Graphidales is an orderoflichen-forming fungi in the class Lecanoromycetes. It contains 6 families, about 81 genera and about 2,228 species. Family Graphidaceae are the largest crustose family within Graphidales order comprising more than 2000 species,[2] which are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the world.[3]
| Graphidales | |
|---|---|
| |
| A–B Pallidogramme chrysenteron, formerly Phaeographina fukiensis. C–D Sarcographa glyphiza, formerly Graphis glyphiza. Scale bars = 1 mm | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Lecanoromycetes |
| Order: | Graphidales Hazlinszky, F.A. (1884)[1] |
| Families | |
The Graphidales were introduced in a 1884 publication by Frigyes Ákos Hazslinszky in Magyar Birodalom Zuzmó-Flórája on page 216 as family Graphideae.[1] In 1907, they were established as an order by American botanist Bessey (1845–1915),[4][5][6]
When the order was introduced, it contained just two families, the Graphidaceae and Thelotremataceae who were both mainly tropical based and each family had about 800–1000 species.[7]
Sherwood in 1977 proposed to maintain a distinction between the Graphidales with mostly lichemised members and the Ostropales which included mostly non-lichenised fungi, based on different spore septation types.[8]
Molecular data by Winka et al. in 1998, supported a close relationship between the two groups of species.[9][10]
The Graphidales were then included in the Ostropales order (Lecanoromycetes) for a long time (Staiger 2002;[11] Kalb et al. 2004;[12] Hibbett et al. 2007;[13] Lumbsch et al. 2007;[14] Kirk et al. 2008;[15] Baloch et al. 2010;[16] Rivas Plata and Lumbsch 2011;[17] Rivas Plata et al. 2012;[18] Lumbsch et al. 2014;[19] Lücking et al. 2017;[20] Wijayawardene et al. 2018).[21]
In 2004, the phylogenetic relationships of class Lecanoromycetes were examined by using mitochondrial small subunit ribosomal DNA sequencing which found that orders Graphidales and Ostropales were monophyletic.[22]
Using molecular data (partial DNA sequencing) in 2012, it was also shown that Graphidaceae and Thelotremataceae were non-monophyletic and consequently Thelotremataceae was included in Graphidaceae as a synonym.[23] Graphidaceae also included subfamilies Fissurinoideae and Graphidoideae.[24][25]
However, Kraichak et al. in 2018,[26] ranked Graphidales as a separate order based on a temporal approach, and accepted five families; Diploschistaceae, Fissurinaceae, Gomphillaceae, Graphidaceae and Thelotremataceae.[27][28] Wijayawardene et al. 2020 agreed but also added family Redonographaceae to the order,[2] Other authors have agreed on the use of reinstated order of Graphidales.[3][29][30][31]
Most species in the order are lichens which have a thallus (vegetative tissue) which is crustose and ascocarps (fruiting body) which are apothecioid (cup-shaped).[32][33]
The Graphidaceae are mostly epiphytic lichens with trentepohlioid photobiont (i.e., filamentous, multicellular green algae from genus Trentepohlia),[34] and graphidoid, distoseptate (forming a layer) ascospores.[35][36]
Family Gomphillaceae was originally based on a single species, Gomphillus calycioides (Watson, 1929), which is an unusual taxon growing over bryophytes.[37]
It includes a common asexual fungus Lawreya glyphidiphila (Teratosphaeriaceae family) which is described as growing on lichenized fungi Glyphis scyphulifera (Graphidaceae family).[29]
They are mainly found in warmer regions living on bark.[32] Genera in the order of Graphidales has been found worldwide,[38] from North America (including Florida,[29][39]), South America (including Venezuela,[40] Costa Rica,[41] and Guianas,[42]), Africa (including Kenya,[43] and South Africa,[44]), Asia (including China,[31][45] Vietnam,[46] Sri Lanka,[47] India,[3][48] and Thailand,[49]) Australia,[50][51] and also New Zealand.[5][52]
Species of family Gomphillaceae are found in north-eastern Brazil, Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama and Cuba.[37]
This is a list of the families and genera contained within the Graphidales, based on a 2020 review and summary of ascomycete classification.[2] Following the taxon name is the taxonomic authority, year of publication, and (for genera) the number or estimated number of species: