challenger, commanded by Captain George Nares, sails from Portsmouth, England.
1879 – World premiere of Henrik Ibsen's A Doll's House at the Royal TheatreinCopenhagen, Denmark.
1883 – The Royal Canadian Dragoons and The Royal Canadian Regiment, the first Permanent Force cavalry and infantry regiments of the Canadian Army, are formed.
1891 – James Naismith, a Canadian-American gym teacher at Springfield College, publishes the first rules for the game now known as basketball and brings it to his class, which then plays the first game of basketball.^[6]^[7]

1901–present

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1907 – The Chilean Army commits a massacre of at least 2,000 striking saltpeter miners in Iquique, Chile.^[8]
1910 – An underground explosion at the Hulton Bank Colliery No. 3 Pit in Over Hulton, Westhoughton, England, kills 344 miners.
1913 – Arthur Wynne's "word-cross", the first crossword puzzle, is published in the New York World.
1919 – American anarchist Emma Goldman is deported to Russia.
1923 – United Kingdom and Nepal formally sign an agreement of friendship, called the Nepal–Britain Treaty of 1923, which superseded the Treaty of Sugauli signed in 1816.
1934 – Lieutenant Kijé, one of Sergei Prokofiev's best-known works, premiered.^[9]
1936 – First flight of the Junkers Ju 88 multi-role combat aircraft.
1937 – Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, the world's first full-length animated feature, premieres at the Carthay Circle Theatre.
1941 – World War II: A Thai-Japanese Pact of Alliance is signed.
1946 – An 8.1 M_w earthquake and subsequent tsunamiinNankaidō, Japan, kills over 1,300 people and destroys over 38,000 homes.
1963 – "Bloody Christmas" begins in Cyprus, ultimately resulting in the displacement of 25,000–30,000 Turkish Cypriots and destruction of more than 100 villages.
1965 – International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination is adopted.
1967 – Louis Washkansky, the first man to undergo a human-to-human heart transplant, dies in Cape Town, South Africa, having lived for 18 days after the transplant.
1968 – Apollo program: Apollo 8 is launched from the Kennedy Space Center, placing its crew on a lunar trajectory for the first visit to another celestial body by humans.
1970 – First flight of F-14 multi-role combat aircraft.
1973 – The Geneva Conference on the Arab–Israeli conflict opens.
1979 – Lancaster House Agreement: An independence agreement for Rhodesia is signed in London by Lord Carrington, Sir Ian Gilmour, Robert Mugabe, Joshua Nkomo, Bishop Abel Muzorewa and S.C. Mundawarara.
1988 – A bomb explodes on board Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland, killing 270.^[10] This is to date the deadliest air disaster to occur on British soil.
1988 – The first flight of Antonov An-225 Mriya, the largest aircraft in the world.
1991 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: The leaders of 11 now effectively autonomous Soviet republics sign the Alma-Ata Protocol establishing the Commonwealth of Independent States in place of the collapsing Soviet Union.^[11]
1992 – A Dutch DC-10, flight Martinair MP 495, crashes at Faro Airport, killing 56.
1995 – The city of Bethlehem passes from IsraelitoPalestinian control.
1999 – The Spanish Civil Guard intercepts a van loaded with 950 kg of explosives that ETA intended to use to blow up Torre PicassoinMadrid, Spain.
1999 – Cubana de Aviación Flight 1216 overshoots the runway at La Aurora International Airport, killing 18.^[12]
2004 – Iraq War: A suicide bomber kills 22 at the forward operating base next to the main U.S. military airfield at Mosul, Iraq, the single deadliest suicide attack on American soldiers.
2012 – 2012 phenomenon: Festivities are held in parts of Mesoamerica to commemorate the conclusion of b’ak’tun 13, a roughly 5,126-year-long cycle in the Mesoamerican Long Count Calendar whose passing many New Age spiritualists had earlier held to portend a variety of cataclysmic or transformative events.^[13]
2020 – A great conjunctionofJupiter and Saturn occurs, with the two planets separated in the sky by 0.1 degrees. This is the closest conjunction between the two planets since 1623.^[14]
2023 – 14 people are killed and 25 others injured during a mass shootingatCharles UniversityinPrague, Czech Republic. The perpetrator, a student at the university, kills himself after police arrived; he also killed his father before the shooting.^[15]

