List of Ayyubid rulers

Sultans of The Ayyubid Sultanate

Reconstruction of Saladin's personal standard, using a double headed eagle. The specific design of double headed eagle is taken from a coin of a later Ayyubid Sultan, Al-Adil I.


Details
Last monarch	Al-Muazzam Turanshah (Egypt) An-Nasir Yusuf (Syria) Adil Sulayman II (Hasankeyf)
Formation	1171
Abolition	1260/1340/1524
Residence	Cairo (1171-1250) Damascus (1174-1260 Hasankeyf (1232-1524)

See Rulers of Islamic Egypt.

#	Sultan		Start	End	Title	Fate
1	Saladin		10 September 1171	4 March 1193	Sultan	Died in office (In 1171, he abolished Fatimid dynasty and realigned the country's allegiance with Abbasid calips)
2	Al-Aziz	No picture available	4 March 1193	29 November 1198	Sultan	Died
3	Al-Mansur	No picture available	29 November 1198	February 1200	Sultan	Deposed
4	Al-Adil I		February 1200	31 August 1218	Sultan	Died
5	Al-Kamil		2 September 1218	8 March 1238	Sultan	Died
6	Al-Adil II	No picture available	8 March 1238	31 May 1240	Sultan	Deposed by his brother and successor Salih
7	As-Salih Ayyub	No picture available	1 June 1240	21 November 1249	Sultan	Died
-	Shajar al-Durr		21 November 1249	27 February 1250	Regent	Abdicated
8	Turanshah		27 February 1250	2 May 1250	Sultan	Assassinated by the Mamluks
9	Al-Ashraf Musa	No picture available	1250	1254	Co-sultan with Aybak	Dethroned / custody

See Rulers of Damascus.

Saladin, 1174–1193
Al-Afdal, son of Saladin, 1193–1196
Al-Adil I, brother of Saladin, 1196–1218
Al-Mu'azzam (Sharaf al-Din) Isa, son of al-Adil I, 1218–1227
An-Nasir Dawud, son of al-Mu'azzam Isa, 1227–1229
Al-Ashraf Musa, son of al-Adil I, 1229–1237
As-Salih Ismail, son of al-Adil I, 1237–1238
Al-Kamil, son of al-Adil I, 1238
Al-Adil Sayf al-Din Abu Bakr II (al-Adil II), son of al-Kamil, 1238–1239
As-Salih Ayyub, son of al-Adil I, 1239
As-Salih Ismail (second rule), 1239–1245
As-Salih Ayyub (second rule), 1245–1249
Al-Muazzam Turanshah, son of as-Salih Ayyub, 1249–1250
An-Nasir Yusuf, son of al-Aziz Muhammad, 1250–1260.

Takeover by Mongols, and then Mamluks following the battle of Ain Jalut, 1260.

Family Tree of the Rulers of Damascus

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Ayyubid Dynasty

Al-Afdal
Najm al-Din
Ayyub

Al-Nasir
Salah al-Din
Yusuf
⁽¹⁾
r. 1174-1193

Al-Adil
Sayf al-Din
Abu Bakr I
⁽³⁾
r. 1196-1218

Al-Afdal
Ali
⁽²⁾
r. 1193-1196

Al-Zahir
Ghiyath al-Din
Ghazi
Aleppo
r. 1193-1216

Al-Kamil
Nasir al-Din
Muhammad
⁽⁸⁾
r. 1238

Al-Mu'azzam
Sharaf al-Din
Isa
⁽⁴⁾
r. 1218-1227

Al-Ashraf
Musa
⁽⁶⁾
r. 1229-1237

Al-Salih
Imad al-Din
Isma'il
⁽⁷⁾
r. 1237,
1239–1245

Al-Aziz
Muhammad
Aleppo
r. 1216-1232

Al-Adil
Sayf al-Din
Abu Bakr II
⁽⁹⁾
r. 1238-1239

Al-Salih
Najm al-Din
Ayyub
⁽¹⁰⁾
r. 1239,
1245-1249

Al-Nasir
Dawud
⁽⁵⁾
r. 1227-1229

An-Nasir
Salah al-Din
Yusuf
⁽¹²⁾
r. 1250-1260

Al-Mu'azzam
Ghayath al-Din
Turanshah
⁽¹¹⁾
r. 1249-1250

See Rulers of Aleppo.

