Ahumbug is a person or object that behaves in a deceptive or dishonest way, often as a hoax or in jest.[1][2] The term was first described in 1751 as student slang, and recorded in 1840 as a "nautical phrase".[3] It is now also often used as an exclamation to describe something as hypocritical nonsenseorgibberish.
Panorama of Humbug. No. 1, making fun of Phineas T. Barnum and Jenny LindLCCN2004-665373Humbugging, or raising the Devil, 1800. Rowlandson's humbugging depicts the public as a credulous simpleton being distracted by a display of "the miraculous", the better to have his pockets picked.
When referring to a person, a humbug means a fraudorimpostor, implying an element of unjustified publicity and spectacle. In modern usage, the word is most associated with the character Ebenezer Scrooge, created by Charles Dickens in his 1843 novella A Christmas Carol. His famous reference to Christmas, "Bah! Humbug!", declaring Christmas to be a fraud, is commonly used in stage and screen versions and also appeared frequently in the original book. The word is also prominently used in the 1900 book The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, in which the Scarecrow refers to the Wizard of Oz as a humbug, and the Wizard agrees.
The oldest known written uses of the word are in the book The Student (1750–1751), ii. 41, where it is called "a word very much in vogue with the people of taste and fashion", and in Ferdinando Killigrew's The Universal Jester, subtitled "a choice collection of many conceits ... bon-mots and humbugs" from 1754.[5]
There are many theories as to the origin of the term, none of which has been proven:
Charles Godfrey Leland mentions the idea that the word could be derived from the Norse word hum, meaning 'night' or 'shadow', and the word bugges (used in the Bible), a variant of bogey, meaning 'apparitions'.[6] The Norse word hum mentioned, or hume, actually means 'dark air' in Old Norwegian. From the other Scandinavian languages based on Old Norse, there is húminIcelandic which means 'twilight', hómiinFaeroese which means 'unclear', and humi in Old Swedish which means 'dark suspicion', documented back to 1541.[7] From this word is also derived the Swedish verb hymla, still in use, which means 'to conceal, hide, not commit to the truth'.[8]
According to the Dictionary of the Vulgar TonguebyFrancis Grose, 1731–1791, to hum in English indeed originally meant 'to deceive'.[9] To combine this early medieval Scandinavian word with bugges from the English Bible of a later date may seem far-fetched. The word bug is derived from the Middle EnglishBugge (of which the term bogey is also derived) which is in turn a cognate of the German word bögge (of which böggel-mann ("Goblin") is derived)[10][11][12] and possibly the Norwegian dialect word bugge meaning "important man".[13] The Welsh bwg ("ghost") could also be connected,[10] and was thought in the past to be the origin of the English term, however more recent studies indicate that it is a borrowing from the much older Middle English word.[14][15][16][17] Also, with bug meaning ghost or goblin, the use of the term applies in Dickens' novel about the Christmas ghosts. In Etym. Diet. of 1898, Walter Skeat also proposed a similar theory, although using contemporary versions of the words, where hum meant to murmur applause, and bug being a spectre.[5]
It could also come from the Italianuomo bugiardo, which literally means 'lying man'.[5][18] There was considerable Italian influence on English at the time (e.g. William Shakespeare's numerous Italian-based plays, approximately 150 years before the first recorded use of 'humbug').
Uim-bog is supposed to mean 'soft copper' in Irish, worthless money, but there is no evidence of a clear connection to the term.[5]
A modern conception is that it actually refers to a humming bug—i.e. something small and inconsequential, such as a cricket, that makes a lot of noise.[19]InNorton Juster's novel The Phantom Tollbooth, there is a large beetle-like insect known as the Humbug, who is hardly ever right about anything.
The word has been used outside anglophone countries for well over a century. For instance, in Germany it has been known since the 1830s,[20] in Sweden since at least 1862,[21] in France since at least 1875,[22] in Hungary, and in Finland.
^Dana, Richard Henry Jr. (1840). Two Years Before the Mast. When there is danger or necessity, or when he is well used, no one can work faster than he; but the instant he feels that he is kept at work for nothing, or, as the nautical phrase is, 'humbugged,' no sloth could make less headway.
^Middle English Dictionary by Sherman M. Kuhn, Hans Kurath, Robert E. Lewis, University of Michigan Press, 1958, ISBN978-0-472-01025-7, p. 1212
^Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary, 11th edition, Merriam-Webster, 2003, ISBN978-0-87779-809-5, p. 162
^The Merriam-Webster new book of word histories, Merriam-Webster, 1991, ISBN978-0-87779-603-9, p. 71
^Metatony in Baltic, Volume 6 of Leiden studies in Indo-European by Rick Derksen, Rodopi, 1996, ISBN978-90-5183-990-6, p. 274
^Lexical reflections inspired by Slavonic *bog : English bogey from a Slavonic root?, Brian Cooper 1, Department of Slavonic Studies, University of Cambridge, Correspondence to Department of Slavonic Studies, University of Cambridge, Sidgwick Avenue, Cambridge CB3 9DA
^Early Modern Northern English Lexis: A Literary Corpus-Based Study, Javier Ruano-Garcia, Peter Lang, 2010, ISBN978-3-0343-0058-2. pp. 242–243
^Studies in folk life, John Geraint Jenkins, Iorwerth Cyfeiliog Peate, Ayer Publishing, 1977, ISBN978-0-405-10102-1. p. 304
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Humbug". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 876. This further references the New English Dictionary.