This is a list of volcanoes that have had large explosive eruptions during the Holocene (since about 11,650 years Before Present), with a volcanic explosivity index (VEI) of 5 or higher, or a plume height of at least 30 km. To date, there have been no eruptions with a confirmed VEI of 8 in the Holocene; and only a few VEI-7 eruptions are thought to have occurred during this time: the most recent was the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora. This is not a complete list.
VEI | Volcano/complex | Volcanic arc/belt, subregion, or hotspot |
Material volume (km3) | Date | Tephra or eruption name | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bulk | DRE | |||||
5 | Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai | Tonga-Kermadec Islands volcanic arc | 6 6–10[1] | 7.1 7.1[2] | January 15, 2022 | 2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai eruption and tsunami |
5 | Puyehue-Cordón Caulle | Andean Volcanic Belt | 0.76 0.76–1.26[3] | Unknown | June 4, 2011 | 2011–2012 Puyehue-Cordón Caulle eruption |
5 | Mount Hudson | Andean Volcanic Belt | 4.3 4.3–7.6[4] | 1.6 1.6–2.7[5] | August 8, 1991 | |
6 | Mount Pinatubo[6] | Luzon Volcanic Arc | 1010[7] | 4.8 4.8–6.0[8] | June 15, 1991 | 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo |
5 | El Chichón[6] | Chiapanecan Volcanic Arc | 2.2 2.2 | 1.1 1.1[9] | April 4, 1982 | Tephra unit A |
5 | Mount St. Helens[6] | Cascade Volcanic Arc | 1.1 1.1[10] | 0.5 0.5[11] | May 18, 1980 | 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens |
5 | Mount Agung | Sunda Arc, Bali | 1.01 | Unknown | March 17, 1963 | |
5 | Bezymianny[a] | Kamchatka | 1.9 1.9 | Unknown | March 30, 1956 | |
5 | Kharimkotan | Kuril Islands | 11 | Unknown | 1933 | |
5 | Quizapú | Andean Volcanic Belt | 9.5 9.5 | 7 7–10[14] | 1932 April 10–21, 1932 | |
5 | Submarine volcano NNE of Iriomote Island | Japan | 11 | Unknown | 1924-10-31 | |
6 | Novarupta[6] | SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc | 26 26–30 | 13 13–14[15] | June 6, 1912 | |
5 | Ksudach | Kamchatka | 1.75 | Unknown | 1907-03-28 | |
6 | Santa María[6] | Central America Volcanic Arc, Guatemala | 10.7 10.7–11.4 | 6.4 6.4[15] | October 24, 1902 | |
5 | Mount Tarawera | Taupō Volcanic Zone | 2.02 | Unknown | 1886 June 10–15, 1886 | 1886 eruption of Mount Tarawera |
6 | Krakatoa[6] | Sunda Arc | 18 18–25 | 9.0 9.0[16] | August 26, 1883 | 1883 eruption of Krakatoa |
5 | Askja | Iceland | 1.8 1.83 | Unknown | March 28, 1875 | |
5 | Shiveluch | Kamchatka | 2.02 | Unknown | February 18, 1854 | |
5 | Mount Agung | Sunda Arc, Bali | 1 | Unknown | 1843 | |
5 | Cosigüina | Central America Volcanic Arc, Nicaragua | 4.3 4.25 | Unknown | January 20, 1835 | |
5 | Mount Galunggung | Sunda Arc, Java | 2.02 | Unknown | October 8, 1822 | |
7 | Mount Tambora[6] | Sunda Arc, Sumbawa | 144 144–213 | 37 37–50[17] | April 10, 1815 | 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora |
