A. General Economics and Teaching
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A1 General Economics
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A10 General
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A11 Role of Economics • Role of Economists • Market for Economists
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A12 Relation of Economics to Other Disciplines
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A13 Relation of Economics to Social Values
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A14 Sociology of Economics
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A19 Other
A2 Economic Education and Teaching of Economics
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A20 General
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A21 Pre-college
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A22 Undergraduate
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A23 Graduate
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A29 Other
A3 Collective Works
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A30 General
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A31 Collected Writings of Individuals
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A32 Collective Volumes
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A33 Handbooks
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A39 Other
B. History of Economic Thought, Methodology, and Heterodox Approaches
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B00 General
B1 History of Economic Thought through 1925
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B10 General
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B11 Preclassical (Ancient, Medieval, Mercantilist, Physiocratic)
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B12 Classical (includes Adam Smith)
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B13 Neoclassical through 1925 (Austrian, Marshallian, Walrasian, Wicksellian)
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B14 Socialist • Marxist
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B15 Historical • Institutional • Evolutionary
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B16 Quantitative and Mathematical
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B17 International Trade and Finance
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B19 Other
B2 History of Economic Thought since 1925
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B20 General
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B21 Microeconomics
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B22 Macroeconomics
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B23 Econometrics • Quantitative and Mathematical Studies
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B24 Socialist • Marxist • Sraffian
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B25 Historical • Institutional • Evolutionary • Austrian • Stockholm School
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B26 Financial Economics
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B27 International Trade and Finance
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B29 Other
B3 History of Economic Thought: Individuals
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B30 General
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B31 Individuals
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B32 Obituaries
B4 Economic Methodology
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B40 General
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B41 Economic Methodology
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B49 Other
B5 Current Heterodox Approaches
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B50 General
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B51 Socialist • Marxist • Sraffian
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B52 Historical • Institutional • Evolutionary
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B53 Austrian
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B54 Feminist Economics
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B59 Other
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C00 General
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C01 Econometrics
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C02 Mathematical Methods
C1 Econometric and Statistical Methods and Methodology: General
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C10 General
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C11 Bayesian Analysis: General
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C12 Hypothesis Testing: General
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C13 Estimation: General
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C14 Semiparametric and Nonparametric Methods: General
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C15 Statistical Simulation Methods: General
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C18 Methodological Issues: General
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C19 Other
C2 Single Equation Models • Single Variables
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C20 General
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C21 Cross-Sectional Models • Spatial Models • Treatment Effect Models • Quantile Regressions
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C22 Time-Series Models • Dynamic Quantile Regressions • Dynamic Treatment Effect Models • Diffusion Processes
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C23 Panel Data Models • Spatio-temporal Models
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C24 Truncated and Censored Models • Switching Regression Models • Threshold Regression Models
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C25 Discrete Regression and Qualitative Choice Models • Discrete Regressors • Proportions • Probabilities
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C26 Instrumental Variables (IV) Estimation
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C29 Other
C3 Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models • Multiple Variables
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C30 General
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C31 Cross-Sectional Models • Spatial Models • Treatment Effect Models • Quantile Regressions • Social Interaction Models
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C32 Time-Series Models • Dynamic Quantile Regressions • Dynamic Treatment Effect Models • Diffusion Processes • State Space Models
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C33 Panel Data Models • Spatio-temporal Models
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C34 Truncated and Censored Models • Switching Regression Models
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C35 Discrete Regression and Qualitative Choice Models • Discrete Regressors • Proportions
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C36 Instrumental Variables (IV) Estimation
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C38 Classification Methods • Cluster Analysis • Principal Components • Factor Models
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C39 Other
C4 Econometric and Statistical Methods: Special Topics
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C40 General
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C41 Duration Analysis • Optimal Timing Strategies
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C43 Index Numbers and Aggregation
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C44 Operations Research • Statistical Decision Theory
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C45 Neural Networks and Related Topics
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C46 Specific Distributions • Specific Statistics
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C49 Other
C5 Econometric Modeling
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C50 General
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C51 Model Construction and Estimation
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C52 Model Evaluation, Validation, and Selection
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C53 Forecasting and Prediction Methods • Simulation Methods
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C54 Quantitative Policy Modeling
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C55 Large Data Sets: Modeling and Analysis
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C57 Econometrics of Games and Auctions
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C58 Financial Econometrics
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C59 Other
C6 Mathematical Methods • Programming Models • Mathematical and Simulation Modeling
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C60 General
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C61 Optimization Techniques • Programming Models • Dynamic Analysis
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C62 Existence and Stability ConditionsofEquilibrium
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C63 Computational Techniques • Simulation Modeling
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C65 Miscellaneous Mathematical Tools
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C67 Input–Output Models
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C68 Computable General Equilibrium Models
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C69 Other
C7 Game Theory and Bargaining Theory
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C70 General
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C71 Cooperative Games
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C72 Noncooperative Games
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C73 Stochastic and Dynamic Games • Evolutionary Games • Repeated Games
