List of Hebrew Bible manuscripts

The earliest sources (whether oral or written) of the Hebrew Bible disappeared over time because of the fragility of media, wars (especially the destruction of the First and Second Temple) and other intentional destructions.^[2] As a result, the lapse of time between the original manuscripts and their surviving copies is much longer than in the case of the New Testament manuscripts.

The first list of the Old Testament manuscripts in Hebrew, made by Benjamin Kennicott (1718–1783) and published by Oxford in two volumes in 1776 and 1780, listed 615 manuscripts from libraries in England and on the continent.^[3] Giovanni Battista de Rossi (1822–1894) published a list of 731 manuscripts.^[4] The main manuscript discoveries in modern times are those of the Cairo Geniza (c. 1890) and the Dead Sea Scrolls (1947). 260,000 Hebrew manuscripts were discovered in an old synagogue in Cairo, 10,000 of which are biblical manuscripts.^[5]^[6] There are more than 200 biblical manuscripts among the Dead Sea Scrolls, some of them were written in the Paleo-Hebrew alphabet. They were written before 70 CE. 14 scroll manuscripts were discovered in Masada in 1963–1965.^[7]

Leningrad Codex is the oldest complete manuscript of the Hebrew Bible in Hebrew. Manuscripts earlier than the 13th century are very rare. The majority of the manuscripts have survived in a fragmentary condition.

The oldest complete Torah scroll still in use has been carbon-dated to around 1250 and is owned by the Jewish community of the northern Italian town of Biella.^[8]

Proto-Masoretic from Second Temple period (1st century)

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Severus Scroll (named for the Roman Emperor who restored this scroll, reportedly seized from the Temple in Jerusalem, to the Jewish community in 220), a lost manuscript of early 1st century CE, only a few sentences are preserved by Rabbinic literature

Proto-Masoretic from "Silent Period" (2nd–10th century)

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Codex Hilleli, a lost manuscript of circa 600 CE, destroyed in 1197 in Spain, only a few sentences are preserved by Rabbinic literature^[9]
Codex Muggeh (or Muga; ="corrected"), lost, cited as a source in Masoretic notations.

Masoretic (7th–10th century)

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Ben Asher Manuscripts, including several of those listed here-below (see Kahle)
The London Manuscript and the Ashkar-Gilson Manuscript, the latter also known as the "Ashkar-Gilson Hebrew Manuscript #2", both from the same scroll, dated to the 7th or 8th century.^[10] The extant fragments cover Exodus 9:18–13:2 and 13:19–16:1.^[11]
Codex Orientales 4445, also known as "London Codex" in the British Library, London,^[12] containing Genesis-Deuteronomy 1:33 (less Numbers 7:47–73 and Numbers 9:12–10:18).^[13] and dated by colophon to 920-950 CE.^[14]
Codex Cairensis (Prophets), pointed by Moses Ben Asher, dated by a colophon 895 CE, contradicted by radiocarbon dating, which indicated an 11th-century date. It is the oldest manuscript bearing the date of its writing; written in Tiberias, subsequently was in Cairo, now deposited at Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
Codex Sassoon 1053, 9th or 10th century, from the collection of David Solomon Sassoon, now in the ANU - Museum of the Jewish People in Tel Aviv. (missing first 10 pages of Genesis)^[15]
Codex Babylonicus Petropolitanus (Latter Prophets), dated 916 CE, Russian National Library
Pentateuch of 929 (Torah) dated 929 CE, Russian National Library.^[16]
Aleppo Codex, 930 CE, written in Tiberias, now deposited at Israel MuseuminJerusalem (was complete, supposedly pointed by Aaron ben Moses ben Asher, partially missing since 1958); this manuscript is the basis of the Jerusalem Crown bible.
Leningrad Codex (complete), copied from a Ben Asher manuscript, dated 1008 CE, written in Cairo, now deposited at Russian National LibraryinSaint Petersburg; this manuscript is the basis of the Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia and other editions and is the oldest complete manuscript of the Hebrew Bible in Hebrew.
Michigan Codex (Torah), 10th century^[17]
Damascus Pentateuch, 10th century^[18]
First Gaster Bible in the British Library, 10th century^[19]

Later (11th–17th century)

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Codex Yerushalmi, lost, reportedly used in Spain (circa 1010) by Jonah ibn Janah.
Codex Reuchlinanus (Prophets), dated 1105 CE.
Bologna Torah Scroll/Scroll 2, dated CE 1155–1255, University of Bologna Library
Ms. Eb. 448 of the Vatican Library, with Targum Onkelos, dated 11–12 century^[20]
Second Gaster Bible in the British Library, 11th–12th centuries ^[21]
Braginsky Collection Codex Hilleli copy, 1241 Toledo, Spain (housed at Jewish Theological Seminary, New York)^[22]
Damascus Crown, written in Spain in 1260.
Cloisters Hebrew Bible; 1300–1350 CE, before 1366; earliest owner named David ha-Kohen Coutinh[o] on Rosh Hashanah in 1366; owned by Zaradel Synagogue in Egypt. Acquired by the Metropolitan Museum of Art in 2018 under The Cloisters Collection.^[23]
Farhi Bible, written by Elisha Crescas in Provence between 1366 and 1383.^[24] Purchased by David Solomon Sassoon in 1913 in Aleppo, Syria.^[25]
Rashba Bible, completed in 1383^[26]
Erfurt Codices (complete, Berlin), E1 circa 14th century, E2 possibly 13th century, E3 possibly 11th century
Codex Jericho (Pentateuch), lost, cited in the notes to a Massoretic manuscript written circa 1310.
Al-Ousta Codex, 14th century. Now at the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris.
Merwas Bible (14th century)^[27]
Codex Ezra, lost, C.D. Ginsburg owned a manuscript written in 1474 which purported to have been copied from this.
Kennicott Bible, completed by Moses ibn Zabarah in A Coruña, Spain in 1476 and now in the Bodleian Library, Oxford,^[28] with exact facsimiles held by several libraries.
Lisbon Bible, copied in 1483 in Lisbon, Portugal, the most accomplished codex of the Portuguese school of medieval Hebrew illumination and now in the British Library.^[29]
Codex Sinai, mentioned in Massoretic notes and reportedly used by Elia Levita (circa 1540).
MS. de Rossi 782, copied in Toledo Spain in 1277.
Codex Sanbuki (named for Zambuqi, on the Tigris River), lost, frequently quoted in Massoretic annotations and apparently seen (circa 1600) by Menahem Lonzano.
Codex Great Mahzor, lost, mentioned in Massoretic notes (the title suggests that this codex contained only the Pentateuch and those selections from the Prophets that were read during the liturgical year)

Ketef Hinnom scrolls, late 7th or early 6th century BCE, placing them in the First Temple period. Found containing material from Leviticus and Deuteronomy, including the Priestly Blessing, alongside other otherwise unknown material on small rolled silver scrolls
Nash Papyrus, dated to the 2nd BCE – 1st CE. A liturgy, potentially a Mezuzah, found with the 10 Commandments followed by the Shema; it is most similar to the LXX
A wine-jar seal held in the Chicago University’s collection quotes Jeremiah 48:11 as a reference to the quality of the wine contained therein. It likely dates to between the Dead Sea Scrolls and the major Masoretic texts^[30]
En-Gedi Scroll, fragment of Hebrew parchment dated to 2nd century CE, discovered in 1970 containing portions of the first 2 chapters of Leviticus^[31]
Cairo Geniza fragments contains portions of the Hebrew Bible in Hebrew and Aramaic, discovered in Cairo synagogue, which date from about 4th century CE on

Dead Sea Scrolls

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Dated Between 250 BCE and 70 CE.^[32]

Isaiah scroll, 1Qlsa, contains almost the complete text of the Book of Isaiah
4QDeutⁿ, contains the Decalogue.
4Q106
4Q107
4Q108
4Q240
6Q6