6? | Between Indonesia and Tonga[b] | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | 1808 c.1808 | Undocumented 1808 eruption[19] |
5 | Mount St. Helens | Cascade Volcanic Arc | 1.5 1.5 | Unknown | 1800 c.1800 | T (Goat Rocks) |
5 | Katla | Iceland | 1 | Unknown | 1755-10-17 | |
5 | Mount Tarumae | Hokkaidō | 4 | Unknown | 1739-08-18 | Ta-a |
5 | Katla | Iceland | 1 | Unknown | 1721-05-11 | |
5 | Mount Fuji | Honshū | 1.7 1.7 | Unknown | 1707 December 16, 1707 | Hōei eruption of Mount Fuji |
5 | Tangkoko | Sangihe Volcanic Arc | 1 | Unknown | 1680 | |
5 | Mount Gamkonora | Halmahera Volcanic Arc | 1 | Unknown | 1673-05-20 | |
5 | Mount Tarumae | Hokkaidō | 2.8 | Unknown | 1667-09-24 | Ta-b |
5 | Mount Usu | Hokkaidō | 2.78 | Unknown | 1663-08-16 | |
6 | Long Island, PNG | Bismarck Volcanic Arc | 2121 | 1212[20] | 1660 c.1660 | Tibito tephra |
5 | Shiveluch | Kamchatka | ≥ 2 | Unknown | 1652 CE ±11 | SH1 |
5 | Mount Melibengoy[21] | Mindanao, Philippines | 1.01 | Unknown | 1640 December 26, 1640 | |
5 | Komagatake | Hokkaidō | 2.9 | Unknown | 1640-07-31 | Ko-d |
5 | Mount Vesuvius | Campanian volcanic arc | 1.1 | Unknown | 1631-12-16 | |
5 | Furnas | São Miguel Island, Azores | 2.1 | Unknown | 1630-09-03 | |
5 | Katla | Iceland | 1 | Unknown | 1625-09-02 | |
6 | Huaynaputina | Andes, Central Volcanic Zone | 34 34–35 | 12 12.2[22][23] | 1600 February 19, 1600 | |
5 | Raung | Sunda Arc, Java | 1 | Unknown | 1593 CE | |
5 | Kelud | Sunda Arc, Java | 1.01 | Unknown | 1586 c.1586 | |
6 | Billy Mitchell | Bougainville & Solomon Is. | 13.5 13.5 | Unknown | 1580 c.1580 | BM2 |
5 | Água de Pau | São Miguel Island, Azores | 1.3 | Unknown | 1563-06-28 / 1563-07-26 | |
5 | Mount St. Helens | Cascade Volcanic Arc | 1.5 1.5 | Unknown | 1482 c.1482 | We (Kalama) |
5 | Mount St. Helens | Cascade Volcanic Arc | 7.7 7.7 | Unknown | 1480 c.1480 | Wn (Kalama) |
6 | Bárðarbunga | Iceland | 1010 | Unknown | 1477 c.1477 | Veidivatnahraun |
6 | Öræfajökull | Iceland | 1010 | Unknown | 1362 June 5, 1362 | |
6 | Quilotoa | Andes, Northern Volcanic Zone | 2121 | Unknown | 1280 c.1280 | |
5 | Katla | Iceland | 1 | 1262 CE | ||
7 | Mount Samalas | Lombok Island | 81 81–92 | 33 33–40[24] | 1257 c.1257 | 1257 Samalas eruption[c] |
5 | Mount Asama | Honshū | 1.3 1.3 | Unknown | 1108 August 29, 1108 | Tennin eruption (1108) |
5 | Hekla | Iceland | 1.2 1.2 | Unknown | 1104 c.1104 | H1 tephra |
5 | Shiveluch | Kamchatka | ≥ 2 | 1034 CE ±11 | SH2 | |
5 | Billy Mitchell | Bougainville & Solomon Is. | 7 | 1030 CE | BM1 | |
6 | Baekdu Mountain[6] | Balhae (China – North Korea border) | 40 40–98 | 10 10–64[26] | 0946 c.946 | Millennium eruption Baegdusan-Tomakomai Tephra |
5 | Towada[27] | Honshū | 6.5 6.54 | Unknown | 0915 c.915 | Eruption episode A |
6 | Mount Churchill | eastern Alaska | 50 | 847 CE ±1 | WRAe | |
6 | Rabaul | Bismarck Volcanic Arc | 2424 | Unknown | 0683 c.683 | Rabaul Pyroclastics |
6 | Dakataua | Bismarck Volcanic Arc | 10 | 653 CE ±18 | Dk | |
