Ethylenediamine-N,N'-disuccinic acid (EDDS) is an aminopolycarboxylic acid. It is a colourless solid that is used as chelating agent that may offer a biodegradable alternative to EDTA, which is currently used on a large scale in numerous applications.
EDDS has two chiral centers, and as such three stereoisomers.[1] These are the enantiomeric (R,R) and (S,S) isomers and the achiral meso (R,S) isomer. As a biodegradable replacement for EDTA, only the (S,S) stereoisomer is of interest. The (R,S) and (R,R) stereoisomers are less biodegradable, whereas the (S,S) stereoisomer has been shown to be very effectively biodegraded even in highly polluted soils.[2]
EDDS was first synthesized from maleic acid and ethylenediamine.[3][4] Some microorganisms have been manipulated for industrial-scale synthesis of (S,S)-EDDS from ethylenediamine and fumaric acid or maleic acid, which proceeds as follows:[5]
(S,S)-EDDS is produced stereospecifically by the alkylation of an ethylenedibromide with L-aspartic acid. Racemic EDDS is produced by the reaction of ethylenediamine with fumaric acid or maleic acid.
Because of the lower stability for [Fe(S,S)-EDDS]−, the useful range being roughly 3<pH(S,S)-EDDS<9 and 2<pHEDTA<11. However, this range is sufficient for most applications.[6]
Another comparison that can be made between (S,S)-EDDS and EDTA is the structure of the chelated complex. EDTA’s six donor sites form five five-membered chelate rings around the metal ion, four NC2OFe rings and one C2N2Fe ring. The C2N2Fe ring and two of NC2OFe rings define a plane, and two NC2OFe rings are perpendicular to the plane that contains the C2-symmetry axis. The five-membered rings are slightly strained. EDDS’s six donor sites form both five- and six-membered chelate rings around the metal ion: two NC2OFe rings, two NC3OFe rings, and one C2N2Fe ring. Studies of the crystal structure of the Fe[(S,S)-EDDS]− complex show that the two five-membered NC3OFe rings project out of the plane of the complex, reducing the equatorial ring strain that exists in the Fe[EDTA]− complex.[7] The complex also has C2 symmetry.
(S,S)-EDDS is a biodegradable chelating agent that offers an alternative to EDTA, of which 80 million kilograms are produced annually. Under natural conditions, EDTA has been found to convert to ethylenediaminetriacetic acid and then cyclize to the diketopiperazine, which accumulates in the environment as a persistent organic pollutant.[8][9] (S,S)-EDDS was developed commercially as a biodegradable chelator and stabilizing agent in detergent and cosmetic formulations.[10] When EDDS is applied in chemical-enhanced soil remediation in excessive case (e.g., when applied for ex-situ soil washing), higher extraction efficiency for heavy metals can be achieved and the amount of extraction is less independent with the EDDS dosage;[11] On the other hand, during soil remediation which involves continuous flushing, metal extraction is often limited by the amount of EDDS. Under EDDS deficiency, initial unselective extraction of heavy metals was observed, followed by heavy metal exchange and re-adsorption of heavy metals that have lower stability constant with EDDS.[12]
^Neal, J. A.; Rose, N. J. (1968). "Stereospecific Ligands and Their Complexes. I. A Cobalt(III) Complex of Ethylenediaminedisuccinic Acid". Inorganic Chemistry. 7 (11): 2405–2412. doi:10.1021/ic50069a043.
^Tandy, S.; Ammann, A.; Schulin, R.; Nowack, B. (2006). "Biodegredation and speciation of residual SS-ethylenediaminedisuccinic acid (EDDS) in soil solution left after soil washing". Environmental Pollution. 142 (2): 191–199. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2005.10.013. PMID16338042.
^Barbier, M.; et al. (1963). "Synthese und Eigenschaften eines Analogen des Lycomarasmins und der Aspergillomarasmine". Liebigs Annalen. 668: 132–138. doi:10.1002/jlac.19636680115.
^US patent 3158635, Kezerian, Charles; Ramsey, William M., "Bisadducts of diamines and unsaturated acids", issued 1964-11-24
^Orama, M.; Hyvönen, H.; Saarinen, H.; Aksela, R. (2002). "Complexation of [S,S] and mixed stereoisomers of N,N'-ethylenediaminedisuccinic acid (EDDS) with Fe(III), Cu(II), Zn(II) and Mn(II) ions in aqueous solution". J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. (24): 4644–4648. doi:10.1039/b207777a.
^Pavelčík, F; Majer, J. (1978). "The crystal and molecular structure of lithium [(S,S)-N,N'-ethylenediaminedisuccinato]cobaltate(III) trihydrate". Acta Crystallographica B. 34 (12): 3582–3585. doi:10.1107/S0567740878011644.
^Yuan, Z.; VanBriesen, J. M. (2006). "The Formation of Intermediates in EDTA and NTA Biodegradation". Environmental Engineering Science. 23 (3): 533–544. doi:10.1089/ees.2006.23.533.
^Yip, T.C.M.; Tsang, D.C.W.; Ng, K.T.W.; Lo, I.M.C. (2009). "Kinetic interactions of EDDS with soils. 1. Metal resorption and competition under EDDS deficiency". Environ. Sci. Technol. 43 (3): 831–836. Bibcode:2009EnST...43..831Y. doi:10.1021/es802030k. PMID19245023.
^Schowanek, D.; Feijtel, T.C.J.; Perkins, C.M.; Hartman, F.A.; Federle, T.W.; Larson, R.J. (1997). "Biodegradation of (S,S), (R,R) and mixed stereoisomers of ethylene diamine disuccinic acid (EDDS), a transition metal chelator". Chemosphere. 34 (11): 2375–2391. doi:10.1016/S0045-6535(97)00082-9. PMID9192467.
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