The Makassar languages are a group of languages spoken in the southern part of South Sulawesi province, Indonesia, and make up one of the branches of the South Sulawesi subgroup in the Austronesian language family.[1][2] The most prominent member of this group is Makassarese, with over two million speakers in the city of Makassar and neighboring areas.
Makassar | |
---|---|
Geographic distribution | Sulawesi |
Linguistic classification | Austronesian
|
Subdivisions | |
Glottolog | maka1310 |
The status of the Makassar languages other than Makassarese as distinct languages is not universally accepted. In older classifications,[3] but also in recent studies by local linguists,[4] they are considered to be dialects of the Makassarese language.
A characteristic feature of the Makassar languages is the occurrence of echo vowels with stems ending in final /r/, /l/or/s/. E.g. /botol/ 'bottle' is realized as bótoloinSelayar and Coastal Konjo, and as bótoloʔinMakassarese (the latter regularly adds a glottal stop to the echo vowel). This echo vowel is dropped if a suffix is added, but retained if followed by an enclitic.[5]
Makassarese | Selayar | |
---|---|---|
base | /rantas/ rántasaʔ 'dirty' |
/lambus/ lámbusu 'straight' |
with suffix | /rantas/ + /-aŋ/ rantás-aŋ 'dirtier' |
/lambus/ + /-aŋ/ lambús-aŋ 'straighter' |
with enclitic | /rantas/ + /=ak/ rántasak=aʔ 'I am dirty' |
/lambus/ + /=a/ lámbusu=a 'I am straight' |
Makassarese | Coastal Konjo | Selayar | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gowa (Standard) | Jeneponto | Bantaeng | |||
to make | appareʼ | aʼbayu | anghaju | aʼbuaʼ | |
to sit | ammempo | accidong | accidong | attolong | |
hungry | cipuruʼ | paʼre | paʔre | paʔre | |
why | angngapa | angngura | angngura | angngura | |
many, much | jai | loe | lohe | lohe | |
friend | agang | urang | urang | urang | |
with | siagang | surang | siurang | siurang | surang |
water | jeʼneʼ | ere | ere | jeʼneʼ | |
egg | bayao | bajao | tannoro | ||
dog | kongkong | asu | asu | asu | |
cat | miong | cammiʼ | cammiʼ, meong | meong | |
leaf | lekoʼ | raung | raung | taha | |
black | leʼleng | bolong | etang | ||
white | keboʼ | pute | pute | ||
eight | sagantuju | karua | karua | ||
nine | salapang | salapang | kaʼassa | ||
vegetable | gangang | utang | gangang | ||
house | ballaʼ | ballaʔ, bola | sapo |