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C78 Bargaining Theory • Matching Theory
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C79 Other
C8 Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology • Computer Programs
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C80 General
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C81 Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Microeconomic Data • Data Access
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C82 Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Macroeconomic Data • Data Access
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C83 Survey Methods • Sampling Methods
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C87 Econometric Software
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C88 Other Computer Software
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C89 Other
C9 Design of Experiments
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C90 General
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C91 Laboratory, Individual Behavior
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C92 Laboratory, Group Behavior
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C93 Field Experiments
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C99 Other
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D00 General
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D01 Microeconomic Behavior: Underlying Principles
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D02 Institutions: Design, Formation, Operations, and Impact
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D03 Behavioral Microeconomics: Underlying Principles
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D04 Microeconomic Policy: Formulation, Implementation, and Evaluation
D1 Household Behavior and Family Economics
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D10 General
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D11 Consumer Economics: Theory
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D12 Consumer Economics: Empirical Analysis
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D13 Household Production and Intrahousehold Allocation
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D14 Household Saving • Personal Finance
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D15 Intertemporal Household Choice • Life Cycle Models and Saving
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D16 Collaborative Consumption
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D18 Consumer Protection
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D19 Other
D2 Production and Organizations
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D20 General
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D21 Firm Behavior: Theory
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D22 Firm Behavior: Empirical Analysis
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D23 Organizational Behavior • Transaction Costs • Property Rights
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D24 Production • Cost • Capital • Capital, Total Factor, and Multifactor Productivity • Capacity
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D25 Intertemporal Firm Choice: Investment, Capacity, and Financing
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D29 Other
D3 Distribution
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D30 General
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D31 Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
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D33 Factor Income Distribution
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D39 Other
D4 Market Structure, Pricing, and Design
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D40 General
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D41 Perfect Competition
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D42 Monopoly
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D43 Oligopoly and Other Forms of Market Imperfection
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D44 Auctions
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D45 Rationing • Licensing
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D46 Value Theory
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D47 Market Design
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D49 Other
D5 General Equilibrium and Disequilibrium
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D50 General
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D51 Exchange and Production Economies
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D52 Incomplete Markets
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D53 Financial Markets
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D57 Input–Output Tables and Analysis
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D58 Computable and Other Applied General Equilibrium Models
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D59 Other
D6 Welfare Economics
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D60 General
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D61 Allocative Efficiency • Cost–Benefit Analysis
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D62 Externalities
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D63 Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement
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D64 Altruism • Philanthropy • Intergenerational Transfers
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D69 Other
D7 Analysis of Collective Decision-Making
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D70 General
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D71 Social Choice • Clubs • Committees • Associations
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D72 Political Processes: Rent-Seeking, Lobbying, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior
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D73 Bureaucracy • Administrative Processes in Public Organizations • Corruption
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D74 Conflict • Conflict Resolution • Alliances • Revolutions
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D78 Positive Analysis of Policy Formulation and Implementation
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D79 Other
D8 Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty
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D80 General
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D81 Criteria for Decision-Making under Risk and Uncertainty
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D82 Asymmetric and Private Information • Mechanism Design
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D83 Search • Learning • Information and Knowledge • Communication • Belief • Unawareness
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D84 Expectations • Speculations
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D85 Network Formation and Analysis: Theory
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D86 Economics of Contract: Theory
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D87 Neuroeconomics
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D89 Other
D9 Micro-Based Behavioral Economics
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D90 General
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D91 Role and Effects of Psychological, Emotional, Social, and Cognitive Factors on Decision Making
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D99 Other
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E00 General
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E01 Measurement and Data on National Income and Product Accounts and Wealth • Environmental Accounts
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E02 Institutions and the Macroeconomy
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E03 Behavioral Macroeconomics
E1 General Aggregative Models
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E10 General
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E11 Marxian • Sraffian • Kaleckian
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E12 Keynes • Keynesian • Post-Keynesian
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E13 Neoclassical
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E14 Austrian • Evolutionary • Institutional
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E16 Social Accounting Matrix
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E17 Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications
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E19 Other
E2 Consumption, Saving, Production, Investment, Labor Markets, and Informal Economy
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E20 General
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E21 Consumption • Saving • Wealth
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E22 Investment • Capital • Intangible Capital • Capacity
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E23 Production
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E24 Employment • Unemployment • Wages • Intergenerational Income Distribution • Aggregate Human Capital • Aggregate Labor Productivity
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E25 Aggregate Factor Income Distribution
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E26 Informal Economy • Underground Economy
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E27 Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications
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E29 Other
E3 Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles
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E30 General
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E31 Price Level • Inflation • Deflation
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E32 Business Fluctuations • Cycles