Qumran Cave 1

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Fragment or scroll identifier	Fragment or scroll name	Alternative identifier	English Bible Association	Language	Date/script	Description	Reference
Qumran Cave 1
1QIsa^a	Great Isaiah Scroll		Isaiah 1:1–31; 2:1–22; 3:1–5:30; 6:1–13; 7:1–25; 8:1–23; 9:1–20; 10:1–34; 11:1–45:25; 46:1–66:24	Hebrew	356–103 BCE/150–100 BCE	Contains all 66 chapters with occasional lacunae and some missing words at the bottom of some columns	^[33]^[34]
1QIsa^b	Isaiah	cf. 1Q8	The Book of Isaiah	Hebrew	Hasmonean/Herodian	A second copy of portions of the Book of Isaiah	^[35]^[36]
1QS	Serekh ha-Yahad or "Community Rule"			Hebrew		cf. 4QS^a-j = 4Q255–64, 5Q11	^[37]
1QpHab	Pesher on Habakkuk		Habakkuk 1 –2	Hebrew	Later half of the 1st century BC	Commentary on Habakkuk 1:2–17; 2:1–20	^[38]^[39]
1QM	MilhamahorWar Scroll			Hebrew		cf. 4Q491, 4Q493; 11Q14?
1QH^a	HodayotorThanksgiving Hymns			Hebrew		Some parts are also preserved in 1QH^b and 4QH^a-f	^[40]
1QapGen	Genesis Apocryphon		Genesis 12:18–15:4	Aramaic	25 BCE–50 CE		^[41]
CTLevi	Cairo GenizaorTestament of Levi			Aramaic
1QGen	Genesis	1Q1	Genesis 1:18–21; 3:11–14; 22:13–15; 23:17–19; 24:22–24	Hebrew	Herodian		^[42]^[43]
1QExod	Exodus	1Q2	Exodus 16:12–16; 19:24–20:2, 20:5–6; 20:25–21:1; 21:4–5	Hebrew	Hellenistic-Roman		^[42]^[44]
1QpaleoLev	Leviticus – Numbers	1Q3	Leviticus 11:10–11; 19:30–34; 20:20–24; 21:24–22:6; 23:4–8 and Numbers 1:48–50	Hebrew	Hellenistic-Roman; Palaeo-Hebrew script		^[42]^[45]
1QDeut^a	Deuteronomy	1Q4	Deuteronomy 1:22–25; 4:47–49; 8:18–19; 9:27–28; 11:27–30; 13:1–6, 13–14; 14:21, 24–25; 16:4, 6–7	Hebrew	Hellenistic-Roman		^[42]^[46]^[47]
1QDeut^b	Deuteronomy	1Q5	Deuteronomy 1:9–13; 8:8–9; 9:10; 11:30–31; 15:14–15; 17:16; 21:8–9; 24:10–16; 25:13–18; 28:44–48; 29:9–20; 30:19–20; 31:1–10, 12–13; 32:17–29; 33:12–24	Hebrew	Hellenistic-Roman		^[42]^[46]^[48]
1QJudg	Judges	1Q6	Judges 6:20–22; 8:1(?); 9:2–6, 28–31, 40–43, 48–49	Hebrew	Hellenistic-Roman		^[42]^[49]
1QSam	Samuel	1Q7	2 Samuel 18:17–18; 20:6–10; 21:16–18; 23:9–12	Hebrew	Hellenistic-Roman		^[42]^[50]
1QIsa^b	Isaiah	Parts of 1QIsa^b as 1Q8	Isaiah 7:22–25; 8:1; 10:17–19; 12:3–6; 13:1–8, 16–19; 15:3–9; 16:1–2, 7–11; 19:7–17, 20–25; 20:1; 22:11–18, 24–25; 23:1–4; 24:18–23; 25:1–8; 26:1–5; 28:15–20; 29:1–8; 30:10–14, 21–26; 35:4–5; 37:8–12; 38:12–22; 39:1–8; 40:2–3; 41:3–23; 43:1–13, 23–27; 44:21–28; 45:1–13; 46:3–13; 47:1–14; 48:17–22; 49:1–15; 50:7–11; 51:1–10; 52:7–15; 53:1–12; 54:1–6; 55:2–13; 56:1–12; 57:1–4, 17–21; 58:1–14; 59:1–8, 20–21; 60:1–22; 61:1–2; 62:2–12; 63:1–19; 64:1, 6–8; 65:17–25; 66:1–24	Hebrew	Herodian		^[35]^[42]
1QEzek	Ezekiel	Parts of 1QIsa^b as 1Q9	Ezekiel 4:16–17; 5:1	Hebrew	Hellenistic-Roman		^[42]^[51]
1QPs^a	Psalms	1Q10	Psalm 86:5–8; 92:12–14; 94:16; 95:11–96:2; 119:31–34, 43–48, 77–79	Hebrew	Hellenistic-Roman		^[42]^[52]
1QPs^b		1Q11	Psalm 126:6; 127:1–5; 128:3	Hebrew	Hellenistic-Roman		^[42]^[53]
1QPs^c		1Q12	Psalm 44:3–5, 7, 9, 23–25	Hebrew	Herodian		^[42]^[54]
1QPhyl	Phylactery	1Q13	Deuteronomy 5:23–27; 11:8–11	Hebrew	Hellenistic-Roman	58 fragments from a Phylactery	^[46]^[55]^[56]
1QpMic	PesheronMicah	1Q14		Hebrew	Herodian		^[55]^[57]
1QpZeph	PesheronZephaniah	1Q15		Hebrew	Hellenistic-Roman		^[55]^[58]
1QpPs	PesheronPsalms	1Q16		Hebrew	Hellenistic-Roman		^[55]^[59]
1QJub^a	Jubilees	1Q17		Hebrew	Hellenistic-Roman	Jubilees	^[55]^[60]
1QJub^b	Jubilees	1Q18		Hebrew	Hasmonean	Jubilees	^[55]^[61]
1QNoah	Book of Noah	1Q19		Hebrew	Herodian	Parts of the lost Book of Noah	^[55]^[62]
1QapGen	Fragments of the "Genesis Apocryphon"	1Q20		Aramaic	Herodian		^[63]^[64]
1QTLevi / 1QALD	Testament of Levi	1Q21		Aramaic	Hasmonean	Aramaic Levi Document	^[65]^[66]
1QDM	"Dibrê Moshe" or "Words of Moses"	1Q22		Hebrew	Hellenistic-Roman		^[65]^[67]
1QEnGiants^a	Book of Giants	1Q23		Aramaic	Hasmonean	Enoch	^[68]^[69]
1QEnGiants^b	Book of Giants	1Q24		Aramaic	Hellenistic-Roman	Enoch	^[68]^[70]
1Q Apocr.Prophecy	"Apocryphal Prophecy"	1Q25		Hebrew	Herodian		^[71]^[72]
1Q Instruction	"Instruction"	1Q26		Hebrew	Hasmonean		^[71]^[73]
1QMyst	"The Book of Mysteries"	1Q27		Hebrew	Hellenistic-Roman		^[71]^[74]
1QS or 1QS^a	"Rule of the Congregation"	1Q28 (1Q28a)		Hebrew	Hasmonean	Fragment from "Community Rule"	^[71]^[75]
1QS^b	"Rule of the Blessing" or "Rule of the Benedictions"	1Q28b		Hebrew	Hasmonean	Fragment from "Community Rule"	^[71]^[76]
1QapocrMoses B	Apocryphon of Moses	1Q29		Hebrew	Hellenistic-Roman	"Liturgy of the Three Tongues of Fire"	^[71]^[77]
1Q Liturgical Text(?) A	"Liturgical Text 1"	1Q30		Hebrew	Hellenistic-Roman		^[71]^[78]
1Q Liturgical Text(?) B	"Liturgical Text 2"	1Q31		Hebrew	Hellenistic-Roman		^[71]^[79]
1QNJ(?)	"New Jerusalem"	1Q32		Aramaic	Herodian	cf. 11Q18	^[80]^[81]
1QM	Fragment of the 1QM or "War Scroll" or "Milhamah"	1Q33	Deuteronomy 20:2–5; Numbers 10:9, 24:17–19; Isaiah 31:8	Hebrew	30–1 BCE Early Herodian		^[46]^[80]
1QPrFetes / 1QLitPr	"Liturgical Prayers" or "Festival Prayers"	1Q34		Hebrew	Herodian		^[80]^[82]
1QH^b	"Hodayot" or "Thanksgiving Hymns"	1Q35		Hebrew	Herodian		^[80]^[83]
1Q Hymns	"Hymns"	1Q36		Hebrew	Hellenistic-Roman		^[80]^[84]
1Q Hymnic Composition(?)	"Hymnic Composition"	1Q37		Hebrew	Herodian		^[80]^[85]
1Q Hymnic Composition(?)	"Hymnic Composition"	1Q38		Hebrew	Hellenistic-Roman		^[80]^[86]
1Q Hymnic Composition(?)	"Hymnic Composition"	1Q39		Hebrew	Herodian		^[80]^[87]
1Q Hymnic Composition(?)	"Hymnic Composition"	1Q40		Hebrew	Hellenistic-Roman		^[80]^[88]
1Q41–70		1Q41–70		Hebrew		Unclassified Fragments	^[89]
1QDan^a	Daniel	1Q71	Daniel 1:10–17; 2:2–6	Hebrew	Hellenistic-Roman		^[90]
1QDan^b	Daniel	1Q72	Daniel 3:22–30	Aramaic	Hellenistic-Roman		^[91]

Qumran Cave 2

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Fragment or scroll identifier	Fragment or scroll name	Alternative identifier	English Bible Association	Language	Date/script	Description	Reference
Qumran Cave 2
2QGen	Genesis	2Q1	Genesis 19:27–28; 36:6, 35–37	Hebrew	Herodian		^[92]^[93]
2QExod^a	Exodus	2Q2	Exodus 1:11–14; 7:1–4; 9:27–29; 11:3–7; 12:32–41; 21:18–20(?); 26:11–13; 30:21(?), 23–25; 32:32–34				^[92]^[94]
2QExod^b		2Q3	Exodus 4:31; 12:26–27(?); 18:21–22; 21:37–22:2, 15–19; 27:17–19; 31:16–17; 19:9; 34:10				^[92]^[95]
2QExod^c		2Q4	Exodus 5:3–5		Hellenistic-Roman		^[92]^[96]
2QpaleoLev	Leviticus	2Q5	Leviticus 11:22–29		Hasmonean; Palaeo-Hebrew script		^[92]^[97]
2QNum^a	Numbers	2Q6	Numbers 3:38–41, 51– 4:3	Hebrew	Herodian		^[92]^[98]
2QNum^b		2Q7	Numbers 33:47–53				^[92]^[99]
2QNum^c		2Q8	Numbers 7:88				^[92]^[100]
2QNum^d?		2Q9	Numbers 18:8–9		Hellenistic-Roman	This fragment may belong to 2Q7; possibly = Leviticus 23:1–3	^[92]^[101]
2QDeut^a	Deuteronomy	2Q10	Deuteronomy 1:7–9	Hebrew	50–25 BCE Late Hasmonean or Early Herodian		^[92]^[46]
2QDeut^b		2Q11	Deuteronomy 17:12–15	Hebrew	30 BCE – 68 CE Herodian		^[92]^[46]
2QDeut^c		2Q12	Deuteronomy 10:8–12	Hebrew	1–68 CE Late Herodian		^[92]^[46]
2QJer	Jeremiah	2Q13	Jeremiah 42:7–11, 14; 43:8–11; 44:1–3, 12–14; 46:27–47:7; 48:7, 25–39, 43–45; 49:10	Hebrew	Herodian	Doubtfully identified fragments: 13:22; 32:24–25; 48:2–4, 41–42	^[102]^[103]
2QPs	Psalms	2Q14	Psalm 103:2–11; 104:6–11				^[102]^[104]
2QJob	Job	2Q15	Job 33:28–30				^[102]^[105]
2QRuth^a	Ruth	2Q16	Ruth 2:13–23; 3:1–8; 4:3–4	Hebrew	Herodian		^[102]^[106]
2QRuth^b	Ruth	2Q17	Ruth 3:13–18	Hebrew	Hasmonean		^[102]^[107]
2QSir	"Wisdom of Sirach" or "Ecclesiasticus"	2Q18	Sir 6:14–15 (or 1:19–20); 6:20–31	Hebrew	Herodian	Ben Sira	^[102]^[108]
2QJub^a	Book of Jubilees	2Q19	Genesis 25:7–9	Hebrew	Herodian	Jub 23:7–8	^[102]^[109]
2QJub^b	Book of Jubilees	2Q20	Exodus 1:7; Genesis 50:26, 22 (different order)	Hebrew	Herodian	Jub 46:1–3	^[110]
2QapMoses /2QapocrMoses(?)	"ApocryphonofMoses"	2Q21		Hebrew	Herodian	Apocryphal writing about Moses	^[102]^[111]
2QapDavid /2QapocrDavid	"ApocryphonofDavid"	2Q22		Hebrew	Herodian	Apocryphal writing about David	^[112]^[113]
2QapProph /2Qapocr.Prophecy	"Apocryphal Prophecy"	2Q23		Hebrew	Herodian	Apocryphal prophetic text in six tiny fragments.	^[114]^[115]
2QNJ	"New Jerusalem"	2Q24		Aramaic	Herodian	Description of the New Jerusalem. cf. 1Q32 ar, 11Q18 ar	^[114]^[116]
2Q Juridical Text	"Juridical Text"	2Q25		Hebrew	Herodian	A juridical text	^[114]^[117]
2QEnGiants	"Book of Giants" from "Enoch"	2Q26		Aramaic	Herodian	Now known as part of the "Book of Giants". cf. 6Q8	^[118]
2Q27 2Q28 2Q29 2Q30 2Q31 2Q32 2Q33		2Q27 2Q28 2Q29 2Q30 2Q31 2Q32 2Q33				Unidentified Texts	^[89]^[114]
2QX1		2QX1				Debris in a box	^[114]

Qumran Cave 3

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Fragment or scroll identifier	Fragment or scroll name	Alternative identifier	English Bible Association	Language	Date/script	Description	Reference
Qumran Cave 3
3QEzek	Ezekiel	3Q1	Ezekiel 16:31–33	Hebrew	Herodian		^[114]^[119]
3QPs	Psalms	3Q2	Psalm 2:6–7	Hebrew			^[120]^[121]
3QLam	Lamentations	3Q3	Lamentations 1:10–12; 3:53–62	Hebrew			^[120]^[122]
3QpIsa	PesheronIsaiah	3Q4	Isaiah 1:1	Hebrew	Herodian		^[120]^[123]
3QJub	Jubilees	3Q5		Hebrew	Herodian	Jubilees 23:6–7, 12–13, 23	^[120]^[124]
3QHymn	Unidentified Hymn	3Q6		Hebrew	Herodian	Hymn of Praise	^[120]^[125]
3QTJud(?)	Testament of Judah(?)	3Q7		Hebrew	Herodian	cf. 4Q484, 4Q538	^[120]^[126]
3Q Text Mentioning Angel of Peace		3Q8		Hebrew	Herodian	Text about an Angel of Peace	^[120]^[127]
3QSectarian text		3Q9		Hebrew	Herodian	Possible unidentified Sectarian text	^[120]^[128]
3QUnc	Unidentified	3Q10 3Q11		Hebrew	Hellenistic-Roman	Unclassified fragments	^[120]
3QUncA-B	Unclassified fragments	3Q12 3Q13		Aramaic	Hellenistic-Roman	Unclassified fragments	^[129]
3QUncC	Unidentified	3Q14		Hebrew?	Hellenistic-Roman	21 unclassified fragments	^[130]^[131]
3QCopScr	The Copper Scroll	3Q15		Hebrew	Roman	Copper plaque mentioning buried treasures	^[130]^[132]