5 | Shiveluch | Kamchatka | ≥ 2 | 650 CE ±40 | SH3 | |
5 | Shiveluch | Kamchatka | ≥ 2 | 600 CE | ||
5 | Mount Haruna | Honshū | 1.6 | 550 CE ±10 | Futatsudake-Ikaho eruption | |
6-7 | Unknown source | Unknown[d] | Unknown | Unknown | 0536 c.536 | Volcanic winter of 536 |
5 | Mount Vesuvius | Campanian volcanic arc | 1.2 1.2 | Unknown | 0472 c.472 | Pollena |
6 | Lake Ilopango | Central America Volcanic Arc, El Salvador | 104 104–207 | 44 44–95[28][29] | 0430 c.430 | Tierra Blanca Joven eruption |
5 | Akutan | Aleutian Arc | 1 | 340 | Akutan tephra | |
7 | Taupō Volcano[6] | Taupō Volcanic Zone | 110 110 | Unknown | 0232 c.232[e] | Hatepe eruption |
5 | Masaya[6] | Central America Volcanic Arc, Nicaragua | 6.6 | 150 | Masaya Tuff | |
5 | Mount Vesuvius | Campanian volcanic arc | 3.2 3.25 | Unknown | 0079 c.79[f] | Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 |
6 | Ambrym | Vanuatu | 7070 | Unknown | 0050 c.50 | Ambrym Pyroclastic Series |
VEI | Volcano/complex | Volcanic arc/belt, subregion, or hotspot |
Material volume (km3) | Date | Age (ka)[30] |
Tephra or eruption name | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bulk | DRE | ||||||
6 | Okmok Caldera | Umnak, Aleutian Arc | 25 25+[31] | 15 15+[32] | -0043 43 BCE | 2 | Okmok II |
5 | Etna | Campanian volcanic arc | 1.01 | Unknown | -0122 122 BCE | 2.1 | S flank, summit (Cratere del Piano caldera) |
6 | Raoul Island | Kermadec Islands | 28.8 28.8 | Unknown | -0250 250 BCE | 2.2 | Fleetwood |
5 | Mount St. Helens | Cascade Volcanic Arc | 1.2 1.2 | Unknown | -0530 530 BCE | 2.5 | Ps/Pu (Pine Creek) |
5 | Mount Tarumae | Hokkaidō | 3.3 | 550 BCE | Ta-c | ||
5 | Shiveluch | Kamchatka | 1 | 780 BCE | SH5 | ||
5 | Mount Fuji | Honshū | 1 | 930 BCE | Upper SE flank, Tephra layer Zu | ||
5 | Shiveluch | Kamchatka | >1 | 950 BCE | |||
6 | Mount Pinatubo | Luzon Volcanic Arc | 12.5 12.5 | Unknown | -1050 1050 BCE | 3 | Maraunot eruptive period |
5 | Hekla | Iceland | 7.5 | 1100 BCE ±50 | H3 tephra | ||
5 | Mount Tarawera | Taupō Volcanic Zone | 8 | 1310 BCE ±12 | Kaharoa eruption | ||
5 | Mount Fuji | Honshū | 1 | 1350 BCE | Tephra layer Os | ||
5 | Avachinsky | Kamchatka | 1.75 1.75 | Unknown | -1350 1350 BCE | 3.3 | Tephra layer IIAV3 |
6 | Taupō Volcano | Taupō Volcanic Zone | 1717 | Unknown | -1460 1460 BCE | 3.4 | Waimihia eruption |
5 | Avachinsky | Kamchatka | 3.6 ≥ 3.6 | Unknown | -1500 1500 BCE | 3.5 | Tephra layer AV1 |
5 | Hayes Volcano | SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc | 8.1 | 1550 BCE | Hayes Tephra set H | ||
6 | Youngest Caldera, Santorini | South Aegean Volcanic Arc | 34.5 34.5[33] | -1610 1610 BCE | 3.6 | Minoan eruption | |
6 | Mount St. Helens | Cascade Volcanic Arc | 15.3 15.3 | Unknown | -1860 1860 BCE | 3.8 | Yn (Smith Creek) |
6 | Mount Hudson | Andes, Southern Volcanic Zone | 1212 | Unknown | -1890 1890 BCE | 3.8 | |
5 | Mount Dana | SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc | 1 | 1890 BCE | 1890 BCE eruption | ||