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E37 Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications
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E39 Other
E4 Money and Interest Rates
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E40 General
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E41 Demand for Money
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E42 Monetary Systems • Standards • Regimes • Government and the Monetary System • Payment Systems
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E43 Interest Rates: Determination, Term Structure, and Effects
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E44 Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy
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E47 Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications
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E49 Other
E5 Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit
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E50 General
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E51 Money Supply • Credit • Money Multipliers
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E52 Monetary Policy
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E58 Central Banks and Their Policies
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E59 Other
E6 Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook
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E60 General
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E61 Policy Objectives • Policy Designs and Consistency • Policy Coordination
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E62 Fiscal Policy
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E63 Comparative or Joint Analysis of Fiscal and Monetary Policy • Stabilization • Treasury Policy
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E64 Incomes Policy • Price Policy
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E65 Studies of Particular Policy Episodes
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E66 General Outlook and Conditions
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E69 Other
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F00 General
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F01 Global Outlook
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F02 International Economic Order and Integration
F1 Trade
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F10 General
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F11 Neoclassical Models of Trade
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F12 Models of Trade with Imperfect Competition and Scale Economies • Fragmentation
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F13 Trade Policy • International Trade Organizations
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F14 Empirical Studies of Trade
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F15 Economic Integration
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F16 Trade and Labor Market Interactions
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F17 Trade Forecasting and Simulation
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F18 Trade and Environment
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F19 Other
F2 International Factor Movements and International Business
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F20 General
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F21 International Investment • Long-Term Capital Movements
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F22 International Migration
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F23 Multinational Firms • International Business
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F24 Remittances
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F29 Other
F3 International Finance
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F30 General
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F31 Foreign Exchange
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F32 Current Account Adjustment • Short-Term Capital Movements
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F33 International Monetary Arrangements and Institutions
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F34 International Lending and Debt Problems
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F35 Foreign Aid
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F36 Financial Aspects of Economic Integration
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F37 International Finance Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications
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F38 International Financial Policy: Financial Transactions Tax; Capital Controls
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F39 Other
F4 Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance
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F40 General
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F41 Open Economy Macroeconomics
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F42 International Policy Coordination and Transmission
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F43 Economic Growth of Open Economies
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F44 International Business Cycles
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F45 Macroeconomic Issues of Monetary Unions
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F47 Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications
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F49 Other
F5 International Relations, National Security, and International Political Economy
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F50 General
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F51 International Conflicts • Negotiations • Sanctions
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F52 National Security • Economic Nationalism
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F53 International Agreements and Observance • International Organizations
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F54 Colonialism • Imperialism • Postcolonialism
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F55 International Institutional Arrangements
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F59 Other
F6 Economic Impacts of Globalization
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F60 General
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F61 Microeconomic Impacts
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F62 Macroeconomic Impacts
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F63 Economic Development
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F64 Environment
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F65 Finance
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F66 Labor
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F68 Policy
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F69 Other
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G00 General
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G01 Financial Crises
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G02 Behavioral Finance: Underlying Principles
G1 General Financial Markets
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G10 General
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G11 Portfolio Choice • Investment Decisions
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G12 Asset Pricing • Trading Volume • Bond Interest Rates
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G13 Contingent Pricing • Futures Pricing
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G14 Information and Market Efficiency • Event Studies • Insider Trading
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G15 International Financial Markets
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G17 Financial Forecasting and Simulation
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G18 Government Policy and Regulation
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G19 Other
G2 Financial Institutions and Services
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G20 General
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G21 Banks • Depository Institutions • Micro Finance Institutions • Mortgages
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G22 Insurance • Insurance Companies • Actuarial Studies
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G23 Non-bank Financial Institutions • Financial Instruments • Institutional Investors
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G24 Investment Banking • Venture Capital • Brokerage • Ratings and Ratings Agencies
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G28 Government Policy and Regulation
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G29 Other
G3 Corporate Finance and Governance
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G30 General
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G31 Capital Budgeting • Fixed Investment and Inventory Studies • Capacity
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G32 Financing Policy • Financial Risk and Risk Management • Capital and Ownership Structure • Value of Firms • Goodwill
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G33 Bankruptcy • Liquidation
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G34 Mergers • Acquisitions • Restructuring • Corporate Governance
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G35 Payout Policy
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G38 Government Policy and Regulation
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G39 Other
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H00 General
H1 Structure and Scope of Government
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H10 General
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H11 Structure, Scope, and Performance of Government
