The Liberal government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland that began in 1905 and ended in 1915 consisted of two ministries: the first led by Henry Campbell-Bannerman (from 1905 to 1908) and the final three by H. H. Asquith (from 1908 onwards).
With the fall of Arthur Balfour's Conservative government in the United Kingdom in December 1905, the Liberals under Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman were called in to form a government. In the subsequent election, the Liberals won an enormous majority.[1] Campbell-Bannerman was succeeded as prime minister by H. H. Asquith in 1908.[2]
The Liberal government was supported by 29 Labour Party MPs. Chancellor David Lloyd George crafted the People's Budget and introduced a great deal of social legislation,[3] such as old age pensions and unemployment insurance for a significant part of the working population. For many working people, for whom in old age the threat of the workhouse was very real, these represented a very significant change. Equally groundbreaking was the Parliament Act 1911 which:
Many of the members of Asquith's cabinet, however, opposed the social measures promulgated by leading figures such as Winston Churchill and David Lloyd George. This resistance was arguably a reflection of the extent to which many Liberals still adhered to the Party's Gladstonian, classical liberal tradition in spite of the growth of the "New Liberalism". Morley was opposed to both old-age pensions and the provisions of the Trade Boards Act of 1909, while Runciman was against the eight-hour day for miners and compensation for workers. Burns, Bryce, Loreburn, and W.S. Robson were opposed to land reform, insurance, and the feeding of schoolchildren,[4] while several cabinet members[5] (such as Crewe,[6] Fitzmaurice,[7] Harcourt,[8] and McKenna[9]) were critical of Lloyd George's progressive "People's Budget." Nevertheless, according to Neil Smith, the majority of the members of the Edwardian Liberal Cabinets were supportive of social reform and social progress.[10] As noted by one study,
They (the Liberal Cabinet members) sought to respond to the discontent of the electorate by using the existing structure of government to correct the ills of society through innovative legislation. Two-thirds of the Liberal candidates, including Edwin Montagu, had pledged support for such measures during the campaign. While their support was often expressed in general terms, their intent was clear: Social and economic reform must be the first order of the new government.[11]
Although the government lost a great deal of support by the two general elections of 1910, they managed to hold on by dint of support from the Irish Parliamentary Party. After early mismanagement during the First World War, particularly the failure of the Dardanelles Campaign, Asquith was forced to bring the Unionists into the government in a coalition.[12]
Campbell-Bannerman ministry
| |
|---|---|
 | |
| 1905–1908 | |
Campbell-Bannerman
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| Date formed | 5 December 1905 (1905-12-05) |
| Date dissolved | 5 April 1908 (1908-04-05) |
| People and organisations | |
| Monarch | Edward VII |
| Prime Minister | Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman |
| Member party | Liberal Party |
| Status in legislature |
|
| Opposition party | Conservative Party |
| Opposition leaders |
Arthur Balfour (1906–1908)
Lord Lansdowne |
| History | |
| Election | 1906 general election |
| Legislature terms |
|
| Predecessor | Balfour ministry |
| Successor | First Asquith ministry |
Asquith ministries
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|---|---|
| | |
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Asquith (1908)
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| Date formed |
|
| Date dissolved |
|
| People and organisations | |
| Monarch |
|
| Prime Minister | H. H. Asquith |
| Prime Minister's history | 1908–1916 |
| Member party | Liberal Party |
| Status in legislature |
Minority (1910–1915) |
| Opposition party | Conservative Party |
| Opposition leaders |
Bonar Law (1911–1915)
Lord Lansdowne |
| History | |
| Elections |
|
| Legislature terms |
|
| Budget | People's Budget |
| Predecessor | C-Bannerman ministry |
| Successor | Asquith coalition ministry |
Members of the cabinet are in bold face.
| Preceded by | Government of the United Kingdom 1905–1915 |
Succeeded by |