Births

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Pre-1600

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968 – Minamoto no Yorinobu, Japanese samurai (d. 1048)
1401 – Masaccio, Italian painter (d. 1428)^[16]
1468 – William Conyers, 1st Baron Conyers, English baron (d. 1524)
1505 – Thomas Wriothesley, 1st Earl of Southampton, English politician (d. 1550)^[17]
1538 – Luigi d'Este, Catholic cardinal (d. 1586)
1542 – Thomas Allen, English mathematician and astrologer (d. 1632)
1550 – Man Singh I, Mughal noble (d. 1614)^[18]
1596 – Peter Mohyla, Ruthenian Orthodox metropolitan and saint (d. 1646)

1601–1900

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1603 – Roger Williams, English minister, theologian, and politician, 9th President of the Colony of Rhode Island (d. 1684)
1615 – Benedict Arnold, Rhode Island colonial governor (d. 1678)^[19]
1672 – Benjamin Schmolck, German pastor and composer (d. 1737)
1714 – John Bradstreet, Canadian-English general (d. 1774)
1728 – Hermann Raupach, German harpsichord player and composer (d. 1778)
1778 – Anders Sandøe Ørsted, Danish jurist and politician, 3rd Prime Minister of Denmark (d. 1860)
1795 – Jack Russell, English priest, hunter, and dog breeder (d. 1883)
1795 – Leopold von Ranke, German historian, author, and academic (d. 1886)^[20]
1803 – Achille Vianelli, Italian painter and academic (d. 1894)
1804 – Benjamin Disraeli, English lawyer and politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1881)^[21]
1805 – Thomas Graham, Scottish chemist and academic (d. 1869)
1811 – Archibald Tait, Scottish-English archbishop (d. 1882)
1815 – Thomas Couture, French painter and educator (d. 1879)
1820 – William H. Osborn, American businessman (d. 1894)
1830 – Bartolomé Masó, Cuban soldier and politician (d. 1907)
1832 – John H. Ketcham, American general and politician (d. 1906)
1840 – Namık Kemal, Turkish journalist, playwright, and activist (d. 1888)
1843 – Thomas Bracken, Irish-New Zealander journalist, poet, and politician (d. 1898)
1850 – Zdeněk Fibich, Czech composer and poet (d. 1900)
1851 – Thomas Chipman McRae, American lawyer and politician, 26th Governor of Arkansas (d. 1929)
1857 – Joseph Carruthers, Australian politician, 16th Premier of New South Wales (d. 1932)
1859 – Gustave Kahn, French poet and critic (d. 1936)
1866 – Maud Gonne, Irish nationalist and political activist (d. 1953)^[22]
1868 – George W. Fuller, American chemist and engineer (d. 1934)
1872 – Trevor Kincaid, Canadian-American zoologist and academic (d. 1970)
1872 – Lorenzo Perosi, Italian priest and composer (d. 1956)
1872 – Albert Payson Terhune, American journalist and author (d. 1942)
1876 – Jack Lang, Australian lawyer and politician, 23rd Premier of New South Wales (d. 1975)
1877 – Jaan Sarv, Estonian mathematician and scholar (d. 1954)
1878 – Jan Łukasiewicz, Polish-Irish mathematician and philosopher (d. 1956)
1884 – María Cadilla, Puerto Rican writer, educator, women's rights activist (d. 1951)^[23]
1885 – Frank Patrick, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (d. 1960)
1888 – Jean Bouin, French runner and rugby player (d. 1914)
1889 – Sewall Wright, American geneticist and biologist (d. 1988)
1890 – Hermann Joseph Muller, American geneticist and biologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1967)
1891 – John William McCormack, American lawyer and politician, 53rd Speaker of the United States House of Representatives (d. 1980)
1892 – Walter Hagen, American golfer (d. 1969)
1892 – Rebecca West, English journalist and author (d. 1983)
1896 – Konstantin Rokossovsky, Marshal of the Soviet Union during World War II (d. 1968)
1900 – Luis Arturo González López, Guatemalan supreme court judge and briefly acting president (d. 1965)