Qumran Cave 4

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Fragment or scroll identifier	Fragment or scroll name	Alternative identifier	English Bible Association	Language	Date/script	Description	Reference
Qumran Cave 4
4QGen-Exod^a	Genesis–Exodus	4Q1	Genesis 8:20–21; Exodus 1–4; 5:3–17; 6:4–21,25; 7:5–13,15–20; 8:20–22; 9:8; 22:14; 27:38–39,42–43; 34:17–21	Hebrew	Hasmonean	Fragments from Genesis to Numbers	^[130]^[133]
4QGen^b	Genesis	4Q2	Genesis 1:1–27; 2:14–19; 4:2–4; 5:13	Hebrew	Roman	Fragment of Genesis	^[130]^[134]
4QGen^c		4Q3	Genesis 40–41	Hebrew	Herodian	Fragments of Genesis	^[130]^[135]
4QGen^d		4Q4	Genesis 1:18–27	Hebrew	Hasmonean	Fragments of Genesis on the Beginning of Creation	^[130]^[136]
4QGen^e		4Q5	Genesis 36–37; 40–43; 49	Hebrew	Herodian	Fragments of Genesis	^[130]^[137]
4QGen^f		4Q6	Genesis 48:1–11	Hebrew	Hasmonean	Fragments of Genesis	^[130]^[138]
4QGen^g		4Q7	Genesis 1:1–11,13–22; 2:6–7	Hebrew	Hasmonean	Fragments of Genesis about Creation	^[130]^[139]
4QGen^h/4QGen^h1		4Q8	Genesis 1:8–10	Hebrew	Herodian	Fragments of Genesis about the beginning to early mankind.	^[140]^[141]
4QGen^h2		4Q8a	Genesis 2:17–18			Fragments of Genesis about the beginning to early mankind.	^[140]^[142]
4QGen^h-para		4Q8b	Genesis 12:4–5			A paraphrase of Genesis	^[140]^[143]
4QGen^h-title		4Q8c	Genesis			The title of a Genesis manuscript	^[140]^[144]
4QGen^j		4Q9	Genesis 41–43; 45	Hebrew	Herodian	Fragments of Genesis	^[140]^[145]
4QGen^k		4Q10	Genesis 1:9,14–16,27–28; 2:1–3; 3:1–2	Hebrew	Herodian	Fragments of Genesis	^[140]^[146]
4QpaleoGen-Exod^l	Paleo-Genesis/Exodus	4Q11	Genesis 50:26; Exodus 1:1–5; 2:10,22–25; 3:1–4,17–21; 8:13–15, 19–21; 9:25–29, 33–35; 10:1–5; 11:4–10; 12:1–11, 42–46; 14:15–24; 16:2–7, 13–14,18–20,23–25,26–31,33–35; 17:1–3,5–11; 18:17–24; 19:24–25; 20:1–2; 22:23–24; 23:5–16; 25:7–20; 26:29–37; 27:1, 6–14; 28:33–35,40–42; 36:34–36	Hebrew	Hasmonean; Paleo-Hebrew script	Fragments of Genesis and Exodus	^[140]^[147]
4QpaleoGen^m	Paleo-Genesis	4Q12	Genesis 26:21–28; Exodus 6:25–30; 7:1–19,29; 8:1,5,12–26; 9:5–16,19–21,35; 10:1–12,19–28; 11:8–10; 12:1–2,6–8,13–15,17–22,31–32,34–39; 13:3–7,12–13; 14:3–5,8–9,25–26; 15:23–27; 16:1,4–5,7–8,31–35; 17:1–16; 18:1–27; 19:1,7–17,23–25; 20:1,18–19; 21:5–6, 13–14,22–32; 22:3–4,6–7,11–13,16–30; 23:15–16,19–31; 24:1–4,6–11; 25:11–12,20–29,31–34; 26:8,15,21–30; 27:1–3,9–14,18–19; 28:3–4,8–12,22–24,26–28,30–43; 29:1–5,20,22–25,31–41; 30:10,12–18,29–31,34–38; 31:1–8,13–15; 32:2–19,25–30; 33:12–23; 34:1–3,10–13,15–18,20–24,27–28; 35:1; 36:21–24; 37:9–16	Hebrew	Hasmonean; Paleo-Hebrew script	Fragment from Genesis	^[140]^[148]
4QExod^b	Exodus	4Q13	Exodus 1:1–6,16–12; 2:2–18; 3:13 – 4:8; 5:3–14	Hebrew	Herodian	Fragments of Exodus about Slavery in Egypt	^[140]^[149]
4QExod^c		4Q14	Exodus 7:17–19,20–23; 7:26 – 8:1; 8:5–14,16–18,22; 9:10–11,15–20,22–25,27–35; 10:1–5,7–9,12–19,23–24; 11:9–10; 12:12–16,31–48; 13:18 – 14:3; 14:3–13; 17:1 – 18:12	Hebrew	Herodian	Fragments of Exodus	^[140]^[150]
4QExod^d		4Q15	Exodus 13:15–16 followed directly by 15:1	Hebrew	Hasmonean	Fragments of Exodus about the Passover and a Hymn	^[140]^[151]^[152]
4QExod^e		4Q16	Exodus 13:3–5,15–16	Hebrew	Hasmonean	Fragments of Exodus about the Passover and a Hymn	^[140]^[150]
4QExod-Lev^f	Exodus–Leviticus	4Q17	Exodus 38:18–22; 39:3–19, 20–24; 40:8–27; Leviticus 1:13–15, 17–2:1	Hebrew	Early Hellenistic	Fragments of Exodus and Leviticus	^[153]^[154]
4QExod^g	Exodus	4Q18	Exodus 14:21–27	Hebrew	Hasmonean	Fragments of Exodus	^[153]^[155]
4QExod^h		4Q19	Exodus 6:3–6	Hebrew	Herodian	Fragments of Exodus	^[153]^[156]
4QExod^j		4Q20	Exodus 7:28–8:2	Hebrew	Herodian	Fragments of Exodus	^[153]^[157]
4QExod^k		4Q21	Exodus 36:9–10	Hebrew	Roman	Fragments of Exodus	^[153]^[158]
4QpaleoExod^m (olim 4QExα)	Paleo-Exodus	4Q22	Exodus 6:25–7:19,29–8:1,[5],12–22; 9:5–16, 19–21, 35–10:12, 19–28; 11:8–12:2,6–8, 13–15, 17–22, 31–32, 34–39; 13:3–8, 12–13; ... 37:9–16	Hebrew	Hasmonean; Paleo-Hebrew script	Fragments of Exodus;	^[159]^[153]
4QLev-Num^a	Leviticus–Numbers	4Q23	Leviticus 13:32–33; 14:22–34, 40–54; 15:10–11, 19–24; 16:15–29;... 27:5–13;...35:4–5	Hebrew	Hasmonean	Fragments of Leviticus	^[153]^[160]
4QLev^b	Leviticus	4Q24	Leviticus 1:11–17; 2:1–15; 3:1, 8–14; 21:17–20, 24; 22:1–33; 23:1–25, 40; 24:2–23; 25:28–29, 45–49, 51–52	Hebrew	Hasmonean	Fragments of Leviticus	^[161]^[162]
4QLev^c		4Q25	Leviticus 1:1–7; 3:16–4:6, 12–14, 23–28; 5:12–13; 8:26–28	Hebrew	Hellenistic-Roman	Fragments of Leviticus	^[163]^[164]
4QLev^d		4Q26	Leviticus 14:27–29, 33–36; 15:20–24; 17:2–11	Hebrew	Hellenistic-Roman	Fragments of Leviticus	^[163]^[165]
4QLev^e		4Q26a	Leviticus 2:4–6, 11–18; 3:2–4,5–8; 19:34–37; 20:1–3, 27–21:4, 9–12, 21–24; 22:4–6, 11–17	Hebrew	Hellenistic-Roman	Fragments of Leviticus	^[89]^[163]
4QLev^g		4Q26b	Leviticus 7:19–26	Hebrew	Hellenistic-Roman	Fragments of Leviticus	^[89]^[163]
4QNum^b	Numbers	4Q27	Numbers 11:31–12:11; 13:7–24; 15:41–16:11, 14–16; 17:12–17; 18:25–19:6; 20:12–13,16–17,19–29; 21:1–2,12–13; 22:5–21, 31–34, 37–38, 41–23:6,13–15,21–22, 27–24:10; 25:4–8,16–18; 26:1–5,7–10,12,14–34,62–27:5,7–8,10,18–19,21–23; 28:13–17,28,30–31; 29:10–13,16–18,26–30; 30:1–3,5–9,15–16; 31:2–6, 21–25, 30–33,35–36,38,43–44,46–32:1,7–10,13–17,19,23–30,35,37–39,41; 33:1–4,23,25,28,31,45,47–48,50–52; 34:4–9,19–21,23; 35:3–5,12,14–15,18–25,27–28, 33–36:2,4–7	Hebrew	Herodian	Fragments of Numbers. A few lines are written in red ink	^[163]^[166]
4QDeut^a	Deuteronomy	4Q28	Deuteronomy 23:26–24:8	Hebrew	175–150 BCE Transitional: Archaic to Hasmonean	Fragments of Deuteronomy	^[46]^[163]^[167]
4QDeut^b		4Q29	Deuteronomy 29:24–27; 30:3–14; 31:9–17,24–30, 32:1–3	Hebrew	150–100 BCE Early Hasmonean	Fragments of Deuteronomy	^[46]^[163]^[168]
4QDeut^c		4Q30	Deuteronomy 3:25–26; 4:13–17,31–32; 7:3–4; 8:1–5; 9:11–12, 17–19,29; 10:1–2,5–8; 11:2–4,9–13,18–19; 12:18–19,26,30–31; 13:5–7,11–12,16; 15:1–5,15–19; 16:2–3,5–11,20–17:7,15–18:1; 26:19— 27:2,24–28:14,18–20,22–25,29–30,48–50,61; 29:17–19; 31:16–19; 32:3	Hebrew	150–100 BCE Hasmonean	Fragments of Deuteronomy	^[46]^[169]
4QDeut^d		4Q31	Deuteronomy 2:24–33; 3:14–29; 4:1	Hebrew	124–75 BCE Middle Hasmonean	Fragments of Deuteronomy	^[46]^[170]
4QDeut^e		4Q32	Deuteronomy 3:24; 7:12–16,21–26; 8:1–16	Hebrew	50–25 BCE Late Hasmonean	Fragments of Deuteronomy	^[46]^[170]
4QDeut^f		4Q33	Deuteronomy 4:23–27; 7:22–26; 8:2–14; 9:6–7; 17:17–18; 18:6–10,18–22; 19:17–21; 20:1–6; 21:4–12; 22:12–19; 23:21–26; 24:2–7; 25:3–9; 26:18–27:10	Hebrew	75–50 BCE Late Hasmonean	Fragments of Deuteronomy	^[46]^[170]
4QDeut^g		4Q34	Deuteronomy 9:12–14; 23:18–20; 24:16–22; 25:1–5,14–19; 26:1–5; 28:21–25,27–29	Hebrew	1–25 CE Middle Herodian	Fragments of Deuteronomy	^[46]^[170]
4QDeut^h		4Q35	Deuteronomy 1:1–17,22–23,29–41,43–2:6,28–30; 19:21; 31:9–11; 33:9–22	Hebrew	50–1 BCE Transitional: Hasmonean to Early Herodian	Fragments of Deuteronomy	^[46]^[170]
4QDeutⁱ		4Q36	Deuteronomy 20:9–13; 21:23; 22:1–9; 23:6–8, 12–16, 22–26; 24:1	Hebrew	100–50 BCE Late Hasmonean	Fragments of Deuteronomy	^[46]^[170]
4QDeut^j		4Q37	Exodus 12:43–44, 46–51; 13:1–5; Deuteronomy 5:1–11, 13–15, 21–33; 6:1–3; 8:5–10; 11:6–10, 12–13; 30:17–18; 32:7–8	Hebrew	50 CE Late Herodian	Fragments of Exodus and Deuteronomy	^[46]^[170]
4QDeut^k1		4Q38	Deuteronomy 5:28–31; 11:6–13; 32:17–18, 22–23, 25–27	Hebrew	30–1 BCE Early Herodian	Fragments of Deuteronomy	^[46]^[170]^[171]
4QDeut^k2		4Q38a	Deuteronomy 19: 8–16; 20: 6–19; 21:16; 23:22–26; 24:1–3; 25:19; 26:1–5, 18–19; 27:1	Hebrew	30–1 BCE Early Herodian	Fragments of Deuteronomy	^[46]^[170]^[171]
4QDeut^k3		4Q38b	Deuteronomy 30: 16–18	Hebrew	50 CE Late Herodian	Fragments of Deuteronomy	^[172]^[171]