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H12 Crisis Management
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H13 Economics of Eminent Domain • Expropriation • Nationalization
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H19 Other
H2 Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue
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H20 General
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H21 Efficiency • Optimal Taxation
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H22 Incidence
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H23 Externalities • Redistributive Effects • Environmental Taxes and Subsidies
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H24 Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies
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H25 Business Taxes and Subsidies
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H26 Tax Evasion and Avoidance
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H27 Other Sources of Revenue
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H29 Other
H3 Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents
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H30 General
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H31 Household
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H32 Firm
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H39 Other
H4 Publicly Provided Goods
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H40 General
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H41 Public Goods
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H42 Publicly Provided Private Goods
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H43 Project Evaluation • Social Discount Rate
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H44 Publicly Provided Goods: Mixed Markets
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H49 Other
H5 National Government Expenditures and Related Policies
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H50 General
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H51 Government Expenditures and Health
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H52 Government Expenditures and Education
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H53 Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs
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H54 Infrastructures • Other Public Investment and Capital Stock
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H55 Social Security and Public Pensions
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H56 National Security and War
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H57 Procurement
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H59 Other
H6 National Budget, Deficit, and Debt
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H60 General
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H61 Budget • Budget Systems
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H62 Deficit • Surplus
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H63 Debt • Debt Management • Sovereign Debt
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H68 Forecasts of Budgets, Deficits, and Debt
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H69 Other
H7 State and Local Government • Intergovernmental Relations
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H70 General
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H71 State and Local Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue
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H72 State and Local Budget and Expenditures
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H73 Interjurisdictional Differentials and Their Effects
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H74 State and Local Borrowing
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H75 State and Local Government: Health • Education • Welfare • Public Pensions
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H76 State and Local Government: Other Expenditure Categories
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H77 Intergovernmental Relations • Federalism • Secession
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H79 Other
H8 Miscellaneous Issues
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H80 General
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H81 Governmental Loans • Loan Guarantees • Credits • Grants • Bailouts
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H82 Governmental Property
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H83 Public Administration • Public Sector Accounting and Audits
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H84 Disaster Aid
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H87 International Fiscal Issues • International Public Goods
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H89 Other
I. Health, Education, and Welfare
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I00 General
I1 Health
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I10 General
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I11 Analysis of Health Care Markets
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I12 Health Behavior
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I13 Health Insurance, Public and Private
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I14 Health and Inequality
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I15 Health and Economic Development
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I18 Government Policy • Regulation • Public Health
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I19 Other
I2 Education and Research Institutions
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I20 General
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I21 Analysis of Education
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I22 Educational Finance • Financial Aid
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I23 Higher Education • Research Institutions
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I24 Education and Inequality
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I25 Education and Economic Development
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I26 Returns to Education
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I28 Government Policy
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I29 Other
I3 Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty
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I30 General
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I31 General Welfare, Well-Being
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I32 Measurement and Analysis of Poverty
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I38 Government Policy • Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs
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I39 Other
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J00 General
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J01 Labor Economics: General
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J08 Labor Economics: Policies
J1 Demographic Economics
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J10 General
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J11 Demographic Trends, Macroeconomic Effects, and Forecasts
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J12 Marriage • Marital Dissolution • Family Structure • Domestic Abuse
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J13 Fertility • Family Planning • Child Care • Children • Youth
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J14 Economics of the Elderly • Economics of the Handicapped • Non-Labor Market Discrimination
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J15 Economics of Minorities, Races, Indigenous Peoples, and Immigrants • Non-labor Discrimination
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J16 Economics of Gender • Non-labor Discrimination
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J17 Value of Life • Forgone Income
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J18 Public Policy
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J19 Other
J2 Demand and Supply of Labor
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J20 General
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J21 Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure
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J22 Time Allocation and Labor Supply
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J23 Labor Demand
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J24 Human Capital • Skills • Occupational Choice • Labor Productivity
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J26 Retirement • Retirement Policies
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J28 Safety • Job Satisfaction • Related Public Policy
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J29 Other
J3 Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs
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J30 General
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J31 Wage Level and Structure • Wage Differentials
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J32 Nonwage Labor Costs and Benefits • Retirement Plans • Private Pensions
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J33 Compensation Packages • Payment Methods
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J38 Public Policy
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J39 Other
J4 Particular Labor Markets
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J40 General
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J41 Labor Contracts
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J42 Monopsony • Segmented Labor Markets
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J43 Agricultural Labor Markets
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J44 Professional Labor Markets • Occupational Licensing