5 | Shiveluch | Kamchatka | >1 | 2000 BCE | SHsp | ||
6-7 | Deception Island[34] | South Shetland Islands | Unknown | 30 30-60 | -1960 1960 BCE | 4 | Outer Coast Tuff |
6 | Long Island, PNG | Bismarck Volcanic Arc | 10 >10 | Unknown | -2040 2040 BCE | 4 | biliau beds |
5 | Rungwe | Great Rift Valley, Tanzania | 2.2 | 2050 BCE | Rungwe pumice | ||
5 | Nishiyama, Hachijō-jima | Izu–Bonin–Mariana Arc | 1.2 | 2050 BCE | Mitsune-7 scoria | ||
5 | Shiveluch | Kamchatka | >1 | 2100 BCE | SHsp | ||
7 | Paektu Mountain | Balhae (China – North Korea border) | Unknown | Unknown | -2264 2264 BCE? | 4.2–5.1[35] | Tianwenfeng eruption |
7 | Cerro Blanco (Argentina) | Andes, Central Volcanic Zone | 172 172 | 8 8–83[36] | -2300 2300 BCE | 4.3 | |
5 | Hekla | Iceland | 5.6 | 2310 BCE ±20 | H4 tephra | ||
5 | Mount St. Helens | Cascade Volcanic Arc | 1.2 1.2 | Unknown | -2340 2340 BCE | 4.3 | Yb (Smith Creek) |
5 | Piton de la Fournaise | Réunion | 1.8 | 2700 BCE | Bellecombe Ash Member | ||
5 | Ilyinsky | Kamchatka | 1.3 | 2850 BCE | ZLT-tephra; IL-tephra | ||
5 | Água de Pau | São Miguel Island, Azores | 5.4 | 2990 BCE | Fogo A | ||
5 | Lake Numazawa[27] | Honshū | 4.71 | 3400 BCE | |||
5 | Shiveluch | Kamchatka | ≥ 2 | 3500 BCE | |||
6 | Mount Pinatubo | Luzon Volcanic Arc | 12 12? | Unknown | -3550 3550 BCE | 5.5 | Crow Valley eruptive period |
7 | Taal Volcano | Luzon Volcanic Arc | 150 150> | 9090[37] | -3580 3580 BCE | 5.5 | Taal scoria pyroclastic flow |
5 | Shiveluch | Kamchatka | ≥ 2 | 3650 BCE | |||
5 | Kaguyak | SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc | 3.9 | 3850 BCE | Caldera formation | ||
6 | Masaya Volcano | Central America Volcanic Arc, Nicaragua | 14.8 14.8 | Unknown | -4050 4050 BCE | 6 | |
5 | Towada | Honshū | 9.18 | 4150 BCE | eruption episode C | ||
5 | Apoyeque | Central America Volcanic Arc, Nicaragua | 1.9 | 4160 BCE ±30 | Laguna Xiloá | ||
5 | Avachinsky | Kamchatka | 4.0 ≥ 4 | Unknown | -4340 4340 BCE | 6.3 | Tephra layer IAv12; AV4 |
6-7 | Macauley Island | Kermadec Islands | 100 ⩽ 100 | Unknown | -4360 4360 BCE | 6.3 | |
5 | Shiveluch | Kamchatka | ≥ 2 | 4400 BCE | |||
5 | Komagatake | Hokkaidō | 3 | 4600 BCE ±50 | Ko-g | ||
5 | Nishiyama, Hachijō-jima | Izu–Bonin–Mariana Arc | 1.2 | 4650 BCE | Mitsune-5 scoria | ||
6 | Mount Hudson | Andes, Southern Volcanic Zone | 1818 | Unknown | -4750 4750 BCE | 6.7 | |
5 | Ksudach | Kamchatka | 7.5 | 4900 BCE | KS2 | ||
5 | Tavui | Bismarck Volcanic Arc | 5.75 | 4946 BCE ±40 | Raluan Pyroclastics | ||
5 | Hekla | Iceland | 1.7 | 5150 BCE | H5 tephra | ||
5 | Ksudach | Kamchatka | 3 | 5200 BCE | KS3 | ||
5 | Ichinsky | Kamchatka | 2.5 | 5400 BCE | |||
5 | Shiveluch | Kamchatka | 1.2 | 5500 BCE | |||
6 | Lake Mashū | Hokkaidō | 18.6 18.6 | Unknown | -5550 5550 BCE | 7.5 | Ma-f/g/h/i/j |
6 | Khangar | Kamchatka | 1515 | Unknown | -5700 5700 BCE | 7.7 | KHG tephra |
