Haplogroup C-M48 also known as C2b1a2 is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup.
Haplogroup C-M48 (C2b1a2) | |
---|---|
Possible time of origin | 14,700 [95% CI 13,300 <-> 16,100] years before present[1] 15,557 [95% CI 14,443 <-> 16,732] years before present[2] |
Coalescence age | 12,131 [95% CI 10,916 <-> 13,363] years before present[2] 2,750 ± 1,370 years before present[3] 3,500 [95% CI 300–19,700] years before present[4] 3,800 [95% CI 3,100 <-> 4,600] years before present[1] 5,940 ± 2,900 years (evolutionary mutation rate) or 1,630 ± 800 years (genealogical mutation rate)[5] 10,800 ± 2,300 years ago[6] or 9,300 ± 3,300 years ago[6] |
Possible place of origin | perhaps Mongolia or the Lake Baikal region[3] |
Ancestor | C-F1699 (C2b1) |
Defining mutations | M48, M77, M86 |
Highest frequencies | Oroqen 42%[7]-68%,[8] Evenks 44%[9]-71%,[3] Evenks 27%[7]-70%,[10] Udegey 60%,[11] Negidal 20%[11]-100%,[11] Evens 5%[12]-61%,[8] Kazakhs 42%-63%,[5][13][14] Itelmen 39%,[11] Ulchi/Nanai 38%,[11] Kalmyks 37%-45%,[15][5] Nivkhs 35%,[11] Ulchi 35%,[16] Koryaks 33%,[11] Yukaghir 23%,[10] Mongols (Uriankhai 33%, Zakhchin 30%, Khalkh 15%, Khoton 10%[4]), Dolgans 12%,[17] Hezhe 11%,[7] Tuvans 9% [6%-20%],[5][13][11] Kyrgyz 7% [5%-12%][18][13][14] |
It is found frequently amongst members of Central Asian and Siberian peoples, such as the Evenks,[5] Evens,[5] Ulchi,[16] Kazakhs,[5] Koryaks, Mongols (especially Oirats, such as Kalmyks,[5][19] Zakhchin,[4] Uriankhai,[4] and the population of northwest Mongolia in general[18]), and Yukaghirs.
Haplogroup C-M48 also has been found occasionally in some ethnic groups outside its typical range in Siberia and Central Asia, such as Japanese (2/53 C-M86 Kyushu, 1/70 C-M86 Tokushima, 0/61 C-M86 Shizuoka, 0/45 C-M217 Okinawa, 0/26 C-M217 Aomori, 0/4 C-M86 Ainu[8]), Tibetans (4/479 C-M48 Xizang, 0/52 C-M48 Qinghai[6]), Bhutanese (1/21 C-M86/M77),[20] Ossetians (1/21 C-M48 South Ossetians),[21] Adyghe (1/154 C-M48),[21] and Russians (1/406 C-M77[5]), some of whom exhibit divergent Y-STR haplotypes.[6]
Karmin et al. 2015 have found a divergent branch of C-M48, which they have named C3c2-B90 and which ISOGG has named C2b1a2b-B90, in three Koryaks and one Evenk.[2] Although the M48 and M77 SNPs have long been considered to be phylogenetically equivalent, marking the same clade of the human Y-DNA phylogeny, the C3c2-B90 clade has been found to be positive for the M48 mutation, but negative for the M77 mutation.
C-B91 is a subclade of C-B90 that has been found in Koryaks.[2] It subsumes the C-B92 and C-B94 subclades. Karmin et al. 2015 have found Y-DNA belonging to C-B92 in two Koryaks who they have estimated to share a most recent common ancestor 594 [95% CI 285 <-> 939] years before present.[2] The two Koryaks in C-B92 have been estimated to share a most recent common ancestor with a Koryak who belongs to the C-B94 subclade 3,812 [95% CI 3,005 <-> 4,654] years before present.[2]
C-B93 is a subclade of C-B90 that has been found in 7.7% (4/52) of a sample of Ulchi[16] and in one Evenk.[2] It has been estimated to share a most recent common ancestor with C-B91 of the Koryaks 4,992 [95% CI 4,188 <-> 5,732] years before present.[2]
Karmin et al. 2015 have estimated the coalescence age of C-M77, which they have named C3c1a-M77 and which ISOGG has named C2b1a2a-M86/M77, to be 2,804 [95% CI 2,228 <-> 3,431] years before present based on their three examples of C-B469 and five examples of C-B80 Y-DNA.[2]
C-B469 is a subclade of C-M77. Y-DNA that belongs to the C-B469 clade, which has been named C2b1a2a1a-B469 by ISOGG, has been found in a Zakhchin Mongolian, an Evenk, and a Buryat.[2] The Evenk individual and the Buryat individual both belong to the C-B87 subclade and have been estimated to share a most recent common ancestor 1,792 [95% CI 1,255 <-> 2,376] years before present.[2] Those two individuals have been estimated to share a most recent common ancestor with the Zakhchin individual, who belongs to the C-B470 subclade, 2,562 [95% CI 2,003 <-> 3,161] years before present.[2]
C-B469 also has been found in HGDP01250, a Y-DNA sample obtained from a Xibo in China as part of the Human Genome Diversity Project, and in an Even from Nelkan, Khabarovsk Krai.
Balanovska et al. (2018) found C-F13686, a subclade that may be phylogenetically equivalent to C-B469,[1] in 7.7% (4/52) of a sample of Ulch people.[16]
Balinova et al. (2019) observed Y-DNA that belongs to C-B469 in 10.1% (7/69) of a sample of Derbet Kalmyks from Russia, 2.5% (1/40) of a sample of Derbet Mongols from western Mongolia, and 1.7% (1/58) of a sample of Torgut Kalmyks from Russia.[27]
C-B470 is a subclade of C-B469. This subclade has been observed in a Zakhchin[2] and in an Ulch.[16]
C-B87 is a subclade of C-B469. The time to most recent common ancestor between C-B87 and C-B470 (which includes the Y-DNA of a Zakhchin Mongolian individual and an Ulch individual) has been estimated to be 2,562 [95% CI 2,003 <-> 3,161] years before present.[2]
C-B87(xB89) Y-DNA, which belongs to C-B87 but does not belong to its C-B89 subclade, has been found in a Buryat (C-B88) and in a Xibo.
C-B89 is a subclade of C-B87 that is known from the Y-DNA of an Even from Nelkan, Khabarovsk Krai[1] and the Y-DNA of an Evenk.[2]
Y-DNA that belongs to this clade, which has been named C2b1a2a1b-B80 by ISOGG, has been found in five Evens (four from Magadan Oblast and one from Sakha Republic).[2] These five Even members of C-B80 have been estimated to share a most recent common ancestor 1,674 [95% CI 1,190 <-> 2,205] years before present.[2]