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J45 Public Sector Labor Markets
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J46 Informal Labor Markets
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J47 Coercive Labor Markets
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J48 Public Policy
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J49 Other
J5 Labor–Management Relations, Trade Unions, and Collective Bargaining
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J50 General
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J51 Trade Unions: Objectives, Structure, and Effects
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J52 Dispute Resolution: Strikes, Arbitration, and Mediation • Collective Bargaining
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J53 Labor–Management Relations • Industrial Jurisprudence
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J54 Producer Cooperatives • Labor Managed Firms • Employee Ownership
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J58 Public Policy
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J59 Other
J6 Mobility, Unemployment, Vacancies, and Immigrant Workers
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J60 General
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J61 Geographic Labor Mobility • Immigrant Workers
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J62 Job, Occupational, and Intergenerational Mobility
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J63 Turnover • Vacancies • Layoffs
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J64 Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search
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J65 Unemployment Insurance • Severance Pay • Plant Closings
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J68 Public Policy
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J69 Other
J7 Labor Discrimination
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J70 General
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J71 Discrimination
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J78 Public Policy
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J79 Other
J8 Labor Standards: National and International
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J80 General
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J81 Working Conditions
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J82 Labor Force Composition
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J83 Workers' Rights
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J88 Public Policy
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J89 Other
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K00 General
K1 Basic Areas of Law
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K10 General
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K11 Property Law
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K12 Contract Law
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K13 Tort Law and Product Liability • Forensic Economics
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K14 Criminal Law
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K15 Civil Law • Common Law
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K16 Election Law
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K19 Other
K2 Regulation and Business Law
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K20 General
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K21 Antitrust Law
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K22 Business and Securities Law
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K23 Regulated Industries and Administrative Law
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K24 Cyber Law
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K25 Real Estate Law
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K29 Other
K3 Other Substantive Areas of Law
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K30 General
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K31 Labor Law
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K32 Energy, Environmental, Health, and Safety Law
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K33 International Law
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K34 Tax Law
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K35 Personal Bankruptcy Law
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K36 Family and Personal Law
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K37 Immigration Law
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K38 Human Rights Law • Gender Law
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K39 Other
K4 Legal Procedure, the Legal System, and Illegal Behavior
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K40 General
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K41 Litigation Process
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K42 Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law
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K49 Other
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L00 General
L1 Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance
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L10 General
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L11 Production, Pricing, and Market Structure • Size Distribution of Firms
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L12 Monopoly • Monopolization Strategies
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L13 Oligopoly and Other Imperfect Markets
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L14 Transactional Relationships • Contracts and Reputation • Networks
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L15 Information and Product Quality • Standardization and Compatibility
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L16 Industrial Organization and Macroeconomics: Industrial Structure and Structural Change • Industrial Price Indices
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L17 Open Source Products and Markets
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L19 Other
L2 Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior
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L20 General
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L21 Business Objectives of the Firm
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L22 Firm Organization and Market Structure
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L23 Organization of Production
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L24 Contracting Out • Joint Ventures • Technology Licensing
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L25 Firm Performance: Size, Diversification, and Scope
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L26 Entrepreneurship
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L29 Other
L3 Nonprofit Organizations and Public Enterprise
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L30 General
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L31 Nonprofit Institutions • NGOs • Social Entrepreneurship
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L32 Public Enterprises • Public-Private Enterprises
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L33 Comparison of Public and Private Enterprises and Nonprofit Institutions • Privatization • Contracting Out
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L38 Public Policy
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L39 Other
L4 Antitrust Issues and Policies
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L40 General
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L41 Monopolization • Horizontal Anticompetitive Practices
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L42 Vertical Restraints • Resale Price Maintenance • Quantity Discounts
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L43 Legal Monopolies and Regulation or Deregulation
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L44 Antitrust Policy and Public Enterprises, Nonprofit Institutions, and Professional Organizations
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L49 Other
L5 Regulation and Industrial Policy
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L50 General
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L51 Economics of Regulation
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L52 Industrial Policy • Sectoral Planning Methods
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L53 Enterprise Policy
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L59 Other
L6 Industry Studies: Manufacturing
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L60 General
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L61 Metals and Metal Products • Cement • Glass • Ceramics
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L62 Automobiles • Other Transportation Equipment • Related Parts and Equipment
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L63 Microelectronics • Computers • Communications Equipment
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L64 Other Machinery • Business Equipment • Armaments
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L65 Chemicals • Rubber • Drugs • Biotechnology • Plastics
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L66 Food • Beverages • Cosmetics • Tobacco • Wine and Spirits
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L67 Other Consumer Nondurables: Clothing, Textiles, Shoes, and Leather Goods; Household Goods; Sports Equipment
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L68 Appliances • Furniture • Other Consumer Durables
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L69 Other
L7 Industry Studies: Primary Products and Construction
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L70 General