5 | Avachinsky | Kamchatka | 99 | Unknown | -5980 5980 BCE | 7.9 | Tephra layer IAv2 |
6 | Menengai | East African Rift | 7070 | Unknown | -6050 6050 BCE | 8 | |
5 | Mount Tarawera | Taupō Volcanic Zone | 1.2 | 6060 BCE ±50 | Haroharo (Te Horoa & other domes) | ||
5 | Makushin Volcano | Unalaska, Aleutian Arc | 7.5 | 6100 BCE ±50 | |||
6 | Karkar Island | Bismarck Volcanic Arc | 2020 | Unknown | -6318 6318 BCE | 8.3 | Wadau deposit |
5 | Kizimen | Kamchatka | 4.9 | 6400 BCE ±50 | KZII | ||
6 | Karymsky | Kamchatka | 14.5 14.5 | Unknown | -6600 6600 BCE | 8.6 | Tephra layer KRM |
5 | Shiveluch | Kamchatka | 1 | 6800 BCE | |||
5 | Mount Tarumae | Hokkaidō | 1.9 | 6950 BCE | Ta-d | ||
5 | Shiveluch | Kamchatka | ≥ 2 | 7150 BCE | |||
5 | Towada | Honshū | 2.5 | 7250 BCE | eruption episode E | ||
5 | Shiveluch | Kamchatka | ≥ 1 | 7300 BCE | |||
6 | Mount Pinatubo | Luzon Volcanic Arc | 10 ⩾10 | Unknown | -7460 7460 BCE | 9.4 | Tayawan caldera, Pasbul eruptive period |
5 | Mount Tarawera | Taupō Volcanic Zone | 7560 BCE ±18 | Lake Rotoma | |||
6 | Água de Pau | São Miguel Island, Azores | 11.5 11.5 | Unknown | -8000 8000 BCE | 10 | Inner Caldera Formation |
7 | Semisopochnoi Island | Aleutian Arc | 120 120 | Unknown | -8000 8000 BCE | 10 | |
5 | Kizimen | Kamchatka | 4 | 8050 BCE | KZI | ||
6 | Grímsvötn | Iceland | 1515 | Unknown | -8230 8230 BCE | 10.2 | Saksunarvatn tephra |
5 | Lake Ngozi | Great Rift Valley, Tanzania | 7 | 8250 BCE | Kitulo pumice | ||
5 | Towada | Honshū | 1.3 | 8250 BCE | eruption episode F | ||
6 | Longonot | Great Rift Valley, Kenya | 5050 | Unknown | -8910 8910 BCE | 10.9 | |
5 | Mount Tongariro | Taupō Volcanic Zone | 1 | 9350 BCE | |||
5 | Mount Tongariro | Taupō Volcanic Zone | 1 | 9450 BCE | Poutu Lapilli (Mangamate) | ||
5 | Mount Tongariro | Taupō Volcanic Zone | 1 | 9650 BCE |
VEI | Volcano/complex | Volcanic arc/belt, subregion, or hotspot |
Material volume bulk (km3) |
Date (earliest est.) |
Date (latest est.) |
Tephra or eruption name |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5 | Sakurajima | Kyūshū | 1 | 1471 c.1471 | 1476 c.1476 | |
5 | Mount Pinatubo | Luzon Volcanic Arc | 1 | 1400 c.1400 | 1500 c.1500 | Buag eruptive period |
5 | El Chichón | Chiapanecan Volcanic Arc | 2.8 | 1260 c.1260 | 1460 c.1460 | |
5 | Ubinas | Andes, Central Volcanic Zone | 2.8 | 1000 c.1000 | 1164 c.1164 | |
5 | Lake Mashū | Hokkaidō | 4.6 | 980 c.980 | 1180 c.1180 | Ma-b |
5 | Puyehue | Andean Volcanic Belt | 4.32 | 0785 c.785 | 0935 c.935 | MH tephra |
6 | Ceboruco | Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt | 10.9 10.95 | 0730 c.730 | 1130 c.1130 | Jala Pumice |
5 | El Chichón | Chiapanecan Volcanic Arc | >1 | 0680 c.680 | 0880 c.880 | tephra unit D |
6 | Pago | Bismarck Volcanic Arc | 20.020 | 0635 c.635 | 0785 c.785 | Witori-Galilo tephra |
5 | Pago | Bismarck Volcanic Arc | 6 | 0600 c.600 | 0780 c.780 | Witori-Kimbe 4 tephra |
5 | Opala | Kamchatka | 3.7 | 0560 c.560 | 0660 c.660 | Baranii Amphitheatre crater |
