Anepiphysis (from Ancient Greekἐπί (epí) 'on top of', and φύσις (phúsis) 'growth'; pl.: epiphyses) is one of the rounded ends or tips of a long bone that ossify from a secondary center of ossification.[3][4] Between the epiphysis and diaphysis (the long midsection of the long bone) lies the metaphysis, including the epiphyseal plate (growth plate). At the joint, the epiphysis is covered with articular cartilage; below that covering is a zone similar to the epiphyseal plate, known as subchondral bone. In evolution, reptiles do not have epiphyses and diaphyses, being restricted to mammals.
Epiphysis
Structure of a long bone, with epiphysis labeled at top and bottom.
Pressure epiphysis: The region of the long bone that forms the joint is a pressure epiphysis (e.g. the head of the femur, part of the hip joint complex). Pressure epiphyses assist in transmitting the weight of the human body and are the regions of the bone that are under pressure during movement or locomotion. Another example of a pressure epiphysis is the head of the humerus which is part of the shoulder complex. condyles of femur and tibia also comes under the pressure epiphysis.
Traction epiphysis: The regions of the long bone which are non-articular, i.e. not involved in joint formation. Unlike pressure epiphyses, these regions do not assist in weight transmission. However, their proximity to the pressure epiphysis region means that the supporting ligaments and tendons attach to these areas of the bone. Traction epiphyses ossify later than pressure epiphyses. Examples of traction epiphyses are tubercles of the humerus (greater tubercle and lesser tubercle), and trochanters of the femur (greater and lesser).
Atavistic epiphysis: A bone that is independent phylogenetically but is fused with another bone in humans. These types of fused bones are called atavistic, e.g., the coracoid process of the scapula, which has been fused in humans, but is separate in four-legged animals. ostrigonum (posterior tubercle of talus) is another example for atavistic epiphysis.
Aberrant epiphysis: These epiphyses are deviations from the norm and are not always present. For example, the epiphysis at the head of the first metacarpal bone and at the base of other metacarpal bones
Apseudo-epiphysis is an epiphysis-looking end of a bone where an epiphysis is not normally located.[6] A pseudo-epiphysis is delineated by a transverse notch, looking similar to a growth plate.[6] However, these transverse notches lack the typical cell columns found in normal growth plates, and do not contribute significantly to longitudinal bone growth.[7] Pseudo-epiphyses are found at the distal end of the first metacarpal bone in 80% of the normal population, and at the proximal end of the second metacarpal in 60%.[6]
^Mathis, SK; Frame, BA; Smith, CE (1989). "Distal first metatarsal epiphysis. A common pediatric variant". Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 79 (8): 375–379. doi:10.7547/87507315-79-8-375. ISSN8750-7315. PMID2681682.
^ abcPage 163 in: Giuseppe Guglielmi, Cornelis Van Kuijk (2001). Fundamentals of Hand and Wrist Imaging. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN9783540678540.
^Ogden, J.A.; Ganey, T.M.; Light, T.R.; Belsole, R.J.; Greene, T.L. (1994). "Ossification and pseudoepiphysis formation in the ?nonepiphyseal? end of bones of the hands and feet". Skeletal Radiology. 23 (1): 3–13. doi:10.1007/BF00203694. ISSN0364-2348. PMID8160033. S2CID12682490.