Epithet	Name	Sultan From	Sultan Until	Relationship with Predecessor(s)	Notes	Title
Al-Nasir Salah al-Din	Yusuf I	1183	1193	• Married Mahmud III Widow		Sultan of Halab
Al-Zahir	Ghazi	1193	1216	• Son of Salah al-Din		Sultan of Halab
Al-Aziz	Muhammad	1216	1236	• Son of Al-Zahir Ghazi		Sultan of Halab
Al-Nasir	Yusuf II	1236	1260	• Son of Al-Aziz	Regency council from 1236 to 1242, de facto regency of Dayfa Khatun^[2] Also sultan of Damascus	Sultan of Halab

Takeover by Mongols, and then Mamluks following the battle of Ain Jalut, 1260.

See Baalbek, Middle Ages.

Shams al-Din Muhammad ibn al-Muqaddam (non-dynastic, former governor of Damascus), appointed by Saladin, 1175–1178
Turan-Shah, brother of Saladin, 1178–1179
Farrukh Shah, nephew of Saladin, 1179–1182
Bahram Shah, son of Farrukh Shah, 1182–1230
Al-Ashraf Musa, son of al-Adil I, 1230–1237
As-Salih Ismail, brother of al-Ashraf Musa, 1237–1246
Saʿd al-Din al-Humaidi (non-dynastic, appointed by as-Salih Ayyub), 1246–1249
Al-Muazzam Turanshah, son of al-Salih Ayyub, 1249–1250
An-Nasir Yusuf, as sultan of Aleppo and Damascus, son of al-Aziz Muhammad, 1250–1260.

Takeover by Mongols, and then Mamluks following the battle of Ain Jalut, 1260.

See Hama, Muslim Rule.

Al-Muzaffar I Umar, son of Nur ad-Din Shahanshah (brother of Saladin), 1178–1191
Al-Mansur I Muhammad, son of al-Muzaffar Umar, 1191–1221
Al-Nasir Kilij Arslan, son of al-Mansur Muhammad, 1221–1229
Al-Muzaffar II Mahmud, son of al-Mansur Muhammad, 1229–1244
Al-Mansur II Muhammad, son of al-Muzaffar II Mahmud, 1244–1284
[Vassals to Mamluk sultans after 1260]
Al-Muzaffar III Mahmud, son of al-Mansur II Muhammad, 1284–1299
[Ruled by emirs of Mamluk sultan al-Nasir Muhammad, 1299–1310]
Abu al-Fida, son of Malik ul-Afdal (brother of al-Mansur II Muhammad), 1310–1332
Al-Afdal Muhammad, son of Abu al-Fida, 1332–1341.

Formal takeover by Mamluk sultanate in 1341.

See Homs, Seljuk, Ayyubid and Mamluk Rule.

Muhammad ibn Shirkuh, son of Shirkuh (uncle of Saladin), 1178–1186
Al-Mujahid Shirkuh, son of Muhammad ibn Shirkuh, 1186–1240
Al-Mansur Ibrahim, son of al-Mujahid Shirkuh, 1240–1246
Al-Ashraf Musa, son of al-Mansur Ibrahim, 1246–1248 (Homs), 1248–1260 (Tell Bashir)
An-Nasir Yusuf, as sultan of Aleppo and Damascus, son of al-Aziz Muhammad, 1250–1260
Al-Ashraf Musa (second rule), 1260–1263.

Directly ruled by Mamluks under Alam al-Din Sanjar al-Bashqirdi, assigned by Baibars, sultan of Egypt and Syria, from 1263.

See Hisn Kaifa, Ayyubid and Mongols.

As-Salih Ayyub, son of al-Kamil, 1232–1239
Al-Mu'azzam Turanshah, son of as-Salih Ayyub, 1239–1249
Muwahhid Taqiyya ad-Din Abdullah, son of al-Mu'azzam Turanshah, 1249–1294
Kamil Ahmad I, 1294–1325
Adil Mujir ad-Din Muhammad, 1325–1328
Adil Shahab ad-Din, 1328–1349 (Meinecke gives this ruler as al-ʿĀdil Ghāzī, 1341–1367)^[3]
Salih Abu-Bakr Khalil I, 1349–1378
Adil Fakhr ad-Din Sulayman I, 1378-1432 (Meinecke gives this ruler as al-ʿĀdil Sulaimān, 1377–1424)^[3]
Ashraf Sharaf ad Din, 1432–1433
Salih Salah ad-Din, 1433–1452
Kamil Ahmad II, 1452–1455
Adil Khalif, 1455–1462
Salih Khalil II, 1482–1511
Adil Sulayman II, 1511–1514
Salih Khalil II (second rule), 1514–1520
Malik Hussayn, 1520–1521
Adil Sulayman II (second rule), 1521–1524.