5 | Pago | Bismarck Volcanic Arc | 6 | 0210 c.210 | 0410 c.410 | Witori-Kimbe 3 tephra |
6 | Mount Churchill | eastern Alaska | 10.010 | 0145 c.145 | 0345 c.345 | WRAn |
6 | Ksudach | Kamchatka | 18.5 18.5 | 0140 c.140 | 0340 c.340 | KS1 |
5 | Furnas | São Miguel Island, Azores | 1.54 | -0020 20 BCE | 0180 c.180 | Tephra layer C |
6 | Apoyeque | Central America Volcanic Arc, Nicaragua | 18.018 | -0150 150 BCE | 0150 c.50 | |
5 | Masaya[6] | Central America Volcanic Arc, Nicaragua | 3.4 | -0270 270 BCE | -0070 70 BCE | Masaya Tuff |
5 | Popocatépetl | Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt | 3.2 | -0500 500 BCE | 0150 c.100 | I.A1 Yellow Pumice |
5 | Mount Meager massif | Garibaldi Volcanic Belt | 0.1 ⩾ 1 | -0610 610 BCE | -0210 210 BCE | Bridge River eruption |
5 | Mount Tongariro | Taupō Volcanic Zone | 1.2 | -0750 750 BCE | -0350 350 BCE | |
5 | Khodutka | Kamchatka | 1.25 | -1030 1030 BCE | -830 830 BCE | KHD tephra |
5 | Yantarni Volcano | SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc | 1 | -1300 1300 BCE | -300 300 BCE | |
6 | Pago | Bismarck Volcanic Arc | 30.030 | -1530 1530 BCE | -1210 1210 BCE | Witori-Kimbe 2 tephra |
5 | Etna | Campanian volcanic arc | 0.21 | -1550 1550 BCE | -1450 1450 BCE | |
6 | Mount Aniakchak | SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc | 50.050 | -1636 1636 BCE | -1446 1446 BCE | Aniakch |
5 | Mount St. Helens | Cascade Volcanic Arc | 3.5 3.5 | -1870 1870 BCE | -1670 1670 BCE | Ye (Smith Creek) ak II |
5 | Villarrica | Andean Volcanic Belt | 3.3 | -2010 2010 BCE | -1610 1610 BCE | Pucón Ignimbrite |
6 | Black Peak | SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc | 30.030 | -2050 2050 BCE | -1750 1750 BCE | |
5 | El Chichón | Chiapanecan Volcanic Arc | 2 | -2130 2130 BCE | -1930 1930 BCE | Unit K (SI; Espindola 2000) Unit E (Macias 1997) |
5 | Mount Galunggung | Sunda Arc, Java | 1 | -2400 2400 BCE | -2100 2100 BCE | |
6 | Mount Veniaminof | SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc | 50.1 >50 | -2455 2455 BCE | -2153 2153 BCE | V2 |
6 | Mount Vesuvius | Campanian volcanic arc | 2.0 2.0 | -2460 2460 BCE | -2380 2380 BCE | Avellino eruption |
5 | Phlegraean Fields | Campanian volcanic arc | 1.8 | -2650 2650 BCE | -1650 1650 BCE | Agnano Monte Spina |
5 | Lake Ikeda | Kyūshū | 2.3 | -2765 2765 BCE | -2615 2615 BCE | Ikeda-ko caldera, Tephra layer Ikp |
5 | Shiveluch | Kamchatka | >1 | -2920 2920 BCE | -2320 2320 BCE | SHdv |
5-6 | Fisher Caldera | Unimak, Aleutian Arc | 5.5 (DRE) | -3245 3245 BCE | -3095 3095 BCE | Turquoise Cone |
5 | Chaitén | Andean Volcanic Belt | 4.7 | -3320 3320 BCE | -2880 2880 BCE | Cha2/Mic2 tephra |
5 | Avachinsky | Kamchatka | 1.5 1.5 | -3350 3350 BCE | -3050 3050 BCE | Tephra layer IAv20; AV3 |
5 | Mount Tarawera | Taupō Volcanic Zone | 6 | -3621 3621 BCE | -3431 3431 BCE | Whakatane tephra |
5 | Popocatépetl | Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt | ⩾ 5 | -4000 4000 BCE | -3400 3400 BCE | I.A1 Yellow Pumice |