4QDeut^l		4Q39	Deuteronomy 10:1,14–15; 28:67–68; 29:2–5; 31:12; 33:1–2; 34:4–6,8	Hebrew	50 CE Late Hasmonean	Fragments of Deuteronomy about choosing Life or Death	^[46]^[172]
4QDeut^m		4Q40	Deuteronomy 3:18–22; 4:32–33; 7:18–22	Hebrew	50–1 BCE Transitional: Hasmonean to Herodian	Fragments of Deuteronomy	^[46]^[172]
4QDeutⁿ	All Souls Deuteronomy	4Q41	Deuteronomy 5:1–33; 6:1; 8:5–10	Hebrew	30–1 BCE Early Herodian	Fragments of Deuteronomy	^[46]^[172]
4QDeut^o	Deuteronomy	4Q42	Deuteronomy 2:8; 4:30–34; 5:1–5, 8–9; 28:15–18, 33–36, 47–52, 58–62; 29:22–25	Hebrew	75–50 BCE Late Hasmonean	Fragments of Deuteronomy	^[46]^[172]
4QDeut^p		4Q43	Deuteronomy 6:4–11	Hebrew	75–50 BCE Late Hasmonean	Fragments of Deuteronomy about Loving God	^[46]^[172]
4QDeut^q		4Q44	Deuteronomy 32:9–10, 37–43	Hebrew	50 BCE–25 CE Late Hasmonean or Early Herodian	Fragments of Deuteronomy	^[46]^[172]
4QpaleoDeut^r	Paleo-Deuteronomy	4Q45	Deuteronomy 7:2–7, 16–25; 11:28,30–12:1,11–12; 13:19; 14:19–22, 26–29; 15:5–6, 8–10; 19:2–3; 21:8–9; 22:3–6,12–15; 28:15–18, 20; 30:7–8; 32:2–8,10–11,13–14, 33–35; 33:2–8, 29; 34:1–2	Hebrew	100–25 BCE Paleo-Hebrew script	Fragments of Deuteronomy	^[46]^[172]
4QpaleoDeut^s	Paleo-Deuteronomy	4Q46	Deuteronomy 26:14–15	Hebrew	250–200 BCE Archaic Paleo-Hebrew script	Fragments of Deuteronomy about giving Tithes	^[46]^[172]
4QJosh^a	Joshua	4Q47	Joshua 8:34–35; 5:?,2–7; 6:5–10; 7:12–17; 8:3–14, 18?; 10:2–5, 8–11.	Hebrew	Hasmonean	Fragments of Joshua	^[172]^[173]
4QJosh^b	Joshua	4Q48	Joshua 2:11–12; 3:15–16; 4:1–3; 17:11–15	Hebrew	Hasmonean	Fragments of Joshua	^[174]^[175]
4QJudg^a	Judges	4Q49	Judges 6:2–6, 11–13	Hebrew	Herodian	Fragments of Judges	^[176]^[177]
4QJudg^b	Judges	4Q50	Judges 19:5–7; 21:12–25	Hebrew	Herodian	Fragments of Judges	^[176]^[178]
4QSam^a	Samuel	4Q51	1 Samuel 1:9, 11–13, 17–18, 22–26, 28; 2:1–10,16–36; 3:1–4,18–21; 4:9–12; 5:8–12; 6:1–7,12–13,16–18,20–21; 7:1; 8:9–20; 9:6–8,11–12,16–24; 10:3–18,25–27; 11:1,7–12; 12:7–8,14–19; 14:24–25,28–34,47–51; 15:24–32; 17:3–6; 24:4–5,8–9,14–23; 25:3–12,20–21,25–26,39–40; 26:10–12,21–23; 27:8–12; 28:1–2,22–25; 30:28–30; 31:2–4; 2 Samuel 2:5–16,25–27,29–32; 3:1–8,23–39; 4:1–4,9–12; 5:1–3,6–16; 6:2–9,12–18; 7:23–29; 8:2–8; 10:4–7,18–19; 11:2–12,16–20; 12:4–5,8–9,13–20,30–31; 13:1–6,13–34,36–39; 14:1–3,18–19; 15:1–6,27–31; 16:1–2,11–13,17–18,21–23; 18:2–7,9–11; 19:7–12; 20:2–3,9–14,23–26; 21:1–2,4–6,15–17; 22:30–51; 23:1–6; 24:16–20	Hebrew	Herodian	Fragments of 1 Samuel and 2 Samuel	^[176]^[179]
4QSam^b		4Q52	1 Samuel 16:1–11; 19:10–17; 20:27–42; 21:1–10; 23:9–17	Hebrew	Early Hellenistic	Fragments of 1 Samuel	^[176]^[180]
4QSam^c		4Q53	1 Samuel 25:30–32; 2 Samuel 14:7–33; 15:1–15	Hebrew	Hasmonean	Fragments of 1 Samuel and 2 Samuel	^[176]^[181]
4QKgs	Kings	4Q54	1 Kings 7:31–41; 8:1–9,16–18	Hebrew	Herodian	Fragments of 1 Kings	^[176]^[182]
4QIsa^a	Isaiah	4Q55	Isaiah 1:1–3; 2:7–10; 4:5–6; 6:4–7; 11:12–15; 12:4–6; 13:4–6; 17:9–14; 19:9–14; 20:1–6; 21:1–2,4–16; 22:13–25; 23:1–12	Hebrew	Hasmonean	Fragments of Isaiah	^[183]^[184]
4QIsa^b		4Q56	Isaiah 1:1–6; 2:3–16; 3:14–22; 5:15–28; 9:10–11; 11:7–9; 12:2; 13:3–18; 17:8–14; 18:1,5–7; 19:1–25; 20:1–4; 21:11–14; 22:24–25; 24:2; 26:1–5,7–19; 35:9–10; 36:1–2; 37:2932; 39:1–8; 40:1–4,22–26; 41:8–11; 43:12–15; 44:19–28; 45:20–25; 46:1–3; 49:21–23; 51:14–16; 52:2,7; 53:11–12; 61:1–3; 64:5–11; 65:1; 66:24	Hebrew	Herodian		^[183]^[185]
4QIsa^c		4Q57	Isaiah 9:3–12; 10:23–32; 11:4–11,15–16; 12:1; 14:1–5,13; 22:10–14; 23:8–18; 24:1–15,19–23; 25:1–2,8–12; 30:8–17; 33:2–8,16–23; 45:1–4,6–13; 48:10–13,17–19; 50:7–11; 51:1–16; 52:10–15; 53:1–3,6–8; 54:3–17; 55:1–6; 66:20–24	Hebrew			^[183]^[186]
4QIsa^d		4Q58	Isaiah 46:10–13; 47:1–6,8–9; 48:8–22; 49:1–15; 52:4–7; 53:8–12; 54:1–11; 57:9–21; 58:1–3,5–7	Hebrew			^[183]^[187]
4QIsa^e		4Q59	Isaiah 2:1–4; 7:17–20; 8:2–14; 9:17–20; 10:1–10; 11:14–15; 12:1–6; 13:1–4; 14:1–13,20–24; 59:15–16	Hebrew			^[183]^[188]
4QIsa^f		4Q60	Isaiah 1:10–16,18–31; 2:1–3; 5:13–14, 25; 6:3–8,10–13; 7:16–18,23–25; 8:1,4–11; 20:4–6; 22:14–22,25; 24:1–3; 27:1,5–6,8–12; 28:6–9,16–18,22,24; 29:8	Hebrew	Hasmonean		^[183]^[189]
4QIsa^g		4Q61	Isaiah 42:14–25; 43:1–4,17–24	Hebrew	Herodian		^[183]^[190]
4QIsa^h		4Q61	Isaiah 42:4–11	Hebrew	Herodian		^[183]
4QIsaⁱ		4Q62	Isaiah 56:7–8; 57:5–8	Hebrew	Hasmonean		^[191]^[192]
4QIsa^j		4Q63	Isaiah 1:1–6	Hebrew	Herodian		^[191]^[193]
4QIsa^k		4Q64	Isaiah 28:26–29:9	Hebrew	Hasmonean		^[191]^[194]
4QIsa^l		4Q65	Isaiah 7:14–15; 8:11–14	Hebrew	Hasmonean		^[191]^[195]
4QIsa^m		4Q66	Isaiah 60:20–61:1,3–6	Hebrew	Hasmonean		^[191]^[196]
4QIsaⁿ	Isaiah	4Q67	Isaiah 58:13–14	Hebrew	Hasmonean	Fragments of Isaiah, including elements on punishment (4Q67) and God's blessings for his people (4Q67, 4Q69a).	^[191]^[197]
4QIsa^o		4Q68	Isaiah 14:28–15:2	Hebrew	Hasmonean		^[191]^[198]
4QIsa^p		4Q69	Isaiah 5:28–30	Hebrew	Hasmonean		^[191]^[199]^[200]
4QIsa^q		4Q69a	Isaiah 54:10–13				^[191]^[200]
4QIsa^r		4Q69b	Isaiah 30:23				^[191]^[200]
4QJer^a	Jeremiah	4Q70	Jeremiah 6:30?, 7:1–2, 15–19, 28–9:2, 7–15; 10:9–14, 23; 11:3–6, 19–20; 12:3–7, 13–16, 17; 13:1–7, 22–23? [or 22:3], 27; 14:4–7; 15:1–2; 17:8–26; 18:15–23; 19:1; 20:14–18; 21:1?; 22:3–16; 26:10?	Hebrew	200 BCE – 1 BCE	Fragments of Jeremiah	^[191]^[201]^[202]
4QJer^b		4Q71	Jeremiah 9:22–25; 10:1–21				^[201]^[202]^[203]
4QJer^c		4Q72	Jeremiah 4:5, 13–16; 8:1–3, 21–23; 9:1–5; 10:12–13; 19:8–9; 20:2–5, 7–9, 13–15; 21:7–10; 22:4–6, 10–28; 25:7–8,15–17, 24–26; 26:10–13; 27:1–3, 13–15; 30:6–9, [10–17], 17–24; 31:1–14, 19–26; 33:?, 16–20				^[201]^[202]^[203]
4QJer^d (olim 4QJer^b)		4Q72a	Jeremiah 43:2–10				^[201]^[202]^[203]
4QJer^e (olim 4QJer^b)		4Q72b	Jeremiah 50:4–6				^[201]^[202]^[203]
4QEze^a	Ezekiel	4Q73	Ezekiel 10:5–16, 17–22; 11:1–11; 23:14–15, 17–18, 44–47; 41:3–6	Hebrew	Herodian	Fragments of Ezekiel	^[203]^[204]
4QEze^b		4Q74	Ezekiel 1:10–13, 16–17, 19–24				^[203]^[205]^[206]
4QEze^c		4Q75	Ezekiel 24:2–3				^[203]^[207]
4QXII^a	The Twelve Minor Prophets	4Q76	Zechariah 14:18; Malachi 2:10–3:24; Jonah 1:1–5, 7–2:1, 7; 3:2	Hebrew	Herodian	Fragments of the Twelve Minor Prophets	^[203]^[208]
4QXII^b		4Q77	Zephaniah 1:1–2; 2:13–15; 3:19–20; Haggai 1:1–2; 2:2–4				^[203]^[209]
4QXII^c		4Q78	Hosea 2:13–15; 3:2–4; 4:1–19; 5:1; 7:12–13; 13:3–10, 15; 14:1–6; Joel 1:10–20; 2:1, 8–23; 4:6–21; Amos 1:1?; 2:11–16; 3:1–15; 4:1–2; 6:13–14; 7:1–16; Zephaniah 2:15; 3:1–2; Malachi 3:6–7?				^[203]^[210]
4QXII^d		4Q79	Hosea 1:6–2:5				^[211]^[212]
4QXII^e		4Q80	Haggai 2:18–19, 20–21; Zechariah 1:4–6, 8–10, 13–15; 2:10–14; 3:2–10; 4:1–4; 5:8–6:5; 8:2–4, 6–7, 12:7–12				^[211]^[213]
4QXII^f		4Q81	Jonah 1:6–8, 10–16; Micah 5:1–2				^[211]^[214]
4QXII^g		4Q82	Hosea 2:1–5,14–19, 22–25; 3:1–5; 4:1, 10–11, 13–14; 6:3–4, 8–11; 7:1, 12–13, 13–16; 8:1; 9:1–4, 9–17; 10:1–14; 11:2–5, 6–11; 12:1–15; 13:1, 6–8?, 11–13; 14:9–10; Joel 1:12–14; 2:2–13 4:4–9, 11–14, 17, 19–20; Amos 1:3–15; 2:1, 7–9, 15–16; 3:1–2; 4:4–9; 5:1–2, 9–18; 6:1–4, 6–14; 7:1, 7–12, 14–17; 8:1–5, 11–14; 9:1, 5–6, 14–15; Obadiah 1–5, 8–12, 14–15; Jonah 1:1–9; 2:3–11; 3:1–3; 4:5–11; Micah 1:7, 12–15; 2:3–4; 3:12; 4:1–2; 5:6–7 (7–8); 7:2–3, 20; Nahum 1:7–9; 2:9–11; 3:1–3, 17; Habakkuk 2:4?; Zephaniah 3:3–5; Zechariah 10:11–12; 11:1–2; 12:1–3				^[211]^[215]
4QPs^a	Psalms	4Q83	Psalm 5:9–13; 6:1–4; 25:15; 31:24–25; 33:1–12; 35:2,14–20,26–28; 36:1–9; 38:2–12,16–23; 47:2; 53:4–7; 54:1–6; 56:4; 62:13; 63:2–4; 66:16–20; 67:1–7; 69:1–19; 71:1–14	Hebrew	Hasmonean	Fragments of Psalms.	^[211]^[216]
4QPs^b		4Q84	Psalm 91:5–8,12–15; 92:4–8,13–15; 93:5; 94:1–4,8–14,17–18,21–22; 96:2; 98:4; 99:5–6; 100:1–2; 102:5,10–29; 103:1–6,9–14,20–21; 112:4–5; 113:1; 115:2–3; 116:17–19; 118:1–3,6–11,18–20,23–26,29	Hebrew	Herodian		^[211]^[217]