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L71 Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Hydrocarbon Fuels
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L72 Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Other Nonrenewable Resources
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L73 Forest Products
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L74 Construction
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L78 Government Policy
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L79 Other
L8 Industry Studies: Services
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L80 General
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L81 Retail and Wholesale Trade • e-Commerce
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L82 Entertainment • Media
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L83 Sports • Gambling • Restaurants • Recreation • Tourism
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L84 Personal, Professional, and Business Services
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L85 Real Estate Services
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L86 Information and Internet Services • Computer Software
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L87 Postal and Delivery Services
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L88 Government Policy
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L89 Other
L9 Industry Studies: Transportation and Utilities
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L90 General
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L91 Transportation: General
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L92 Railroads and Other Surface Transportation
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L93 Air Transportation
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L94 Electric Utilities
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L95 Gas Utilities • Pipelines • Water Utilities
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L96 Telecommunications
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L97 Utilities: General
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L98 Government Policy
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L99 Other
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M00 General
M1 Business Administration
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M10 General
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M11 Production Management
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M12 Personnel Management • Executives; Executive Compensation
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M13 New Firms • Startups
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M14 Corporate Culture • Diversity • Social Responsibility
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M15 IT Management
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M16 International Business Administration
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M19 Other
M2 Business Economics
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M20 General
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M21 Business Economics
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M29 Other
M3 Marketing and Advertising
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M30 General
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M31 Marketing
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M37 Advertising
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M38 Government Policy and Regulation
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M39 Other
M4 Accounting and Auditing
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M40 General
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M41 Accounting
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M42 Auditing
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M48 Government Policy and Regulation
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M49 Other
M5 Personnel Economics
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M50 General
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M51 Firm Employment Decisions • Promotions
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M52 Compensation and Compensation Methods and Their Effects
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M53 Training
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M54 Labor Management
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M55 Labor Contracting Devices
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M59 Other
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N00 General
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N01 Development of the Discipline: Historiographical; Sources and Methods
N1 Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics • Industrial Structure • Growth • Fluctuations
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N10 General, International, or Comparative
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N11 U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913
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N12 U.S. • Canada: 1913–
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N13 Europe: Pre-1913
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N14 Europe: 1913–
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N15 Asia including Middle East
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N16 Latin America • Caribbean
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N17 Africa • Oceania
N2 Financial Markets and Institutions
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N20 General, International, or Comparative
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N21 U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913
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N22 U.S. • Canada: 1913–
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N23 Europe: Pre-1913
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N24 Europe: 1913–
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N25 Asia including Middle East
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N26 Latin America • Caribbean
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N27 Africa • Oceania
N3 Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Welfare, Income, Wealth, Religion, and Philanthropy
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N30 General, International, or Comparative
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N31 U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913
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N32 U.S. • Canada: 1913-
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N33 Europe: Pre-1913
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N34 Europe: 1913-
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N35 Asia including Middle East
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N36 Latin America • Caribbean
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N37 Africa • Oceania
N4 Government, War, Law, International Relations, and Regulation
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N40 General, International, or Comparative
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N41 U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913
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N42 U.S. • Canada: 1913–
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N43 Europe: Pre-1913
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N44 Europe: 1913–
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N45 Asia including Middle East
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N46 Latin America • Caribbean
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N47 Africa • Oceania
N5 Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries
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N50 General, International, or Comparative
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N51 U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913
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N52 U.S. • Canada: 1913–
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N53 Europe: Pre-1913
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N54 Europe: 1913–
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N55 Asia including Middle East
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N56 Latin America • Caribbean
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N57 Africa • Oceania
N6 Manufacturing and Construction
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N60 General, International, or Comparative
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N61 U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913
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N62 U.S. • Canada: 1913–
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N63 Europe: Pre-1913
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N64 Europe: 1913–
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N65 Asia including Middle East
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N66 Latin America • Caribbean
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N67 Africa • Oceania
N7 Transport, Trade, Energy, Technology, and Other Services
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N70 General, International, or Comparative
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N71 U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913
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N72 U.S. • Canada: 1913–
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N73 Europe: Pre-1913
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N74 Europe: 1913–
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N75 Asia including Middle East
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N76 Latin America • Caribbean
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N77 Africa • Oceania
