Generational list of programming languages

This is a "genealogy" of programming languages. Languages are categorized under the ancestor language with the strongest influence. Those ancestor languages are listed in alphabetic order. Any such categorization has a large arbitrary element, since programming languages often incorporate major ideas from multiple sources.

ALGOL (also under Fortran)
- Atlas Autocode
- ALGOL 58 (IAL, International Algorithmic Language)
  - MAD and GOM (Michigan Algorithm Decoder and Good Old MAD)
- ALGOL 60
  - MAD/I
  - Simula (see also Simula based)
- ALGOL 68
- ALGOL W
  - Pascal
    - Ada
      - SPARK
      - PL/SQL
    - Turbo Pascal
      - Object Pascal (Delphi)
        
        Free Pascal (FPC)
        
        Kylix (same as Delphi, but for Linux)
    - Euclid
      - Concurrent Euclid
      - Turing
        
        Turing+ (Turing Plus)
        
        Object-Oriented Turing
    - Mesa
      - Modula-2
        
        Modula-3
        
        Oberon (Oberon-1)
        
        Go (also under C)
        
        V (Vlang)
        
        Nim (also under Python)
        
        Oberon-2
        
        Component Pascal
        
        Active Oberon
        
        Zonnon
        
        Oberon-07
        
        Lua (also under Scheme and SNOBOL)
        
        Ring (also under C, BASIC, Ruby, Python, C#)^[1]
    - SUE
      - Plus
- CPL
  - BCPL
    - B
    - C (see also C based)
- Julia (also under Lisp, Python, Ruby)

APL
- A+
- J (also under FL)
- K (also under LISP)
- NESL
- PDL (also under Perl)

BASIC (also under Fortran II)
- AmigaBASIC
- AMOS BASIC
- BASIC Stamp
- Basic-256
- BASIC09
- BBC Basic
- Blitz BASIC
  - Blitz3D
  - BlitzMax
  - BlitzPlus
- Business Basic
- Caché Basic
- Chinese BASIC
- COMAL
- Commodore BASIC
- DarkBASIC
  - DarkBASIC Professional
- Euphoria
- GLBasic
- GRASS
- GW-BASIC
  - QuickBASIC
    - QBasic
    - Visual Basic
      - VBScript
      - Visual Basic for Applications (VBA)
        
        LotusScript
      - Visual Basic .NET
        
        Small Basic
      - B4X
      - Basic for Qt
      - OpenOffice Basic
      - HBasic
      - Gambas
      - WinWrap Basic
      - WordBasic
    - QB64
- PureBasic
- REALbasic (Xojo)
- Ring (also under C, Ruby, Python, C#, Lua)^[1]
- thinBasic
- TI-BASIC
- True BASIC
- Turbo Basic
  - PowerBASIC
- wxBasic
  - SdlBasic
    - RCBasic
- XBasic
- YaBasic

C (also under BCPL)
- Lua
- Alef
- C++
  - Rust (also under Cyclone, Haskell, and OCaml)
  - D
- C#
  - Windows PowerShell (also under DCL, ksh, and Perl)
  - Ring (also under BASIC, Ruby, Python, Lua)^[1]
- Cobra (class/object model and other features)
- Java (see also Java based)
- C--
- Cyclone
  - Rust (also under C++, Haskell, and OCaml)
- ColdFusion
- Go (also under Oberon)
  - V (Vlang)
- Harbour
  - Limbo
- LPC
  - Pike
- Objective-C (also under Smalltalk)
  - Swift (also under Ruby, Python, and Haskell)
- PCASTL (also under Lisp)
- Perl
  - Windows PowerShell (also under C#, DCL, and ksh)
  - S2
  - PHP
  - Ruby (also under Smalltalk)
    - Julia (also under Lisp, Python, ALGOL)
    - Ring (also under C, BASIC, Python, C#, Lua)^[1]
    - Swift (also under Objective-C, Python, and Haskell)
    - Crystal
    - Elixir^{[citation needed]} (also under Erlang)
  - PDL (also under APL)
  - Raku
- Python
  - Julia (also under Lisp, Ruby, ALGOL)
  - Nim (also under Oberon)
  - Ring (also under C, BASIC, Ruby, C#, Lua)^[1]
  - Swift (also under Ruby, Objective-C, and Haskell)
- QuakeC
- Ring (also under BASIC, Ruby, Python, C#, Lua) ^[1]
- tcsh (also under sh)

C#
- Chapel
- Clojure
- Crystal
- D
- J#
- Dart
- F#
- Hack
- Java
- Kotlin
- Nemerle
- Oxygene
- Ring^[1]
- Rust
- Swift
- Vala
- TypeScript

COBOL
- ABAP
- DIBOL
- WATBOL

COMIT
- SNOBOL
  - Icon
    - Unicon
  - Lua (also under Modula and Scheme)
    - Ring (also under C, BASIC, Ruby, Python, C#)^[1]

DCL
- Windows PowerShell (also under C#, ksh, and Perl)

ed (programming language)
- sed
- AWK
  - Perl (also under C)