4QPs^c & 4QPs^t^{[n 1]}		4Q85 / 4Q98^c	Psalm 16:7–9; 18:3–14,16–18,33–41; 27:12–14; 28:1–2,4; 35:27–28; 37:18–19; 45:8–11; 49:1–17; 50:14–23; 51:1–5; 52:6–11; 53:1 Psalm 88:15–17	Hebrew	Herodian		^[211] ^[218]^[219]^[220]
4QPs^d		4Q86	Psalm 146:10; 147:1–3,13–17,20; 104:1–5,8–11,14–15,22–25,33–35	Hebrew	Hasmonean		^[221]^[222]
4QPs^e		4Q87	Psalm 76:10–12; 77:1; 78:6–7,31–33; 81:2–3; 86:10–11; 88:1–4; 89:44–46,50–53; 104:1–3,20–21; 105:22–24,36–45; 109:13; 115:15–18; 116:1–3; 120:6; 125:2–5; 126:1–5; 129:8; 130:1–3	Hebrew	Herodian		^[221]^[223]
4QPs^f		4Q88	Psalm 22:14–17; 107:2–4,8–11,13–15,18–19,22–30,35; 109:4–6, 25–28; Apostrophe to Zion; Apostrophe to Judah; Eschatological Hymn	Hebrew	Hasmonean		^[221]^[224]
4QPs^g		4Q89	Psalm 119:37–43,44–46,49–50,73,81–83,90	Hebrew	Herodian		^[221]^[225]
4QPs^h		4Q90	Psalm 119:10–21	Hebrew	Herodian		^[221]^[226]
4QPs^j		4Q91	Psalm 48:1–7; 49:6,9–12,15,17	Hebrew	Herodian		^[221]^[227]
4QPs^k		4Q92	Psalm 26:7–12; 27:1; 30:9–13; 135:7–16;	Hebrew	Hasmonean		^[221]^[228]
4QPs^l		4Q93	Psalm 104:3–5,11–12	Hebrew	Herodian		^[221]^[229]
4QPs^m		4Q94	Psalm 93:3–5; 95:3–6; 97:6–9; 98:4–8	Hebrew	Herodian		^[221]^[230]
4QPsⁿ		4Q95	Psalm 135:6–9,11–12; 136:23–24	Hebrew	Herodian		^[231]^[218]
4QPs^o		4Q96	Psalm 114:7; 115:1–2,4; 116:3, 5, 7–10	Hebrew	Herodian		^[218]^[232]
4QPs^p (olim 4Q237)		4Q97	Psalm 143:2–4, 6–8	Hebrew	Herodian		^[218]^[233]
4QPs^q	Psalms	4Q98	Psalm 31:24–25; 33:1–18; 35:4–20	Hebrew	Herodian	Fragments of Psalms, including elements on putting one's hope in God (4Q98d), the earth shaking at the presence of God (4Q98e), the blessings of God's Children and the struggle of the wicked (4Q98f).	^[218]
4QPs^r		4Q98a	Psalm 26:7–12; 27:1; 30:9–13				^[218]^[234]
4QPs^s		4Q98b	Psalm 5:8–13; 6:1				^[218]
*4QPs^t (see 4QPs^c)		*4Q98c	Psalm 88:15–17				^[218]
4QPs^u		4Q98d	Psalm 42:5				^[218]
4QPs^v (olim 4QPs^u frg. 2)		4Q98e	Psalm 99:1				^[218]
4QPs^w		4Q98f	Psalm 112:1–9				^[218]
4QPs^x (olim 4Q236)		4Q98g	Psalm 89:20–22, 26, 23, 27–28, 31				^[218]
4QJob^a	Job	4Q99	Job 31:14–19; 32:3–4; 33:10–11, 24–26, 28–30; 35:16; 36:7–11, 13–27, 32–33; 37:1–5, 14–15	Hebrew	Hasmonean	Fragments of Job	^[235] ^[236]
4QJob^b	Job	4Q100	Job 8:15–17; 9:27; 13:4; 14:4–6; 31:20–21	Hebrew	Herodian	Fragments of Job	^[236]^[237]
4QpaleoJob^c	Paleo-Job	4Q101	Job 13:18–20, 23–27; 14:13–18	Hebrew	Early Hellenistic; Paleo-Hebrew script	Fragment of Job	^[236]^[238]
4QProv^a	Proverbs	4Q102	Proverbs 1:27–33; 2:1	Hebrew	Herodian	Fragments of Proverbs	^[236]^[239]
4QProv^b	Proverbs	4Q103	Proverbs 13:6–9; 14:5–10, 12–13, 31–35; 15:1–8, 19–31; 7:9, 11?	Hebrew	Herodian	Fragments of Proverbs	^[236]^[240]
4QRuth^a	Ruth	4Q104	Ruth 1:1–12	Hebrew	Hasmonean	Fragments of Ruth	^[236]^[241]
4QRuth^b	Ruth	4Q105	Ruth 1:1–6, 12–15	Hebrew	Herodian	Fragments of Ruth	^[236]^[242]
4QCant^a	Canticles (Song of Songs)	4Q106	Song of Songs 3:4–5, 7–11; 4:1–7; 6:11?–12; 7:1–7	Hebrew	Herodian	Fragments of Pesher on Song of Songs/Canticles, including an introduction (4Q106).	^[236]^[243]
4QCant^b		4Q107	Song of Songs 2:9–17; 3:1–2, 5, 9–11; 4:1–3, 8–11, 14–16; 5:1	Hebrew	Herodian		^[236]^[244]
4QCant^c		4Q108	Song of Songs 3:7–8	Hebrew	Hellenistic-Roman		^[236]^[245]
4QQoh^a	Ecclesiastes	4Q109	Ecclesiastes 5:13–17; 6:1?,3–8,12; 7:1–10,19–20	Hebrew	Hasmonean	Fragments of Ecclesiastes	^[246]^[247]
4QQoh^b	Ecclesiastes	4Q110	Ecclesiastes 1:10–15	Hebrew	Herodian	Fragments of Ecclesiastes	^[246]^[248]
4QLam	Lamentations	4Q111	Lamentations 1:1–15, 17, 16, 18; 2:5	Hebrew	Herodian	Fragments of Lamentations	^[246]^[249]
4QDan^a	Daniel	4Q112	Daniel 1:16–20; 2:9–11, 19–49; 3:1–2; 4:29–30; 5:5–7, 12–14, 16–19; 7:5–7, 25–28; 8:1–5; 10:16–20; 11:13–16	Hebrew	Hasmonean	Fragments of Daniel	^[246]^[250]
4QDan^b		4Q113	Daniel 5:10–12, 14–16, 19–22; 6:8–22, 27–29; 7:1–6, 11?, 26–28; 8:1–8, 13–16	Hebrew	Herodian		^[246]^[251]
4QDan^c		4Q114	Daniel 10:5–9, 11–16, 21; 11:1–2, 13–17, 25–29	Hebrew	Hasmonean		^[246]^[252]
4QDan^d		4Q115	Daniel 3:8–10?, 23–25; 4:5–9, 12–16; 7:15–23	Hebrew	Herodian		^[246]^[253]
4QDan^e		4Q116	Daniel 9:12–17	Hebrew	Hasmonean		^[246]^[254]
4QEzra	Ezra	4Q117	Ezra 4:2–6, 9–11; 5:17; 6:1–5	Hebrew	Hasmonean	Fragments of Ezra-Nehemiah	^[246]^[255]
4QChr/4QChron	Chronicles	4Q118	2 Chronicles 28:27; 29:1–3	Hebrew	Herodian	Fragments of 2 Chronicles	^[246]^[256]
4QLXXLev^agr	Septuagint Leviticus	4Q119	Leviticus 26:2–16	Greek	Hasmonean	Fragments of Leviticus	^[257]^[258]
4QpapLXXLev^b/ pap4QLXXLev^bgr	Septuagint Leviticus	4Q120	Leviticus 1:11; 2:3–5, 7–8?; 3:4, 7, 9–14; 4:3–4, 6–8, 10–11, 18–19, 26–28, 30; 5:6, 8–10, 16–24; [6:1–5]	Greek	Hasmonean	97 fragments of Leviticus. Contains ΙΑΩ for the tetragrammaton	^[257]^[259]
4QLXXNum^bgr	Septuagint Numbers	4Q121	Numbers 3:40–43,50–51?; 4:1?,5–9,11–16; 3:39?	Greek	Herodian	Fragments of Numbers	^[257]^[260]
4QLXXDeut gr	Septuagint Deuteronomy	4Q122	Deuteronomy 11:4	Greek	Early Hellenistic	Fragments of Deuteronomy	^[46]^[257]^[261]
4QpaleoparaJosh	Paraphrase on Joshua	4Q123	Joshua	Hebrew	Paleo-Hebrew script	"Rewritten Joshua"	^[257]^[262]
4QUnid gr	Unidentified text	4Q126	—	Greek	Herodian	Fragmentary religious text	^[263]^[264]
4Qpap paraExod / pap4QParaExod gr	Paraphrase on Exodus	4Q127	Exodus	Greek	Herodian	"Rewritten Exodus"	^[257]^[265]
4Qphyl^a	Phylactery Scrolls	4Q128	Deuteronomy 5:1–14,27–6:3; 10:12–11:21; Exodus 12:43–13:7	Hebrew	Hellenistic-Roman	Fragments of Deuteronomy and Exodus.	^[46]^[266]^[267]
4Qphyl^b		4Q129	Exodus 13:9–16	Hebrew	Hellenistic-Roman		^[46]^[268]^[269]
4Qphyl^c		4Q130	Exodus 13:13–16; Deuteronomy 6:4–9; 11:13–21	Hebrew	Hellenistic-Roman		^[46]^[268]^[270]
4Qphyl^d		4Q131	Deuteronomy 11:13–21	Hebrew	Hellenistic-Roman		^[46]^[268]^[271]
4Qphyl^e		4Q132	Exodus 13:1–10	Hebrew	Hellenistic-Roman		^[268]^[272]
4Qphyl^f		4Q133	Exodus 13:11–16	Hebrew	Hellenistic-Roman		^[268]^[273]
4Qphyl^g		4Q134	Deuteronomy 5:1–21; Exodus 13:11–12	Hebrew	Hellenistic-Roman		^[46]^[268]^[274]
4Qphyl^h		4Q135	Deuteronomy 5:22–6:5; Exodus 13:14–16	Hebrew	Hellenistic-Roman		^[46]^[268]^[275]
4Qphylⁱ		4Q136	Deuteronomy 6:6–7; 11:13–21; Exodus 12:43–13:10	Hebrew	Hellenistic-Roman		^[46]^[268]^[276]
4Qphyl^j (olim 4Qphyl^a)		4Q137	Deuteronomy 5:24–32; 6:2–3	Hebrew			^[46]^[268]
4Qphyl^k		4Q138	Deuteronomy 10:12–11:17	Hebrew	Hellenistic-Roman		^[46]^[277]^[278]
4Qphyl^l		4Q139	Deuteronomy 5:7–24	Hebrew	Hellenistic-Roman		^[46]^[277]^[279]
4Qphyl^m		4Q140	Exodus 12:44–13:10; Deuteronomy 5:33–6:5	Hebrew	Hellenistic-Roman		^[46]^[277]^[280]
4Qphylⁿ		4Q141	Deuteronomy 32:14–20, 32–33	Hebrew	Hellenistic-Roman		^[46]^[277]^[281]
4Qphyl^o		4Q142	Deuteronomy 5:1–16, 6:7–9	Hebrew	Hellenistic-Roman		^[46]^[277]^[282]
4Qphyl^p		4Q143	Deuteronomy 10:22–11:3,18–21	Hebrew	Hellenistic-Roman		^[46]^[277]^[283]
4Qphyl^q		4Q144	Exodus 13:4–9; Deuteronomy 11:4–18	Hebrew	Hellenistic-Roman		^[46]^[277]^[284]
4Qphyl^r		4Q145	Exodus 13:1–10	Hebrew	Hellenistic-Roman		^[277]^[285]
4QPhyl^s		4Q146	Deuteronomy 11:19–21	Hebrew	Hellenistic-Roman		^[46]^[277]^[286]
4Qphyl^t		4Q147		Hebrew	Hellenistic-Roman	Could not be deciphered	^[277]^[287]
4Qphyl^u		4Q148		Hebrew	Hellenistic-Roman	Could not be deciphered	^[277]^[288]
4QMez^a	Mezuzah Scrolls	4Q149		Hebrew	Hasmonean	Fragments of Exodus and Deuteronomy	^[289]^[290]
4QMez^b		4Q150	Deuteronomy 6:5–6; 10:14–11:2	Hebrew	Herodian		^[291]^[292]
4QMez^c		4Q151	Deuteronomy 5:27–6:9; 10:12–20	Hebrew	Herodian		^[291]^[293]
4QMez^d		4Q152	Deuteronomy 6:5–7	Hebrew	Herodian		^[291]^[294]
4QMez^e		4Q153	Deuteronomy 11:17–18	Hebrew	Hellenistic-Roman		^[291]^[295]
