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Ingrammar, the inessive case (abbreviated INE; from Latin: inesse "to be in or at") is a locative grammatical case. This case carries the basic meaning of "in": for example, "in the house" is talo·ssainFinnish, maja·sinEstonian, куд·са (kud·sa) in Moksha, etxea·ninBasque, nam·einLithuanian, sāt·āinLatgalian and ház·baninHungarian.
In Finnish the inessive case is typically formed by adding -ssa/-ssä. Estonian adds -s to the genitive stem. In Moksha -са (-sa) is added (in Erzya -со (-so)). In Hungarian, the suffix ban/ben is most commonly used for inessive case, although many others, such as on/en/ön and others are also used, especially with cities.
In the Finnish language, the inessive case is considered the first (inEstonian the second) of the six locative cases, which correspond to locational prepositionsinEnglish. The remaining five cases are:
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The Finnish language inessive uses the suffix -ssaor-ssä (depending on vowel harmony). It is usually added to nouns and associated adjectives.
It is used in the following ways:
In a large part of the southwestern, south Ostrobothnian, southeastern as well as in some Tavastian dialects, the suffix is simply -s (e.g. maas, talos), similarly to Estonian. This is an example of apocope. When coupled with a possessive suffix, the result can be like in standard Finnish "maassani, talossani" or a shorter "maasani, talosani" depending on the dialect: the former is more common in Tavastian and southeastern dialects while the latter is more common in southwestern dialects.
Most central and northern Ostrobothnian dialects as well as some southwestern and Peräpohjola dialects use a shorter suffix -sa/-sä, e.g. maasa, talosa.[1]
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