1901–present

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1905 – Käte Fenchel, German mathematician (d. 1983)^[24]
1905 – Anthony Powell, English author (d. 2000)^[25]
1909 – Seichō Matsumoto, Japanese journalist and author (d. 1992)
1911 – Josh Gibson, American baseball player (d. 1947)^[26]
1913 – Arnold Friberg, American illustrator and painter (d. 2010)
1914 – Frank Fenner, Australian microbiologist and virologist (d. 2010)
1917 – Heinrich Böll, German novelist and short story writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1985)
1918 – Donald Regan, American colonel and politician, 11th White House Chief of Staff (d. 2003)
1918 – Kurt Waldheim, Austrian colonel and politician; 9th President of Austria (d. 2007)^[27]
1919 – Doug Young, American voice actor (d. 2018)
1920 – Alicia Alonso, Cuban ballerina and choreographer, founded the Cuban National Ballet (d. 2019)
1920 – Adele Goldstine, American computer programmer (d. 1964)^[28]
1922 – Itubwa Amram, Nauruan pastor and politician (d. 1989)
1922 – Cécile DeWitt-Morette, French mathematician and physicist (d. 2017)^[29]
1922 – Paul Winchell, American actor, voice artist, and ventriloquist (d. 2005)
1923 – Wat Misaka, American basketball player (d. 2019)^[30]
1926 – Arnošt Lustig, Czech author and playwright (d. 2011)
1926 – Joe Paterno, American football player and coach (d. 2012)^[26]
1930 – Phil Roman, American animator^[31]
1932 – U. R. Ananthamurthy, Indian author, poet, and critic (d. 2014)
1932 – Edward Hoagland, American author and critic
1933 – Jackie Hendriks, Jamaican cricketer
1933 – Robert Worcester, American businessman and academic, founded MORI
1934 – Giuseppina Leone, Italian sprinter
1934 – Hanif Mohammad, Pakistani cricketer (d. 2016)
1935 – John G. Avildsen, American director, producer, and cinematographer (d. 2017)
1935 – Lorenzo Bandini, Italian racing driver (d. 1967)
1935 – Phil Donahue, American talk show host and producer^[32]
1935 – Stela Popescu, Romanian actress (d. 2017)
1935 – Edward Schreyer, Canadian academic and politician, Governor General of Canada^[33]
1937 – Jane Fonda, American actress and activist^[34]
1938 – Larry Bryggman, American actor^[32]
1939 – Lloyd Axworthy, Canadian academic and politician, 2nd Canadian Minister of Foreign Affairs
1939 – Wafic Saïd, Syrian-Saudi Arabian financier, businessman and philanthropist
1940 – Frank Zappa, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, composer and producer (d. 1993)^[26]
1942 – Hu Jintao, Chinese engineer and politician, 5th Paramount leader of China^[26]
1942 – Carla Thomas, American singer^[32]
1943 – Albert Lee, English guitarist and songwriter^[32]
1943 – Walter Spanghero, French rugby player
1944 – Michael Tilson Thomas, American pianist, composer, and conductor
1944 – Zheng Xiaoyu, Chinese diplomat (d. 2007)
1945 – Doug Walters, Australian cricketer
1946 – Roy Karch, American director, producer, and screenwriter
1946 – Carl Wilson, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1998)^[26]
1947 – Paco de Lucía, Spanish guitarist, songwriter, and producer (d. 2014)
1948 – Barry Gordon, American actor and voice artist; longest-serving president of the Screen Actors Guild (1988–95)
1948 – Samuel L. Jackson, American actor and producer^[32]
1948 – Dave Kingman, American baseball player
1949 – Thomas Sankara, Burkinabé captain and politician, 5th President of Burkina Faso (d. 1987)
1949 – Nikolaos Sifounakis, Greek lawyer and politician
1950 – Jeffrey Katzenberg, American screenwriter and producer, co-founded DreamWorks Animation^[26]
1950 – Max Maven, American magician and mentalist (d. 2022)
1950 – Lillebjørn Nilsen, Norwegian singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2024)
1951 – Steve Perryman, English footballer and manager
1952 – Joaquín Andújar, Dominican baseball player (d. 2015)