4QMez^f		4Q154	Deuteronomy 13:1–4	Hebrew	Hasmonean		^[291]^[296]
4QMez^g		4Q155		Hebrew	Hellenistic-Roman		^[291]^[297]
4QtgLev	TargumofLeviticus	4Q156	Leviticus 16:12–15,18–21	Aramaic	Hasmonean	Fragments of Leviticus	^[298]^[299]
4QtgJob	Targum of Job	4Q157	Job 3:5–6; 4:17–5:4	Aramaic	Herodian	Fragments of Job	^[298]^[300]^[301]
4QRP^a	Reworked Pentateuch A	4Q158	Genesis 32:25–30; 32:31 ?; Exodus 3:12; 4:27–28; 19:17–23; 24:4–6; 20:12–17,19–21 (Samaritan), 22–26; 21:15–25, 32–37; 22:1–13; 30:32.34; Deuteronomy 5:30–31; 21:1–10	Hebrew	Herodian	Reworked Pentateuch	^[46]^[302]^[303]^[304]
4QOrdinances^a	Ordinances A	4Q159		Hebrew	Herodian	Non-biblical composition	^[304]^[305]
4QVisSam	Vision of Samuel	4Q160		Hebrew	Hasmonean	Non-biblical composition	^[304]^[306]
4QpIsaiah^a	PesheronIsaiah	4Q161		Hebrew	Herodian	Non-biblical composition	^[307]
4QpIsaiah^b	PesheronIsaiah	4Q162		Hebrew	Herodian	Non-biblical composition	^[308]
4QpHosA	PesheronHoseaA	4Q166		Hebrew	Herodian	Hosea Commentary Scroll	^[309]^[310]^[311]
4QpHosB	Pesher on Hosea B	4Q167		Hebrew	Herodian	Hosea Commentary Scroll	^[310]^[312]
4QpMic(?)	Pesher on Micah?	4Q168		Hebrew	Herodian	Micah Commentary?	^[310]^[313]
4QpNah	Pesher on Nahum	4Q169	Nahum 1:3–6; 2:12–14; 3:1–5, 6–9, 10–12, 14	Hebrew	Herodian	Containing the term "The Seekers after Smooth Things"	^[310]^[314]
4Q Eschatological Commentary A	Florilegium or Midrash on the Last Days	4Q174	2 Samuel 7:10–14 (1 Chronicles 17:9–13); Exodus 15:17–18; Amos 9:11; Psalm 1:1; Isaiah 8:11; Ezekiel 37:23?; Psalm 2:1; Daniel 12:10; 11:32; Deuteronomy 33:8–11, 12, 19–21	Hebrew	Herodian	Quotations from biblical passages with midrashic commentary	^[315]^[316]
4QTest	Testimonia	4Q175	Deuteronomy 5:28–29; 18:18–19; 33:8–11 Numbers 24:15–17 Joshua 6:26, quoted in Psalms of Joshua (4Q379, frag. 22)	Hebrew	Herodian; Hasmonean script	A list of quotations; Messianic Anthology or Testimonia	^[46]^[315]^[317]
4QapocrLamA	Apocryphal Lamentations A	4Q179	Lamentations	Hebrew	Herodian	cf. 4Q501	^[318]
4Q Horoscope	Physiognomies/Horoscopes	4Q186		Hebrew	Herodian		^[319]
4QpapTobit^a	Tobit	4Q196	Tobit	Aramaic	Hasmonean	OnPapyrus. cf. 4Q501	^[320]
4QTobit^b	Tobit	4Q197	Tobit	Aramaic	Herodian	cf. 4Q501	^[321]
4QTobit^c	Tobit	4Q198	Tobit	Aramaic	Hasmonean	cf. 4Q501	^[322]
4QTobit^d	Tobit	4Q199	Tobit	Aramaic	Hasmonean	cf. 4Q501	^[323]
4QTobit^e	Tobit	4Q200	Tobit	Hebrew	Herodian	cf. 4Q501	^[324]
4QEn^a	The Enoch Scroll	4Q201^a		Aramaic	Hasmonean		^[309]^[325]
4QALD / 4QLevi^a-far	The Aramaic Levi Document (ALD)	4Q213 4Q213a 4Q213b 4Q214 4Q214a 4Q214b		Aramaic	Hasmonean	Multiple compositions	^[326]
4QTNaph	Testament of Naphtali	4Q215		Hebrew	Herodian		^[327]^[328]
4QCant^a(?)	Pesher on Canticles/Song of Songs	4Q240	Song of Songs	Hebrew	Herodian	Included in Milik's original list, but this fragment has never been located	^[329]
4QapocrDan	Aramaic Apocalypse or The Son of God Text	4Q246		Aramaic	Herodian		^[330]
4QCommentary on Gen A /4QCommGenA	Commentary/Pesher on Genesis	4Q252	Genesis 6:3; 7:10–8:18; 9:24–27; 11:31; 15:9, 17, 17:20?; 18:31–32 (with Deuteronomy 13:16, 17; 20:11, 14); 22:10–12; 28:3–4; 36:12; 49:3–4, 10 (with Jeremiah 33:17), 20–21	Hebrew	Herodian	Fragments/ commentary of Genesis.	^[331]^[332]
4QCommentary on Gen B /4QCommGenB		4Q253	Genesis	Hebrew	Herodian		^[331]^[333]
4QCommentary on Gen C /4QCommGenC		4Q254	Genesis 9:24–25; 22:5?, 17?	Hebrew	Herodian		^[331]^[334]
4QCommentary on Gen D (olim 4QpGen^c)		4Q254^a–820	Genesis 6:15	Hebrew	Herodian		^[331]^[335]
4QS^d	Serekh ha-YahadorCommunity Rule	4Q258		Hebrew	Herodian	cf. 1QS^d	^[336]
4QD	The Damascus Document	4Q265–273		Hebrew	Hasmonean	cf. 4QD^a/g = 4Q266/272, 4QD^a/e = 4Q266/270, 5Q12, 6Q15, 4Q265–73	^[89]
4Q Sefer ha-Milhamah	Rule of War	4Q285		Hebrew	Herodian	cf. 11Q14	^[337]
4QMyst^a	The Book of Mysteries The Book of Secrets	4Q299		Hebrew	Herodian		^[338]
4QMyst^b	The Book of Mysteries The Book of Secrets	4Q300		Hebrew	Herodian		^[339]
4QMyst^c	The Book of Mysteries The Book of Secrets	4Q301		Hebrew	Herodian		^[340]
4QRP^b	Reworked Pentateuch	4Q364	Genesis 25:18–21; 26:7–8; 27:39; 28:6; 29:32–33; 30:8–14,26–36; 31:47–53; 32:18–20,26–30; 34:2; 35:28; 37:7–8; 38:14–21; 44:30–34; 45:1,21–27; 48:14–15; Exodus 21:14–22; 19:17; 24:12–14,18; 25:1–2; 26:1,33–35; Numbers 14:16–20; 33:31–49; 20:17–18; Deuteronomy 2:8–14, 30–37; 3:2,18–23; 9:6–7,12–18, 21–25,27–29; 10:1–4, 6–7, 10–13,22; 11:1–2,6–9,23–24; 14:24–26	Hebrew	Late Hasmonean or Herodian	Reworked Pentateuch	^[46]^[302]^[341]^[342]
4QRP^c		4Q365	Exodus 8:13–19; 9:9–12; 10:19–20; 14:10,12–21; 15:6-[21],22–26; 17:3–5; 18:13–16; 26:34–36; 28:16–20; 29:20–22; 30:27–38; 31:1–2; 35:[2]–5; 36:32–38; 37:29; 38:1–7; 39:1–19; Leviticus 11:1[3],17-[25],32-[33],[39]-[46]; 13:6–8,15-[19],51–52; 16:6–7; 18:[25]-[29]; 23:42–44; 24:1–2; 25:7–9; 26:17–32; 27:34; Numbers 1:1–5; 3:26–30; 4:47–49; 7:1,78–80; 8:11–12; 9:15–23; 10:1-[4]; 13:[11]–25,[28]–30; 15:26-[29]; 17:20–24; 27:11; 36:1–2; Deuteronomy 2:24; 19:20–21; 20:1	Hebrew	Late Hasmonean/ Early Herodian		^[46]^[302]^[343]^[344]
4QRP^d		4Q366	Exodus 21;35–37; 22:1–5; Leviticus 24:20–22; 25:39–43; Numbers 29:14-[25], 32–39; 30:1; Deuteronomy 16:13–14; 14:[13]–21	Hebrew	Herodian		^[46]^[302]^[343]^[345]
4QRP^e		4Q367	Leviticus 11:47; 12:1–8; 13:1; 15:14–15; 19:1–4,9–15; 20:13; 27:30–34	Hebrew	Hasmonean		^[302]^[343]^[346]
4QapocrJosh^a	ApocryphonofJoshua	4Q378		Hebrew	Herodian	Texts drawing on the content of Joshua, Exodus and Numbers.	^[347]
4QapocrJosh^b	ApocryphonofJoshua	4Q379		Hebrew	Hasmonean	Texts drawing on the content of Joshua, Exodus and Numbers.	^[348]
4QpsEzek	Pseudo-Ezekiel	4Q385 4Q385b 4Q385c 4Q386 4Q388 4Q391		Hebrew	Herodian		^[349]
4QMMT /4Q Cal.Doc.D	Miqsat Ma'ase Ha-TorahorSome Precepts of the Law or the Halakhic Letter	4Q394–399		Hebrew	Herodian		^[350]
4Q Non-Canonical Psalms A	Songs of Sabbath Sacrifice or the Angelic Liturgy	4Q400–407		Hebrew	Hasmonean	cf. 11Q5–6	^[351]
4QInstruction	Sapiential Work A	4Q415–418		Hebrew	Herodian		^[89]
4QParaphrase	Paraphrase of Genesis and Exodus	4Q415–418		Hebrew	Herodian		^[89]
4Q Barkhi Nafshi^a	Barkhi Nafshi – Apocryphal Psalms	4Q434		Hebrew	Herodian	15 fragments: likely hymns of thanksgiving praising God for his power and expressing thanks	^[352]
4Q Apocr. Psalm and Prayer	Hymn to King Jonathan or The Prayer For King Jonathan Scroll	4Q448	Psalms 154	Hebrew	Hasmonean	In addition to parts of Psalms 154 it contains a prayer mentioning "King Jonathan".	^[89]
4QpapGen or papJub	pap-Genesis or pap-Jubilees	4Q483	Genesis 1:28–29, or Book of Jubilees	Hebrew	Herodian		^[353]
4QShir^a-b	Songs of the Sage or Songs of the Maskil	4Q510–511		Hebrew	Herodian		^[89]
4Q Messianic Apocalypse	Messianic Apocalypse	4Q521		Hebrew	Hasmonean	Made up of two fragments	^[354]
4Q Jonathan		4Q523		Hebrew	Hasmonean	MeKleine Fragmente, z.T. gesetzlichen Inhalts; Fragment is legal in content. PAM number, 41.944	^[355]^[356]
4QTempleScroll^b	Temple Scroll	4Q524		Hebrew	Hasmonean		^[89]^[357]
4QBeatitudes		4Q525	Sirach 25:10;^[358] Matthew 5:3 –12 (Beatitudes)	Hebrew	Herodian		^[89]
4Q TJoseph	Testament of Joseph	4Q539		Aramaic	Hasmonean		^[359]
4QapocrLevi(?)^b	Testament of Levi^d	4Q541		Aramaic	Hasmonean	Aramaic frag. also called "4QApocryphon of Levi^b ar"	^[360]
4QTKohath (4QTQahat)	Testament of Qahat	4Q542		Aramaic	Hasmonean		^[361]
4QNJ^c	New Jerusalem	4Q555		Aramaic	Herodian	cf. 1Q32, 2Q24, 5Q15, 11Q18	^[362]
4QGenⁿ	Genesis	4Q576	Genesis 34:7–10; 50:3	Hebrew	Hasmonean		^[89]
Unnumbered				Hebrew		Nine unopened fragments recently rediscovered in storage	^[363]

