February 8, 1960: The Hollywood Walk of Fame dedicatedFebruary 3, 1960: France's President De Gaulle authorized to rule by decreeFebruary 11, 1960: The crew of Lady Be Good located after 16 years
editFebruary 1, 1960: The Greensboro sit-ins began at this section of lunch counter from the Greensboro, North Carolina Woolworth's
InGreensboro, North Carolina, four black students from North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University began a sit-in at the Woolworth's department store, at a lunch counter that, like many in the South, would not serve African-American customers except for take-out orders. After their classes, the four young men (Joseph McNeil, David Richmond, Franklin McCain and Ezell Blair Jr.) entered Woolworth's, made some purchases, and at 4:30, took seats at the counter and politely placed orders for desserts and coffee. When the waitress told them they could not be served, they stayed until closing time. The next morning, at least 20 students came to Woolworth's and began taking up seats as they became available. By Wednesday, the sit-ins were national news, and the next week, spread to other cities. By summer, most chain stores ended their whites-only policy.[1]
A study was completed for Project Mercury on the "External and Internal Noise of Space Capsules." This study covered the acoustic environments of missile and space vehicles including noise generated by the rocket engines, air-boundary layers, and on-board equipment. NASA officials thought that the internal noise level was too high for pilot comfort. Space Task Group felt that data were needed on noise transmission through an actual production-model spacecraft structure.[2]
At an exhibition at the Logan Billiard Academy in Brooklyn, Mike Eufemia set a record that has remained for half a century, for the longest "run", sinking 625 consecutive billiard balls without a miss.[4]
Before a session of the Parliament of South AfricainCape Town, Britain's Prime Minister Harold Macmillan made the "Wind of Change" speech, telling the all-white assembly that "The wind of change is blowing through this continent, and whether we like it or not, this growth of national consciousness is a political fact. We must all accept it as a fact, and our national policies must take account of it."[5]
The Senate of France voted 226–39 to allow President Charles De Gaulle to rule by decree in order to dismantle the power of French settlers in Algeria. The National Assembly had approved the measure the day before, 441–75. "We almost saw a collapse of the state last week", Prime Minister Michel Debre told the Senators, in urging passage of the measure.[6]
U.S. President Eisenhower announced at a news conference that the United States should be able to make nuclear weapons available to its allies. Eisenhower urged that the Atomic Energy Act be amended in order to permit the U.S. to transfer weapons to the arsenals of other nations.[7]
After a brief interview, France's President De Gaulle fired Jacques Soustelle from the post of Deputy Prime Minister for Algeria. Soustelle, the highest ranking French government official in the overseas Department, was the first of the European Algerians to be dismissed as part of De Gaulle's rule by decree.[8]
Jordan offered citizenship to any Palestinian (defined as a person who "used to have the Palestinian Nationality before May 1948, excluding Jews") living abroad.[9]
The Soviet Union's support of Cuba as a Communist ally was forged as Soviet Deputy Premier Anastas Mikoyan was welcomed in Havana by Fidel Castro.[10]
Amon Ndoffou II, King of Sanwi, one of the leaders of the Anyi people of Côte d'Ivoire (Côte d'Ivoire), declared an independent kingdom, six months before the colony was scheduled to become independent from France. Ivorian troops arrested the King and his Prime Minister, Ehoumou Bile, and ended the secession attempt without bloodshed.[11]
A meeting was held to relay the decision that beryllium shingles would be used as the best heat protection material on the cylindrical section of the Mercury spacecraft.[2]
All 59 people on board a Lloyd Aéreo Boliviano DC-4 died when the plane crashed shortly after takeoff from Cochabamba, Bolivia.[12]
In the first electionsinBurma since a 1958 military coup, former Prime Minister U Nu's party captured 150 of the 250 contested seats. He took office on April 4.[13]
Died:Jesse Belvin, 27, African-American singer-songwriter was killed in an auto accident, four hours after performing a concert with Sam Cooke and Jackie Wilson.
Laurence Slattery and Lesley Wasley, both volunteers, permitted a team of Australian doctors at the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital in Sydney to administer curare to stop their breathing, in order to demonstrate the effectiveness of various forms of artificial respiration. Among the findings were that a drowning victim's head should be placed upright, rather than to the side, to aid breathing.[14]
Twenty-five people were killed and 50 more injured in a railroad derailment near Sewell, Chile. The train was transporting employees of the Braden Copper Mining Company, and their families, on a Sunday outing.[17]
Adolph Coors III, chairman of the Coors Brewing Company, disappeared shortly after leaving his house near Morrison, Colorado, for a 9:00 a.m. meeting with brewery executives at Golden. His truck was found later that morning, and his glasses were nearby.[20] A demand for $500,000 was found the next day, but the kidnapper did not follow up. Coors's body was found on September 12. Joseph Corbett, Jr. was later convicted of the kidnapping and murder.[21] Corbett would be paroled in 1978 and live until 2009.