Takeover by the Ottoman Empire in 1524.

Also referred to as governors of Transjordan.^[4] See al-Karak, Crusader, Ayyubid and Mamluk Periods.

Saladin, 1188
Al-Adil I, brother of Saladin, 1188-1193
Al-Mu'azzam Isa, son of al-Adil I, 1193–1227
An-Nasir Dawud, son of al-Mu'azzam Isa, 1229–1249
Al-Mughith 'Umar, son of al-Adil II, 1249–1263.

Taken by Mamluks under Baibars, sultan of Egypt and Syria, in 1263.

See Upper Mesopotamia & Al-Jazirah.

Saladin, 1185–1193
Al-Adil I, brother of Saladin, 1193–1200
Al-Awhad Ayyub, son of al-Adil I, 1200–1210
Al-Ashraf Musa, son of al-Adil I, 1210–1220
Al-Muzaffar Ghazi, son of al-Adil I, 1220–1244
Al-Kamil (II) Muhammad, son of al-Muzaffar Ghazi, 1244–1260.

Taken by Mongols in 1260.

See Yemen, Ayyubid Conquest.

Turan-Shah, brother of Saladin, 1173–1181
Tughtakin ibn Ayyub, brother of Saladin, 1181–1197
Al-Mu'izz Fath ud-Din Isma'il, son of Tughtakin ibn Ayyub, 1197–1202
An-Nasir Muhammed ibn Tughtakin ibn Ayyub, son of Tughtakin ibn Ayyub, 1202–1214
Al-Muzaffar Sulayman, son of Al-Mansur I Muhammad, 1214–1215
Al-Mas'ud Yusuf, son of Al-Kamil, 1215–1229.

Takeover by Rasulid dynasty of Yemen in 1229.

See Banyas.

Al-Aziz 'Uthman, son of al-Adil I 1218–1232.
Al-Zahir Ghazi, son of al-'Aziz 'Uthman 1232–1232.
Al-Sa'id Hasan, son of al-'Aziz 'Uthman 1232–1247.
As-Salih Ayyub, son of al-Kamil (dependency of Egypt) 1247–1249.
An-Nasir Yusuf, son of al-Aziz Muhammad (dependency of Damascus) 1250-?.
Al-Sa'id Hasan b. al-'Aziz (second reign; d. 658) 1260–1260.

^ Lane-Poole, Stanley (1894), "Ayyūbids", The Mohammadan Dynasties: Chronological and Genealogical Tables with Historical Introductions, Westminster: Archibald Constable and Company, pp. 74–79, OCLC 1199708

^ According to Stephen Humphreys, From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193–1260 (State University of New York Press, 1977), p. 229, the council consisted of the emirs Shams al-Dīn Luʾluʾ al-Amīnī and ʿIzz al-Dīn ʿUmar ibn Mujallī, the vizier Ibn al-Qifṭī and Dayfa Khatun's representative, Jamāl al-Dawla Iqbāl al-Khātūnī.

^ ^a ^b Meinecke 1996, p. 66.

^ Wolff, Robert L. and Hazard, H. W., A History of the Crusades: Volume Two, The Later Crusades 1187-1311, The University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 1977, pg. 814

Bosworth, C.E. (1996). The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual. Columbia University Press, pp. 70-75.

Humphreys, R.S. (1977). From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193-1260. New York: SUNY press. pp. 381–386. ISBN 0-87395-263-4.

Lane-Poole, Stanley (1894), "Ayyūbids", The Mohammadan Dynasties: Chronological and Genealogical Tables with Historical Introductions, Westminster: Archibald Constable and Company, pp. 74–79, OCLC 1199708

Meinecke, Michael (1996), "3. Hasankeyf/Ḥiṣn Kaifā on the Tigris: A Regional Center on the Crossroad of Foreign Influences", Patterns of Stylistic Changes in Islamic Architecture: Local Traditions Versus Migrating Artists, New York University Press, ISBN 9780814754924

List of Ayyubid rulers

Contents

Sultans of Egypt

Sultans and Emirs of Damascus

Family Tree of the Rulers of Damascus

Emirs of Aleppo

Emirs of Baalbek

Emirs of Hama

Emirs of Homs

Emirs of Hisn Kaifa

Emirs of al-Karak

Emirs of Al-Jazirah

Emirs of Yemen and Hejaz

Emirs of Banyas

References

Sources

Languages