Qumran Cave 5

edit

Fragment or scroll identifier	Fragment or scroll name	Alternative identifier	English Bible Association	Language	Date/script	Description	Reference
Qumran Cave 5
5QDeut	Deuteronomy	5Q1	Deuteronomy 7:15–24; 8:5–9:2	Hebrew	Early Hellenistic		^[46]^[364]^[365]
5QKgs	Kings	5Q2	1 Kings 1:1,16–17,27–37	Hebrew	Hasmonean		^[366]^[367]
5QIsa	Isaiah	5Q3	Isaiah 40:16,18–19	Hebrew	Herodian		^[366]^[368]
5QAmos	Amos	5Q4	Amos 1:2–5	Hebrew			^[366]
5QPs	Psalms	5Q5	Psalm 119:99–101,104,113–20,138–42	Hebrew	Herodian		^[366]^[369]
5QLam^a	Lamentations	5Q6	Lamentations 4:5–8,11–16,19–22; 5:1–13,16–17	Hebrew	Herodian		^[366]^[370]
5QLam^b	Lamentations	5Q7	Lamentations 4:17–20	Hebrew	Herodian		^[366]^[371]
5QPhyl	Phylactery	5Q8		Hebrew	Hellenistic-Roman	Phylactery in its unopened case	^[366]^[372]
5QapocrJosh or 5QToponyms	Toponyms	5Q9		Hebrew	Herodian	Seven fragments with names of places	^[366]^[373]
5QapocrMal	Apocryphon of Malachi	5Q10		Hebrew	Hellenistic-Roman	Apocryphon of Malachi	^[366]^[374]
5QS	Rule of Community (Serek ha-Yahad)	5Q11		Hebrew	Herodian		^[366]^[375]
5QD	Damascus Document	5Q12		Hebrew	Herodian	Damascus Document	^[366]^[376]
5QRule or 5QRégle	Rule of Community	5Q13		Hebrew	Hellenistic-Roman	Fragments related to 1QS	^[377]^[378]
5QCurses	Curses	5Q14		Hebrew	Herodian	Liturgical compositions with curses	^[377]^[379]
5QNJ	New Jerusalem Scroll	5Q15		Aramaic	Hellenistic-Roman	Description of the New Jerusalem	^[377]^[380]
5QUnid	Unidentified	5Q16–5Q24		Hebrew	Hellenistic-Roman	Unidentified fragments	^[377]
5QUnc	Unclassified	5Q25		Hebrew	Hellenistic-Roman	Unclassified fragments	^[377]^[381]