1952 – Dennis Boutsikaris, American actor^[32]
1952 – Steve Furniss, American swimmer
1953 – András Schiff, Hungarian-English pianist and conductor
1953 – Betty Wright, American singer-songwriter (d. 2020)^[35]
1954 – Chris Evert, American tennis player and coach^[36]
1955 – Jane Kaczmarek, American actress^[32]
1955 – Kazuyuki Sekiguchi, Japanese singer-songwriter and bass player
1956 – Dave Laut, American shot putter (d. 2009)
1957 – Ray Romano, American actor, producer, and screenwriter^[32]
1957 – Tony Lewis, English singer and songwriter (d. 2020)^[37]
1958 – Tamara Bykova, Russian high jumper
1959 – Florence Griffith Joyner, American sprinter and actress (d. 1998)^[26]
1959 – Krishnamachari Srikkanth, Indian cricketer
1960 – Sherry Rehman, Pakistani journalist, politician, and diplomat, 25th Pakistan Ambassador to the United States
1961 – Ryuji Sasai, Japanese bass player and composer
1963 – Govinda, Indian actor, singer, and politician
1964 – Kunihiko Ikuhara, Japanese director and illustrator
1964 – Joe Kocur, Canadian ice hockey player and coach
1965 – Glenn Coleman, Australian rugby league player
1965 – Andy Dick, American actor and comedian^[38]
1965 – Anke Engelke, Canadian-German actress, director, and screenwriter
1966 – Michelle Hurd, American actress^[32]
1966 – William Ruto, 5th President of Kenya^[26]
1966 – Kiefer Sutherland, British-Canadian actor, director, and producer^[39]
1967 – Terry Mills, American basketball player and coach
1967 – Mikheil Saakashvili, Georgian lawyer and politician, 3rd President of Georgia^[40]
1969 – Julie Delpy, French model, actress, director, and screenwriter^[32]
1969 – Mihails Zemļinskis, Latvian footballer, coach, and manager
1971 – Matthieu Chedid, French singer-songwriter and guitarist
1971 – Natalie Grant, American singer-songwriter and author^[32]
1972 – Y. S. Jaganmohan Reddy, Indian Politician, 17th Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh
1973 – Irakli Alasania, Georgian colonel and politician, Georgian Minister of Defense
1973 – Matías Almeyda, Argentine footballer and manager
1974 – Karrie Webb, Australian golfer
1975 – Paloma Herrera, Argentine ballerina
1977 – Buddy Carlyle, American baseball player^[41]
1977 – Corey Collymore, Barbadian cricketer^[42]
1977 – Leon MacDonald, New Zealand rugby player
1977 – Emmanuel Macron, French politician, 25th President of France^[43]
1977 – Freddy Sanchez, American baseball player^[44]
1978 – Emiliano Brembilla, Italian swimmer
1978 – Charles Dera, American pornographic actor, dancer, model, and mixed martial arts fighter
1978 – Shaun Morgan, South African musician, singer, and guitarist
1978 – Rutina Wesley, American actress^[32]
1979 – Steve Montador, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2015)
1981 – Marta Fernández, Spanish basketball player^[45]
1981 – Cristian Zaccardo, Italian footballer
1982 – Primo Colón, Puerto Rican wrestler^[46]
1982 – Philip Humber, American baseball player
1982 – Tom Payne, English actor^[26]
1983 – Taylor Teagarden, American baseball player^[47]
1983 – Steven Yeun, American actor^[32]
1985 – Tom Sturridge, English actor
1987 – Khris Davis, American baseball player^[48]
1988 – Danny Duffy, American baseball player^[49]
1988 – Perri Shakes-Drayton, English sprinter and hurdler
1989 – Mark Ingram II, American football player^[50]
1989 – Tamannaah, Indian actress
1991 – Nic Maddinson, Australian cricketer^[51]
1991 – Otis, American wrestler^[52]
1991 – Riccardo Saponara, Italian footballer
1992 – Ha Ha Clinton-Dix, American football player^[53]
1992 – Jamie Oleksiak, Canadian ice hockey player^[54]
1994 – Luke Brooks, Australian rugby league player^[55]
1996 – Kaitlyn Dever, American actress^[32]
1997 – Madelyn Cline, American actress and model^[26]
1997 – Charlie McAvoy, American ice hockey player ^[56]
2002 – Clara Tauson, Danish tennis player^[57]