Died:Alojzije Stepinac, 61, Archbishop of Zagreb, Roman Catholic Cardinal, and political prisoner who was detained in Yugoslavia for his opposition to the communist government.
Lt. Gen. Arthur G. Trudeau, chief of research for the United States Army, inadvertently revealed classified information during a press conference, when he disclosed that an atomic explosion could neutralize a hydrogen bomb through the principle of neutron flux. General Trudeau said that it would be better to have "a small explosion a hundred miles over Hartford, Connecticut, than a large explosion in New York City."[23]
Exploration worker James Backhaus located the bodies of five crewmembers of the B-24 LiberatorLady Be Good in the Libyan desert, 16 years after the airplane had vanished on April 4, 1943, during the Second World War. The men had walked 85 miles (137 km) in hopes of finding help before running out of water.[24]
Jack Paar quit his job as host of The Tonight Show on NBC, a day after the network had censored a joke in his monologue. Paar later returned, but in 1962, the show was turned over to Johnny Carson.[25]
With Project Mercury about to enter a heavy operational phase, an operations coordination group was established at the Atlantic Missile Range. Christopher C. Kraft, Jr. was appointed to head this group.[2]
Deputy Premier Anastas Mikoyan of the Soviet Union and Cuba's Premier Fidel Castro signed an agreement that guaranteed the Castro government a $100,000,000 line of credit until 1972, and provided that the Soviets would buy one million tons of Cuban sugar per year for five years.[28]
Field Marshal Muhammad Ayub Khan of Pakistan was confirmed as its President through a limited referendum that he had called as a test of his theory of "basic democracy". The 80,000 village councilmen who had been elected locally were called upon to vote "yes" or "no" on Ayub's continuance in office, and 75,283 of them voted in the affirmative.[30]
The United Kingdom signed a new treaty of protection with the Maldives, which had been a British protectorate since 1887. The Indian Ocean island group was granted independence in 1965.[31]
Born:Jim Kelly, American pro football quarterback for the Buffalo Bills and the USFL Houston Gamblers; in Pittsburgh
War threatened to break out between Egypt (at that time partnered with Syria in the United Arab Republic) and Israel, after the UAR's President Nasser received inaccurate information that Israeli troops were massing at Israel's border with Syria. Nasser then sent a major portion of the Egyptian army to Israel's border with Egypt, and Israel then began Operation Rottem. The two sides halted war preparations after discovering the misunderstanding, and both sides stood down on March 1.[32]
Mercury spacecraft battery qualification, landing system and post-landing equipment tests were completed.[2]
Died:Cho Pyong-ok, 65, the leading opposition candidate in South Korea's upcoming presidential election, died while receiving medical treatment in the United States. With no opponent, President Syngman Rhee was re-elected for a fourth term as South Korea's president.[33]
The nuclear submarine USS Triton submerged upon departure from New London, Connecticut, and, with 184 people on board, began "Operation Sandblast", an underwater voyage around the world that would end 83 days later on May 10. Though forced to broach its sail above the surface on March 5 in order to transfer a seriously ill sailor to another ship, USS Triton would spend the rest of the circumnavigation entirely undersea.[34]
Pilot Charles Hayes and two passengers died when their twin engine plane crashed near the St. Gertrude School in the village of Indian Hill, Ohio, a suburb of Cincinnati. Hayes was credited posthumously with applying a final thrust to the engines to avoid crashing into the school.[36]
The Chinese space program began its first step "in a long march toward outer space", with the launch of the liquid-propelled T-7 rocket. The missile, made entirely within the People's Republic, only reached an altitude of 5 miles (8.0 km), but was a successful sub-orbital flight. China first put a satellite into space in 1970 and put a man into orbit in 2003.[39]
Physician Barbara Moulton resigned in protest from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, writing a letter to Commissioner George P. Larrick that included the accusation that the FDA had "failed utterly in its solemn task of enforcing those sections of the law dealing with the safety and misbranding of drugs".[40]
Following a month-long conference in Brussels, Belgium, the date of June 30 was set for granting independence to its African colony of the Belgian Congo. Under an agreement between the Belgian government and Congolese leaders, elections would be held on May 16 for provincial legislatures and a 137-member national Chamber of Representatives, and the provinces would then select a Senate.[13]
Died:Leonard Woolley, 79, British archaeologist and excavator of Ur ruins
Sunday became a regular work day in all of Sudan, after the Muslim government in Khartoum decreed that Friday was the uniform day of rest for the entire nation.[41] Previously, provinces in southern Sudan (which had a large Christian minority and a stronger British influence under the rule of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan) had Sunday as the day off, while northern Sudan had switched to Friday upon independence in 1956.[42]