Qumran Cave 6

edit

Fragment or scroll identifier	Fragment or scroll name	Alternative identifier	English Bible Association	Language	Date/script	Description	Reference
Qumran Cave 6
6QpaleoGen	Genesis	6Q1	Genesis 6:13–21	Hebrew	Early Hellenistic; Palaeo-Hebrew script		^[382]^[383]
6QpaleoLev	Leviticus	6Q2	Leviticus 8:12–13	Hebrew	Early Hellenistic; Palaeo-Hebrew script		^[382]^[384]
pap6QDeut or 6QpapDeut(?)	Deuteronomy	6Q3	Deuteronomy 26:19	Hebrew	Hellenistic-Roman	A few letters of Deuteronomy 26:19 on papyrus	^[382]^[46]^[385]
6QpapKgs	Kings	6Q4	1 Kings 3:12–14; 12:28–31; 22:28–31; 2 Kings 5:26; 6:32; 7:8–10,20; 8:1–5; 9:1–2; 10:19–21	Hebrew	Hasmonean	Made up of 94 Fragments.	^[382]^[386]
pap6QPs or 6QpapPs(?)	Psalms	6Q5	Psalm 78:36–37	Hebrew	Herodian		^[387]^[388]
6QCant	Song of Songs	6Q6	Song of Songs 1:1–7	Hebrew	Herodian		^[387]^[389]
6QpapDan	Daniel	6Q7	Daniel 8:20–21; 10:8–16; 11:33–36,38; 8:16–17	Hebrew	Herodian	13 papyrus fragments.	^[387]^[390]
6QpapGiants or pap6QEnGiants	Book of Giants from Enoch	6Q8		Aramaic	Herodian	Part of the "Book of Giants"	^[387]^[391]
6Qpap apocrSam-Kgs or pap6QapocrSam/Kgs	Apocryphon on Samuel–Kings	6Q9		Hebrew	Hasmonean	Samuel–Kings apocryphon. Written on papyrus.	^[387]^[392]
6QpapaProph or pap6QProph	Unidentified prophetic fragment	6Q10		Hebrew	Hasmonean	Prophetic text. Written in papyrus	^[387]^[393]
6QAllegory	Allegory of the Vine	6Q11		Hebrew	Herodian	Fragment containing an Allegory mentioning a vine	^[387]^[394]
6QapProph	An apocryphal prophecy	6Q12			Herodian		^[387]^[395]
6QPriestProph	Priestly Prophecy	6Q13			Herodian	A priestly prophecy	^[387]^[396]
6Q Apocalypse	Apocalyptic text	6Q14		Aramaic	Herodian	Two fragments with apocalyptic text	^[387]^[397]
6QD	Damascus Document	6Q15		Hebrew	Herodian	Damascus Document 4:19–21; 5:13–14,18–21; 6:1–2,20–21; 7:1	^[387]^[398]
6QpapBened or pap6QBen	papBenediction	6Q16			Herodian	Blessings related 1QSb. On papyrus	^[399]^[400]
6QCalDoc	Calendrical Document	6Q17			Herodian	Calendric fragment	^[399]^[401]
pap6QHymn	Hymn	6Q18			Herodian	Fragment of a hymn, related to 1QM	^[399]^[402]
6Q Text Related to Genesis	Genesis	6Q19	Possibly from Genesis	Aramaic	Herodian	Related to Genesis 10:6,20	^[399]^[403]
6QDeut(?)	Deuteronomy	6Q20	Possibly from Deuteronomy	Hebrew	Hellenistic-Roman	Related to Deuteronomy 11:10	^[399]^[404]
6QfrgProph or 6Q Prophetic Text	Possibly prophetic text	6Q21		Hebrew	Herodian	Prophetic fragment containing 5 words.	^[399]^[405]
pap6QUnidA	Unclassified fragments	6Q22		Hebrew	Herodian		^[399]^[406]
pap6QUnidA ar	Unclassified fragments	6Q23		Aramaic	Herodian	Related to "Words of the Book of Michael"	^[399]^[407]
6QUnidB	Unclassified fragments	6Q24		Hebrew	Hellenistic-Roman		^[399]^[408]
6QUnidB	Unclassified fragments	6Q25		Aramaic	Herodian		^[399]^[409]
6QUnidB or 6QpapAccount or Contract	Accounts or contracts	6Q26		Aramaic	Hellenistic-Roman		^[399]^[410]
6QUnidB	Unclassified fragments	6Q27–6Q28		Hebrew	Hellenistic-Roman		^[399]
6QpapProv	Proverbs	6Q30	Proverbs 11:4b–7a,10b	Hebrew	Roman	Single six-line fragment	^[399]^[411]
6QUnidB	Unclassified fragments	6Q31		Aramaic	Herodian		^[399]^[412]

Qumran Cave 7

edit

Fragment or scroll identifier	Fragment or scroll name	Alternative identifier	English Bible Association	Language	Date/script	Description	Reference
Qumran Cave 7
7QpapLXXExod	Exodus	7Q1	Exodus 28:4–7	Greek	Hasmonean	Greek fragment of Exodus	^[413]
7QpapEpJer	Letter of Jeremiah	7Q2	Letter of Jeremiah verses 43–44	Greek	Hasmonean	Epistle of Jeremiah. On papyrus.	^[414]
7Q3	Unidentified	7Q3		Greek	Herodian	Unknown biblical text	^[415]
7Q4	Unidentified	7Q4		Greek	Hasmonean	Unknown biblical text	^[416]
7Q5	Unidentified	7Q5		Greek	Herodian	Unknown biblical text. Believed by some to be Mark 6:52–53	^[417]
7Q6–18	Unidentified	7Q6–18		Greek	Hellenistic-Roman; Herodian	Very tiny unidentified fragments written on papyrus	^[89]
7Q papImprint	Unidentified	7Q19		Greek	Herodian	Unidentified papyrus imprint. Very tiny fragments written on papyrus	^[418]

Qumran Cave 8

edit

Fragment or scroll identifier	Fragment or scroll name	Alternative identifier	English Bible Association	Language	Date/script	Description	Reference
Qumran Cave 8
8QGen	Genesis	8Q1	Genesis 17:12–13, 15, 18–19; 18:20–22, 24–25	Hebrew	Herodian		^[89]
8QPs	Psalms	8Q2	Psalm 17:5–9, 14; 18:5–12	Hebrew	Herodian		^[89]
8QPhyl	Phylacteries	8Q3	Exodus 13:1–16; 12:43–51; 20:11 Deuteronomy 6:4–5; 6:1–3; 10:20–22; 10:12–19; 5:1–14; 10:13; 11:2–3; 10:21–22; 11:1; 11:6–12	Hebrew	1–100 CE Herodian	Fragments from a "Phylactery"	^[46]
8QMez	Mezuzah	8Q4	Deuteronomy 10:1–11:21	Hebrew	30 BCE–68 CE Herodian		^[46]
8QHymn	Unidentified hymn	8Q5		Hebrew	Herodian	Non-biblical composition.	^[89]

Qumran Cave 11

edit

Fragment or scroll identifier	Fragment or scroll name	Alternative identifier	English Bible Association	Language	Date/script	Description	Reference
Qumran Cave 11
11QpaleoLev^a	Paleo-Leviticus^a	11Q1	Leviticus 4:24–26; 10:4–7; 11:27–32; 13:3–9; 13:39–43; 14:16–21; 14:52–15:5; 16:2–4; 16:34–17:5; 18:27–19:4; 20:1–6; 21:6–11; 22:21–27; 23:22–29; 24:9–14; 25:28–36; 26:17–26; 27:11–19	Hebrew	Herodian/palaeo-Hebrew script		^[89]
11QLev^b	Leviticus^b	11Q2	Leviticus	Hebrew	Herodian/palaeo-Hebrew script		^[89]
11QDeut	Deuteronomy	11Q3	Deuteronomy 1:4–5; 2:28–30	Hebrew	50 CE Late Herodian		^[46]
11QEzek	Ezekiel	11Q4	Ezekiel	Hebrew	Herodian		^[419]^[420]
11QPs	The Great Psalms Scroll	11Q5	Psalms	Hebrew	Herodian	A unique Psalms scroll with only about a quarter of the Masoretic psalms (in atypical order), three Syriac psalms, one from Ben Sira, and the only known copies of three more unique psalms—Plea for Deliverance, Apostrophe to Zion, and Hymn to the Creator—all of which are unattested by other sources, as well as the short text of David's Compositions.	^[89]
11QPs^a	Psalms	11Q5		Hebrew	Herodian		^[89]
11QPs^b		11Q6	Psalm 77:18–21; 78:1; 109:3–4; 118:1; 118:15–16; 119:163–165; 133:1–3; 141:10; 144:1–2	Hebrew	Herodian		^[89]
11QPs^c		11Q7	Psalm 2:1–8; 9:3–7; 12:5–9; 13:1–6; 14:1–6; 17:9–15; 18:1–12; 19:4–8; 25:2–7	Hebrew	Herodian		^[89]
11QPs^d		11Q8	Psalm 6:2–4; 9:3–6; 18:26–29; 18:39–42; 36:13; 37:1–4; 39:13–14; 40:1; 43:1–3; 45:6–8; 59:5–8; 68:1–5; 68:14–18; 78:5–12; 81:4–9; 86:11–14; 115:16–18; 116:1	Hebrew	Herodian		^[89]
11QPs^e		11Q9	Psalm 50:3–7	Hebrew	Herodian		^[89]
11QtgJob	Targum Job	11Q10	Job	Aramaic	Herodian	A unique Aramaic translation of the Book of Job; presents Job somewhat more favourably.	^[89]
11QapocrPs	Apocryphal Psalms	11Q11	Psalm 91	Hebrew	Herodian	Apocryphal paraphrase of Psalms91	^[89]
11QJub	Jubilees	11Q12		Hebrew	Herodian	Ethiopic text of Jubilees 4:6–11; 4:13–14; 4:16–17; 4:29–31; 5:1–2; 12:15–17; 12:28–29	^[89]
11QMelch	Melchizedek	11Q13	Contains Pesher/commentary on Leviticus 25:13; Deuteronomy 15:2; Psalm 7:8–9; 82:2; Isaiah 52:7; Daniel 9:25; Leviticus 25:9	Hebrew	50–25 BCE or 75–50 BCE Late Hasmonean or Early Herodian	Describes a tenth jubilee and portrays Melchizedek as a messianic agent of salvation, using similar language to that used for Jesus in Hebrews, such as "Heavenly Prince Melchizedek"	^[89]^[46]
11Q Sefer ha-Milhamah	Sefer ha-Milhamah ("The Book of War")	11Q14		Hebrew	Herodian	An account of the final eschatological battle of the Israelites and the Kittim (Romans), including a messianic figure named the "Prince of the Congregation."	^[89]
11QHymns^a	Hymns	11Q15		Hebrew	Herodian		^[89]
11QHymns^b	Hymns	11Q16		Hebrew	Herodian		^[89]
11QShirShabb	Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice	11Q17		Hebrew	Herodian	Collection of 13 hymns describing a heavenly temple service.	^[89]
11QNJ	New Jerusalem	11Q18		Aramaic	Herodian	Appears to be an apocalyptic vision, including some architectural details of a very large city (cf. Ezekiel and Revelation)	^[89]
11QT^a	Temple Scroll	11Q19		Hebrew	Herodian	Rephrases the Pentateuch laws in the spirit of Deuteronomy, seeks to resolve biblical legal conflicts and expand ritual laws.	^[89]
11QT^b	Temple Scroll	11Q20		Hebrew	Herodian		^[89]
11QT^c	Temple Scroll	11Q21		Hebrew	Herodian		^[89]
11Q Unidentified	Unidentified	11Q22		Hebrew	Hasmonean	Unidentified fragments.	^[89]
		11Q23		Hebrew	Hellenistic-Roman		^[89]
		11Q24		Aramaic	Hasmonean		^[89]
		11Q25		Hebrew	Herodian		^[89]
		11Q26		Hebrew	Herodian		^[89]
		11Q27		Hebrew	Hellenistic-Roman		^[89]
		11Q28		Hebrew	Hellenistic-Roman		^[89]
		11Q29				Serekh ha-Yahad related
11Q Unidentified	Unidentified	11Q30		Hebrew	Herodian	Unidentified fragments.	^[89]
11Q Unidentified	Unidentified	11Q31				Unidentified fragment	^[421]
11Q9999	Unidentified				Hellenistic-Roman		^[89]

List of Hebrew Bible manuscripts

Contents

Masorah manuscripts

Proto-Masoretic from Second Temple period (1st century)

Proto-Masoretic from "Silent Period" (2nd–10th century)

Masoretic (7th–10th century)

Later (11th–17th century)

Modern discoveries

Dead Sea Scrolls

Qumran Cave 1

Qumran Cave 2

Qumran Cave 3

Qumran Cave 4

Qumran Cave 5

Qumran Cave 6

Qumran Cave 7

Qumran Cave 8

Qumran Cave 11

See also

Notes

References

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

Languages