Deaths

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Pre-1600

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AD 72 – Thomas the Apostle, Roman martyr and saint (b. 1 AD)
882 – Hincmar, French archbishop and historian (b. 806)
956 – Sun Sheng, Chinese chancellor
975 – Al-Mu'izz, Fatimid caliph (b. 932)
1001 – Hugh of Tuscany, Italian margrave (b. 950)
1215 – Ali ibn Muhammad ibn al-Walid, Dāʿī al-MuṭlaqofTayyibi Isma'ilism (b. c. 1128)^[58]
1308 – Henry I, Landgrave of Hesse (b. 1244)
1338 – Thomas Hemenhale, bishop of Worcester
1362 – Constantine III, king of Armenia (b. 1313)
1375 – Giovanni Boccaccio, Italian author and poet (b. 1313)
1504 – Berthold von Henneberg, German archbishop (b. 1442)
1536 – John Seymour, English courtier (b. 1474)
1549 – Marguerite de Navarre, queen of Henry II of Navarre (b. 1492)
1581 – Jean de la Cassière, 51st Grandmaster of the Knights Hospitaller (b. 1502)
1597 – Peter Canisius, Dutch priest and saint (b. 1521)

1601–1900

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1608 – William Davison, secretary to Queen Elizabeth I of England (b. c. 1541)
1610 – Catherine Vasa, Swedish princess (b. 1539)
1701 – Sir Hugh Paterson, Baronet of Bannockburn (b. 1659)
1807 – John Newton, English soldier and minister (b. 1725)
1824 – James Parkinson, English physician and paleontologist (b. 1755)
1869 – Friedrich Ernst Scheller, German jurist and politician (b. 1791)
1873 – Francis Garnier, French admiral and explorer (b. 1839)
1889 – Friedrich August von Quenstedt, German geologist and palaeontologist (b. 1809)