An explosion at the Karl Marx coal mine in Zwickau, East Germany, killed 123 miners. On February 24, a Czechoslovakian mine rescue teams arrived in Zwickau to assist East German teams in the effort to find survivors. By February 27, further rescue attempts were halted and section 1 of the Karl-Marx-Werk mine was sealed off to stop further spread of the fire. Fifty-five miners were rescued or had been able to escape, and 51 bodies were recovered before the search ended, while another 72 remained entombed in the mine.[45]
Demolition began at Brooklyn's Ebbets Field, home of baseball's Dodgers until their move to Los Angeles in 1958. A crowd of 200 fans and former Brooklyn players watched as Lucy Monroe sang the National Anthem at Ebbets for the last time, and a band played Auld Lang Syne. The wrecking ball, painted white and painted to resemble a giant baseball, began its work with the destruction of the visitors' dugout.[46]
Argentina called off its search for an "unidentified submerged object" in Golfo Nuevo. Since January 30, when a sonar picked up evidence of a trapped foreign submarine, the Argentine Navy had been searching the gulf. At one point, it appeared that there were two subs below the surface, but after more than three weeks, the Buenos Aires government concluded that if there had been a foreign sub, it had escaped.[47]
Four people were killed, and five others injured, by a pipeline worker turned sniper. Dan Raymond, who lived near Ohiopyle, Pennsylvania, shot two county workers who were spreading cinders, then fired from his home at other vehicles until police killed him nine hours later.[48][49]
Pakistan's President, Ayub Khan, gave final approval for the construction of a new capital city on the site of the villages of Saidpur and Nurpur. The new city would be called Islamabad.[52][53]
The mid-air collision of a U.S. Navy airplane and a Brazilian airline REAL Flight 751 over Rio de Janeiro killed 61 people on both airplanes.[54] At an altitude of 1,600 metres (5,200 ft), the American plane, a DC-6 transporting a U.S. Navy band performing for U.S. President Eisenhower's visit to Brazil, struck the right side of the Brazilian DC-3 airliner, which was bringing 22 passengers and a crew of 4 from Campos dos Goytacazes. All 26 people on the Brazilian plane died, and only three of the 38 on the U.S. Navy plane— all passengers— survived.[55]
After having fled to Syria, Saddam Hussein was sentenced to death in absentia by a court in Iraq, for his role in conspiring to kill Prime Minister Abdul Karim Qassim.[56] Saddam returned to Iraq after Qassim's assassination in 1963, and did not face a death sentence again until his execution on December 30, 2006.
The crash of Alitalia Airlines Flight 618 killed 23 of the 40 passengers on board, and all but one of the 12-member crew. The New York-bound Douglas DC-7 lost power shortly after takeoff from Shannon, Ireland, and crashed into a cemetery at Shannon's Clonloghan Church.[58]
On the same day, Aeroflot Flight 315 from KievtoLviv in the Ukrainian SSR crashed 1,400 metres (4,600 ft) short of the runway in Lviv after the stabilizer of the Antonov An-15 airliner became immobilized by ice. Only one of the 33 people on board, a passenger, survived.
At the 1960 Winter Olympics, Hjallis Andersen's eight-year-old world record for the men's 10,000-meter speed skating event (16:32.6) was bested by five different skaters on the same day. Kjell Bäckman of Sweden set a new world's record of 16:14.2 and qualified for the bronze. Minutes later, Knut Johannesen of Norway broke Bäckman's record with a time of 15:46.6, more than 45 seconds faster than the 1952 mark, and won the gold medal. A few minutes after that, Viktor Kosichkin of the USSR finished at 15:49.2, within 2.7 seconds of beating Johannesen, winning the silver medal. The fourth and fifth-place finishers (Ivar Nilsson of Sweden at 16:26.0 and Terence Monaghan of the UK at 16:31.6) also beat Andersen's mark.[60][61]
Died:Adriano Olivetti, 58, Italian entrepreneur who built the Olivetti company into a leading manufacturer of office machines; of sudden heart failure shortly after the train on which he was riding crossed from Italy into Switzerland.[62]
A tip from a Soviet player helped the United States ice hockey team win the gold medal in the 1960 Winter Olympics. Exhausted from a 3–2 victory over the Soviet Union's team the day before, the Americans were losing to Czechoslovakia, 4–3, with one period left. Nikolai Sologubov suggested whiffs of bottled oxygen for quick energy, and the U.S. responded with six goals, winning 9–4.[63]
The Space Task Group placed a requirement with NASA Headquarters for the purchase of an analog computing facility. The planned use of this facility was to establish and verify Mercury system requirements; it also could be used for Mercury follow-on programs such as a crewed circumlunar vehicle program and other space program requirements. Cost of this facility was estimated to be $424,000.[2]
The Family Circus made its debut. Initially syndicated by the Des Moines Register and Tribune, the comic panel was created by Bil Keane, whose TV-themed Channel Chuckles was already a newspaper feature.[64] On the first day's strip, the three children had placed a sled on top of their sleeping father, and Billy's line was "Guess what it's doing out."[65]
At 11:47 p.m., the city of AgadirinMorocco was shaken for 15 seconds by an earthquake measuring 5.7 on the Richter scale, followed by another tremor an hour later. At least 12,000 people were killed in the collapse of unreinforced stone buildings.[66]
St. Louis radio station KMOX revolutionized radio with the debut of a live call-in program called At Your Service.