5 | Apoyeque | Central America Volcanic Arc, Nicaragua | 1 | -4050 4050 BCE | -1050 1050 BCE | W Chiltepe Peninsula, Mateare Tephra |
6 | Pago | Bismarck Volcanic Arc | 10.010 | -4210 4210 BCE | -3790 3790 BCE | Witori-Kimbe 1 tephra |
5 | Hekla | Iceland | 1 | -4210 4210 BCE | -4010 4010 BCE | Hekla Ö tephra |
5 | Mayor Island / Tūhua | Taupō Volcanic Zone | 1.6 | -5260 5260 BCE | -4860 4860 BCE | Taratimi Bay |
5 | Puyehue | Andean Volcanic Belt | 1.66 | -5230 5230 BCE | -4930 4930 BCE | PU-2 tephra |
7 | Kikai Caldera | Ryukyu Islands | 170 170–185[g] | -5353 5353 BCE | -5215 5215 BCE | Akahoya eruption |
7 | Crater Lake (asMount Mazama) |
Cascade Volcanic Arc | 120 120[h] | -5832 5832 BCE | -5734 5734 BCE | Mazama Tephra |
5-6 | Crater Lake | Cascade Volcanic Arc | 8.9 >9 | -5950 5950 BCE | -5850 5850 BCE | Lower Pumice, Llao Rock |
6 | Mount Aniakchak | Aleutian Arc | 30.030 | -7550 7550 BCE | -5050 5050 BCE | Aniakchak I |
6 | Tao-Rusyr Caldera | Onekotan, Kuril Islands | 55.055 | -6438 6438 BCE | -6258 6258 BCE | |
7 | Kurile Lake | Kamchatka | 155 155 | -6462 6462 BCE | -6416 6416 BCE | Ilinsky eruption |
5 | Pico de Orizaba | Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt | 1 | -6860 6860 BCE | -6560 6560 BCE | Upper Citlaltépetl ignimbrite |
5-6 | Mount Vesuvius | Campanian volcanic arc | 5.1 5.1 | -7040 7040 BCE | -6840 6840 BCE | Mercato eruption |
6 | Okmok Caldera | Umnak, Aleutian Arc | 7575 | -8456 8456 BCE | -6096 6096 BCE | Okmok I |
6 | Morne Trois Pitons | Dominica, Lesser Antilles island arc | 5858 | -7535 7535 BCE | -7347 7347 BCE | PPR3 - Link fall |
5 | Shiveluch | Kamchatka | ≥ 2 | -7550 7550 BCE | -7250 7250 BCE | |
5 | Calbuco | Southern Chile & Argentina | 1 | -7585 7585 BCE | -5935 5935 BCE | Ca8 tephra layer |
5 | Chaitén | Andean Volcanic Belt | 3.54 | -7950 7950 BCE | -7550 7550 BCE | Cha1 tephra |
5 | Roundtop Volcano | Unimak, Aleutian Arc | 7 | -8100 8100 BCE | -7100 7100 BCE | |
6 | Ulleung | South Korea | 28.5 28.5 | -8305 8305 BCE[40] | -8227 8227 BCE[40] | Ulleungdo-Oki tephra |
5 | Taupō Volcano | Taupō Volcanic Zone | 4.8 | -8330 8330 BCE | -7930 7930 BCE | Unit E (Opepe Tephra) |
5 | Calbuco | Southern Chile & Argentina | 1 | -8615 8615 BCE | -8305 8305 BCE | Ca1 tephra layer |
6 | Lvinaya Past | Kuril Islands | 7575 | -8756 8756 BCE | -8614 8614 BCE | |
6 | Aira | Kyūshū | 12 | -9050 9050 BCE | -7050 7050 BCE | Wakamiko Caldera |
5 | Askja | Iceland | 3.45 | -9110 9110 BCE | -8710 8710 BCE | Dyngjufjöll Tephra |
7 | Fisher Caldera | Unimak, Aleutian Arc | 142 142[i] | -9114 9114 BCE | -8330 8330 BCE | Fisher Tuff |
5 | Taupō Volcano | Taupō Volcanic Zone | 1 | -9315 9315 BCE | -9165 9165 BCE | 4 km W of Te Kohaiakahu Point, Unit C (Poronui) |
5 | Taupō Volcano | Taupō Volcanic Zone | 1.4 | -9660 9660 BCE | -9260 9260 BCE | |
5 | Hijiori | Honshū | 2.3 | -10050 10050 BCE | -9050 9050 BCE | Obanazawa Pumice |