1901–present

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1920 – Mohammed Abdullah Hassan, leader of the Dervish movement (b. 1856)
1929 – I. L. Patterson, American politician, 18th Governor of Oregon (b. 1859)
1933 – Knud Rasmussen, Greenlandic anthropologist and explorer (b. 1879)
1935 – Ted Birnie, English footballer and manager (b. 1878)
1935 – Kurt Tucholsky, German-Swedish journalist and author (b. 1890)
1937 – Violette Neatley Anderson, American judge (b. 1882)^[59]
1937 – Ted Healy, American comedian and actor (b. 1896)
1937 – Frank B. Kellogg, American lawyer and politician, 45th United States Secretary of State, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1856)
1940 – F. Scott Fitzgerald, American novelist and short story writer (b. 1896)
1945 – George S. Patton, American general (b. 1885)
1948 – Władysław Witwicki, Polish psychologist, philosopher, translator, historian (of philosophy and art) and artist (b. 1878)^[60]
1952 – Kenneth Edwards, American golfer (b. 1886)
1953 – Kaarlo Koskelo, Finnish-American wrestler and businessman (b. 1888)
1957 – Eric Coates, English viola player and composer (b. 1886)
1958 – H.B. Warner, English actor (b. 1875)
1958 – Lion Feuchtwanger, German-American author and playwright (b. 1884)
1959 – Rosanjin, Japanese calligrapher, engraver, and painter (b. 1883)
1963 – Jack Hobbs, English cricketer and journalist (b. 1882)
1964 – Carl Van Vechten, American author and photographer (b. 1880)^[61]
1965 – Claude Champagne, Canadian violinist, pianist, and composer (b. 1891)
1968 – Vittorio Pozzo, Italian footballer, coach, and manager (b. 1886)
1974 – Richard Long, American actor and director (b. 1927)
1982 – Abu Al-Asar Hafeez Jullundhri, Pakistani poet and composer (b. 1900)
1983 – Paul de Man, Belgian-born philosopher, literary critic and theorist (b. 1919)
1988 – Nikolaas Tinbergen, Dutch-English ethologist and ornithologist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1907)
1992 – Stella Adler, American actress and educator (b. 1901)^[62]
1992 – Albert King, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer (b. 1924)
1992 – Nathan Milstein, Russian-American violinist and composer (b. 1903)
1998 – Ernst-Günther Schenck, German colonel and physician (b. 1904)
2004 – Autar Singh Paintal, Indian physiologist and neurologist (b. 1925)
2006 – Saparmurat Niyazov, Turkmen engineer and politician, 1st President of Turkmenistan (b. 1940)
2009 – Edwin G. Krebs, American biochemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1918)
2009 – Christos Lambrakis, Greek journalist and businessman (b. 1934)
2010 – Enzo Bearzot, Italian footballer and manager (b. 1927)
2013 – Edgar Bronfman, Sr., Canadian-American businessman and philanthropist (b. 1929)
2013 – John Eisenhower, American historian, general, and diplomat, 45th United States Ambassador to Belgium (b. 1922)
2014 – Udo Jürgens, Austrian-Swiss singer-songwriter and pianist (b. 1934)
2014 – Sitor Situmorang, Indonesian poet and author (b. 1923)
2014 – Billie Whitelaw, English actress (b. 1932)^[63]
2017 – Bruce McCandless II, US astronaut who conducted the first untethered spacewalk (b. 1937)
2019 – Andrew Clennel Palmer, British engineer (b. 1938)^[64]

Holidays and observances

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Armed Forces Day (Philippines)
Christian feast day:
Forefathers' Day (Plymouth, Massachusetts)
São Tomé Day (São Tomé and Príncipe)
The first day of Pancha Ganapati, celebrated until December 25 (Saiva Siddhanta Church)
Gravy Day (Australia), celebrated in honour of the song How to Make GravybyPaul Kelly^[65]

References

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^ Sandler, Stanley (2002). Ground Warfare: An International Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 923. ISBN 978-1-57607-344-5.

^ Levillain, Philippe (2002). The Papacy: Gaius-Proxies. Psychology Press. p. 732. ISBN 978-0-415-92230-2.

^ Toynbee, Paget Jackson (1910). Dante Alighieri: His Life and Works. London: Methuen. p. 2. ISBN 9780827438156. OCLC 8059335; Hüsken, Wim (2021). "Mirror, Mirror on the Wall... History in Late Medieval Drama From the Low Countries". In Happé, Peter; Hüsken, Wim N.M. (eds.). Staging History: Essays in Late Medieval and Humanist Drama. Leiden: Brill Rodopi. p. 148. ISBN 9789004449497.

^ Rachewiltz, Igor de; Wang, May (1993). In the Service of the Khan: Eminent Personalities of the Early Mongol-Yüan Period (1200-1300). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 23. ISBN 978-3-447-03339-8.