Eiffel
- Cobra (design by contract)
- Sather
- Ubercode

Forth
- InterPress
  - PostScript
- Joy
  - Factor
- Rebol (also under Lisp)
- RPL (also under Lisp)

Fortran
- Fortran II
  - BASIC (see also BASIC based)
  - SAKO
- Fortran IV
  - WATFOR
  - WATFIV
- Fortran 66
  - FORMAC
  - Ratfor
- Fortran 77
  - WATFOR-77
  - Ratfiv
- Fortran 90
- Fortran 95
  - F
- Fortran 2003
- Fortran 2008
- Fortran 2018
- ALGOL (see also ALGOL based)

FP (Function Programming)
- FL (Function Level)
  - J (also under APL)
- FPr (also under Lisp and object-oriented programming)

HyperTalk
- ActionScript (also under JavaScript)
- AppleScript
- SenseTalk
- SuperTalk
- Transcript

Java (also under C)
- Ateji PX
- C#
- Ceylon
- Fantom
- Apache Groovy
- OptimJ
- Processing
- Scala
- Join Java
- J#
- Kotlin
- X10

JavaScript (also under Scheme, Self)
- ActionScript (also under HyperTalk)
  - Haxe
- Asm.js
- CoffeeScript
- ECMAScript
- JavaScript OSA
- JScript
- TypeScript

JOSS
- CAL
- TELCOMP
- FOCAL
- MUMPS
  - Caché ObjectScript

JOSS also inspired features for several versions of BASIC, including Tymshare's SUPER BASIC and DEC's BASIC-PLUS.

Lisp
- Arc
- AutoLISP
- Clojure
- Common Lisp
  - uLisp (A subset of Common Lisp for microcontrollers)
- Emacs Lisp
- ISLISP
- Interlisp
- Julia (has Lisp-like macros, but ALGOL-like syntax) (also under Python, Ruby, ALGOL)
- K (also under APL)
- LFE
- Logo
  - Turtle graphics
- MacLisp
- Nu programming language
- PicoLisp
- REBOL
  - Red (programming language)
- RPL (also under Forth)
- S
  - R
    - PCASTL (also under ALGOL)
- Scheme
  - GNU Guile
  - Racket
  - Hop
  - Pico
  - T
  - Lua (also under Modula and SNOBOL)
    - Ring (also under C, BASIC, Ruby, Python, C#)^[1]
  - JavaScript (also based on Self)
  - ECMAScript (also based on Self)

ML
- Standard ML (SML)
- Caml
  - OCaml
    - F#
    - Reason
    - Rust (also under C++, Cyclone, and Haskell)

PL/I
- PL/M
- PL/C
- REXX
- SP/k
- XPL

Prolog
- CLP(R), CLP(FD)
- Mercury
- Erlang
  - Cuneiform
  - Elixir^[2] (also under Ruby)
- Logtalk

SASL
- Kent Recursive Calculator
- Miranda
  - Haskell
    - Agda
    - Elm
    - Idris
    - Rust (also under C++, Cyclone, and OCaml)
    - Swift (also under Ruby, Python, and Objective-C)
    - PureScript
  - Nix

SETL
- ABC
  - Python (also under C)
    - Swift (also under Ruby, Objective-C, and Haskell)
    - Boo
    - Cobra (syntax and features)
    - Nim (also under Oberon)

Sh
- bash
- csh (also under C)
  - tcsh
  - Hamilton C shell
- fish
- zsh
- ksh
  - Windows PowerShell (also under C#, DCL, and Perl)
  - Qshell

Simula (also under ALGOL 60)
- C++ (also under C)
- Smalltalk
  - Objective-C (hybrid of C and Smalltalk)
    - Swift (also under Ruby, Python, and Haskell)
    - Cobra (support both dynamic and static types)
  - Ruby (also under Perl)
    - Swift (also under Objective-C, Python, and Haskell)
    - Elixir^{[citation needed]} (also under Erlang)
  - Self
    - JavaScript (also under Scheme) (see also JavaScript based)
    - NewtonScript
      - Io
- BETA

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Ring Team (23 October 2021). "The Ring programming language and other languages". ring-lang.net.

^ Valim, José. "Elixir: The Documentary" (Video). Honeypot. Honeypot. Retrieved 11 December 2020. Erickson, they created Erlang. This technology that they created, right, in the eighties, to solve all these problems. It's going to be perfect to solve those issues that we're having right now with concurrency, those issues that we're having with the web in general, right? I think that was the moment when I had the idea of creating a programming language. Like, look I have this absolutely beautiful piece of software which is the Erlang virtual machine. I want to use it more but it's missing some stuff and I want to try adding this missing stuff.

Generational list of programming languages

Contents

ALGOL based

APL based

BASIC based

Batch languages

C based

C# based

COBOL based

COMIT based

DCL based

ed based

Eiffel based

Forth based

Fortran based

FP based

HyperTalk based

Java based

JavaScript based

JOSS based

Lisp based

ML based

PL/I based

Prolog based

SASL based

SETL based

sh based

Simula based

Tcl based

Others

References

External links

Languages