^Elizabeth Hallam and Andrew Prescott, editors, The British Inheritance: A Treasury of Historic Documents (University of California Press, 1999), p140; text of speechArchived 2009-10-30 at the Wayback Machine
^"De Gaulle Gets Power to Rule by Decree", Oakland Tribune, February 3, 1960, p1
^"Ike Blasts Generals on Defense Challenge", Oakland Tribune, February 3, 1960, p1
^"De Gaulle Kicks Out Soustelle", Oakland Tribune, February 4, 1960, p1
^Martin Sicker, The Middle East in the Twentieth Century (Praeger, 2001), p188
^Thomas M. Leonard, Fidel Castro: A Biography (Greenwood Press, 2004), p55
^Minahan, James (2002). "Anyi". Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World. Greenwood Press. pp. 149–150.
^"Airliner Crashes in Bolivia – 59 Killed". Oakland Tribune. February 5, 1960. p. 1.
^ abcdThe World Almanac and book of facts 1961 (New York World-Telegram, 1960), pp157–161
^"Medics 'Kill' 2 Men, Then Revive Them". Oakland Tribune. February 7, 1960. p. 1.
^Sullivan, Michael John (1992). Presidential Passions: The Love Affairs of America's Presidents. Shapolsky Publishers.
^"Russ, Cuba Sign Sugar, Loan Pact", Oakland Tribune, February 13, 1960, p1
^"French Trigger A-Bomb; De Gaulle Hails Event", Tucson Daily Citizen, February 13, 1960, p1
^Rafiq Dossani and Henry S. Rowen, Prospects for Peace in South Asia (Stanford University Press, 2005), p55
^Jerry Dupont, The Common Law Abroad: Constitutional and Legal Legacy of the British Empire (F.B. Rothman Publications, 2001), pp659–660
^Ben-Yehuda, Hemda; Sandler, Shmuel (2002). The Arab-Israeli Conflict Transformed: Fifty Years of Interstate and Ethnic Crises. State University of New York Press. p. 185.
^Nahm, Andrew C.; Hoarein, James (2004). Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Korea. Scarecrow Press. pp. 21–22.
^Norman Polmar and K.J. Moore, Cold War Submarines: The Design and Construction of U.S. and Soviet Submarines (Brassey's, 2004) p68
^"U.S., Britain Plan Super Radar Site", The Stars and Stripes, February 18, 1960, p1
^"Pilot Dies But Keeps Plane From Crashing Into School". Oakland Tribune. February 18, 1960. p. 1.
^"Snow Snarls Olympics Start, Stalls Nixon's Games Arrival". Oakland Tribune. February 18, 1960.
^"Houston Holding Up New League". Oakland Tribune. February 19, 1960. p. 48.
^Michael D'Antonio, Forever Blue: The True Story of Walter O'Malley, Baseball's Most Controversial Owner, and the Dodgers of Brooklyn and Los Angeles (Riverhead Books, 2009), p285
^"Accident Synopsis » 02261960". Accident Database. AirDisaster.Com. Archived from the original on 2 January 2009. Retrieved 3 October 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^"Norwegian Smashes World Record For 10,000 Meters In Great Race— Johannesen And Four Others Shatter 8-Year-Old Record". Anderson Sunday Herald. Anderson, Indiana. UPI. February 28, 1960. p. 20.
^"Adriano Olivetti, Italian Typewriter Builder, Dies at 59", Boston Globe, February 29, 1960, p.17
^"Tip From Russian Leads to American Victory: U.S. Hockey Team Takes Title", Charleston Gazette, February 29, 1960, p23
^Toonopedia.com; a promotional ad from the syndicate noted "A New Comic Feature Begins Monday", e.g., The Charleston (WV) Gazette, February 28, 1960, p6
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Grimwood, James M. "PART II (B) Research and Development Phase of Project Mercury January 1960 through May 5, 1961". Project Mercury - A Chronology. NASA Special Publication-4001. NASA. Retrieved 6 February 2023.