^ Prieto Pastén, Andrés I. (2021). "Empathy with the Mapuche: Rosales's Manifiesto apologético and Pineda y Bascuñán's Cautiverio feliz". In López-Calvo, Ignacio (ed.). A History of Chilean Literature. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 79–80. ISBN 9781108487375.

^ Griffiths, Sian (20 September 2019). "The Canadian who invented basketball". BBC. Retrieved 21 December 2023.

^ Naismith, James (1941). Basketball: Its Origin and Development. New York City: Association Press. pp. 53–59.

^ Hoehn, Marek (2007). "Una visión comparativa sobre la huelga de Santa María de Iquique y el legado de los movimientos obreros de la época". In Vásquez, David (ed.). La Masacre de la Escuela Santa María de Iquique: Mirada Histórica desde la Cámara de Diputados (in Spanish). Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional de Chile. p. 110. ISBN 978-956-7629-04-6. Ya es sabido que dicha huelga culminó en la masacre de más de dos mil obreros en la escuela Santa María

^ MacDonald, Laurence E. (2013). The Invisible Art of Film Music: A Comprehensive History. New York: The Scarecrow Press. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-8108-8397-0.

^ "Lockerbie bombing suspect in US custody". BBC News. 11 December 2022. Retrieved 11 December 2022.

^ Fedor, Helen (1995). Belarus and Moldova: Country Studies (1st ed.). Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division. p. 195. ISBN 0844408492.

^ Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30 F-GTDI Guatemala City-La Aurora Airport (GUA)". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2019-09-20.

^ Alper, Alexandra (21 December 2012). "Celebrations in Mexico as world survives Maya "end of days"". Reuters. Retrieved 21 December 2023.

^ "See the Great Conjunction of Jupiter and Saturn, 21 December 2020". BBC Sky at Night Magazine. Retrieved 2020-11-29.

^ "A lone gunman opens fire in a Prague university, killing 15 people and injuring 24". AP News. 21 December 2023. Retrieved 21 December 2023.

^ Bruce Cole (1980). Masaccio and the art of early Renaissance Florence. Indiana University Press. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-253-12298-8.

^ Ann Hoffmann (1977). Lives of the Tudor Age, 1485-1603. Barnes & Noble Books. p. 476. ISBN 978-0-06-494331-4.

^ Rajiva Nain Prasad (1966). Raja Mān Singh of Amber. World Press. p. 19. ISBN 9780842614733.

^ The American Quarterly Register. The Society. 1841. p. 276.

^ Andreas D Boldt (29 March 2019). Leopold Von Ranke: A Biography. Taylor & Francis. p. 22. ISBN 978-1-351-04272-7.

^ Jonathan Parry (23 April 2007). Benjamin Disraeli. OUP Oxford. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-19-164751-2.

^ Cardozo, Nancy (2000). Maud Gonne. New York: Amsterdam Books. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-9415-3395-9.

^ Sicherman, Barbara; Hurd Green, Carol (1983). Notable American Women: The Modern Period. Cambridge MA: Belknap. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-6746-2733-8.

^ Grinstein, Louise S.; Campbell, Paul J. (1987). Women of Mathematics : a Biobibliographic Sourcebook. New York: Greenwood Press. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-3132-4849-8.

^ Buncombe, Andrew (28 March 2000). "Anthony Powell, chronicler of Time, dies at 94". The Independent. Retrieved 2 November 2017.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j "Famous birthdays for Dec. 21: Tom Payne, Jane Fonda". UPI. 21 December 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2023.

^ Kandell, Jonathan (14 June 2007). "Kurt Waldheim dies at 88; ex-UN chief hid Nazi past". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 October 2022.

^ Henderson, Harry (2003). A to Z of Computer Scientists. New York: Facts on File. p. 99. ISBN 978-0-8160-4531-0.

^ Oakes, Elizabeth H. (2007). Encyclopedia of World Scientists. New York: Facts on File. p. 179. ISBN 978-0-8160-6158-7.

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