N8 Micro-Business History
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N80 General, International, or Comparative
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N81 U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913
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N82 U.S. • Canada: 1913–
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N83 Europe: Pre-1913
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N84 Europe: 1913–
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N85 Asia including Middle East
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N86 Latin America • Caribbean
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N87 Africa • Oceania
N9 Regional and Urban History
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N90 General, International, or Comparative
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N91 U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913
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N92 U.S. • Canada: 1913–
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N93 Europe: Pre-1913
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N94 Europe: 1913–
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N95 Asia including Middle East
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N96 Latin America • Caribbean
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N97 Africa • Oceania
O. Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth
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O1 Economic Development
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O10 General
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O11 Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development
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O12 Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development
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O13 Agriculture • Natural Resources • Energy • Environment • Other Primary Products
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O14 Industrialization • Manufacturing and Service Industries • Choice of Technology
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O15 Human Resources • Human Development • Income Distribution • Migration
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O16 Financial Markets • Saving and Capital Investment • Corporate Finance and Governance
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O17 Formal and Informal Sectors • Shadow Economy • Institutional Arrangements
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O18 Urban, Rural, Regional, and Transportation Analysis • Housing • Infrastructure
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O19 International Linkages to Development • Role of International Organizations
O2 Development Planning and Policy
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O20 General
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O21 Planning Models • Planning Policy
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O22 Project Analysis
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O23 Fiscal and Monetary Policy in Development
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O24 Trade Policy • Factor Movement Policy • Foreign Exchange Policy
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O25 Industrial Policy
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O29 Other
O3 Innovation • Research and Development • Technological Change • Intellectual Property Rights
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O30 General
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O31 Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives
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O32 Management of Technological Innovation and R&D
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O33 Technological Change: Choices and Consequences • Diffusion Processes
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O34 Intellectual Property and Intellectual Capital
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O35 Social Innovation
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O38 Government Policy
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O39 Other
O4 Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity
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O40 General
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O41 One, Two, and Multisector Growth Models
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O42 Monetary Growth Models
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O43 Institutions and Growth
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O44 Environment and Growth
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O47 Empirical Studies of Economic Growth • Aggregate Productivity • Cross-Country Output Convergence
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O49 Other
O5 Economywide Country Studies
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O50 General
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O51 U.S. • Canada
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O52 Europe
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O53 Asia including Middle East
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O54 Latin America • Caribbean
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O55 Africa
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O56 Oceania
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O57 Comparative Studies of Countries
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P00 General
P1 Capitalist Systems
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P10 General
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P11 Planning, Coordination, and Reform
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P12 Capitalist Enterprises
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P13 Cooperative Enterprises
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P14 Property Rights
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P16 Political Economy
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P17 Performance and Prospects
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P18 Energy • Environment
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P19 Other
P2 Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies
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P20 General
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P21 Planning, Coordination, and Reform
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P22 Prices
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P23 Factor and Product Markets • Industry Studies • Population
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P24 National Income, Product, and Expenditure • Money • Inflation
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P25 Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics
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P26 Political Economy • Property Rights
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P27 Performance and Prospects
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P28 Natural Resources • Energy • Environment
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P29 Other
P3 Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions
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P30 General
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P31 Socialist Enterprises and Their Transitions
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P32 Collectives • Communes • Agriculture
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P33 International Trade, Finance, Investment, Relations, and Aid
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P34 Financial Economics
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P35 Public Economics
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P36 Consumer Economics • Health • Education and Training • Welfare, Income, Wealth, and Poverty
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P37 Legal Institutions • Illegal Behavior
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P39 Other
P4 Other Economic Systems
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P40 General
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P41 Planning, Coordination, and Reform
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P42 Productive Enterprises • Factor and Product Markets • Prices • Population
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P43 Public Economics • Financial Economics
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P44 National Income, Product, and Expenditure • Money • Inflation
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P45 International Trade, Finance, Investment, and Aid
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P46 Consumer Economics • Health • Education and Training • Welfare, Income, Wealth, and Poverty
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P47 Performance and Prospects
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P48 Political Economy • Legal Institutions • Property Rights • Natural Resources • Energy • Environment • Regional Studies
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P49 Other
P5 Comparative Economic Systems
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P50 General
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P51 Comparative Analysis of Economic Systems
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P52 Comparative Studies of Particular Economies
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P59 Other
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Q00 General
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Q01 Sustainable Development
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Q02 Commodity Markets
Q1 Agriculture
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Q10 General
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Q11 Aggregate Supply and Demand Analysis • Prices
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Q12 Micro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input Markets
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Q13 Agricultural Markets and Marketing • Cooperatives • Agribusiness
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Q14 Agricultural Finance
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Q15 Land Ownership and Tenure • Land Reform • Land Use • Irrigation • Agriculture and Environment
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Q16 R&D • Agricultural Technology • Biofuels • Agricultural Extension Services
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Q17 Agriculture in International Trade
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Q18 Agricultural Policy • Food Policy
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Q19 Other
Q2 Renewable Resources and Conservation
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Q20 General
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Q21 Demand and Supply • Prices
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Q22 Fishery • Aquaculture
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Q23 Forestry
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Q24 Land
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Q25 Water
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Q26 Recreational Aspects of Natural Resources
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Q27 Issues in International Trade
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Q28 Government Policy
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Q29 Other
Q3 Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation
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Q30 General
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Q31 Demand and Supply • Prices
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Q32 Exhaustible Resources and Economic Development
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Q33 Resource Booms
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Q34 Natural Resources and Domestic and International Conflicts
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Q35 Hydrocarbon Resources
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Q37 Issues in International Trade
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Q38 Government Policy
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Q39 Other
Q4 Energy
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Q40 General
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Q41 Demand and Supply • Prices
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Q42 Alternative Energy Sources
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Q43 Energy and the Macroeconomy
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Q47 Energy Forecasting
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Q48 Government Policy
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Q49 Other
Q5 Environmental Economics
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Q50 General
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Q51 Valuation of Environmental Effects
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Q52 Pollution Control Adoption and Costs • Distributional Effects • Employment Effects
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Q53 Air Pollution • Water Pollution • Noise • Hazardous Waste • Solid Waste • Recycling
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Q54 Climate • Natural Disasters and Their Management • Global Warming
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Q55 Technological Innovation
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Q56 Environment and Development • Environment and Trade • Sustainability • Environmental Accounts and Accounting • Environmental Equity • Population Growth
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Q57 Ecological Economics: Ecosystem Services • Biodiversity Conservation • Bioeconomics • Industrial Ecology
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Q58 Government Policy
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Q59 Other
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R00 General
R1 General Regional Economics
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R10 General
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R11 Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, Environmental Issues, and Changes
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R12 Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity
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R13 General Equilibrium and Welfare Economic Analysis of Regional Economies
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R14 Land Use Patterns
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R15 Econometric and Input–Output Models • Other Models
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R19 Other
R2 Household Analysis
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R20 General
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R21 Housing Demand
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R22 Other Demand
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R23 Regional Migration • Regional Labor Markets • Population • Neighborhood Characteristics
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R28 Government Policy
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R29 Other
R3 Real Estate Markets, Spatial Production Analysis, and Firm Location
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R30 General
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R31 Housing Supply and Markets
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R32 Other Spatial Production and Pricing Analysis
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R33 Nonagricultural and Nonresidential Real Estate Markets
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R38 Government Policy
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R39 Other
R4 Transportation Economics
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R40 General
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R41 Transportation: Demand, Supply, and Congestion • Travel Time • Safety and Accidents • Transportation Noise
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R42 Government and Private Investment Analysis • Road Maintenance • Transportation Planning
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R48 Government Pricing and Policy
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R49 Other
R5 Regional Government Analysis
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R50 General
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R51 Finance in Urban and Rural Economies
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R52 Land Use and Other Regulations
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R53 Public Facility Location Analysis • Public Investment and Capital Stock
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R58 Regional Development Planning and Policy
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R59 Other
Y. Miscellaneous Categories
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Y1 Data: Tables and Charts
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Y10 Data: Tables and Charts
Y2 Introductory Material
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Y20 Introductory Material
Y3 Book Reviews (unclassified)
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Y30 Book Reviews (unclassified)
Y4 Dissertations (unclassified)
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Y40 Dissertations (unclassified)
Y5 Further Reading (unclassified)
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Y50 Further Reading (unclassified)
Y6 Excerpts
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Y60 Excerpts
Y7 No Author General Discussions
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Y70 No Author General Discussions
Y8 Related Disciplines
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Y80 Related Disciplines
Y9 Other
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Y90 Other
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Y91 Pictures and Maps
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Y92 Novels, Self-Help Books, etc.
Z. Other Special Topics
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Z00 General
Z1 Cultural Economics • Economic Sociology • Economic Anthropology
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Z10 General
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Z11 Economics of the Arts and Literature
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Z12 Religion
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Z13 Economic Sociology • Economic Anthropology • Language • Social and Economic Stratification
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Z18 Public Policy
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Z19 Other
Z2 Sports Economics
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Z20 General
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Z21 Industry Studies
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Z22 Labor Issues
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Z23 Finance
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Z28 Policy
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Z29 Other
Z3 Tourism Economics
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Z30 General
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Z31 Industry Studies
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Z32 Tourism and Development
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Z33 Marketing and Finance
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Z38 Policy
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Z39 Other