Wine – alcoholic beverage typically made of fermentedgrape juice.[1] The natural chemical balance of grapes is such that they can ferment without the addition of sugars, acids, enzymes or other nutrients.[2] Wine is produced by fermenting crushed grapes using various types of yeast. Yeast consumes the sugars found in the grapes and converts them into alcohol.[1] Different varieties of grapes and strains of yeasts are used depending on the type of wine being produced.
Ethanol – the type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages. It is a volatile, flammable, colorless liquid, and also a psychoactive drug.
Fermented grape juice – what wine is made from
Fermentation – process that turns grape juice into an alcoholic beverage. During fermentation yeast interact with sugars in the juice to create ethanol.
Grape – fruit that grows on the perennial and deciduous woody vines of the genus Vitis. Grapes can be eaten raw or used for making jam, juice, vinegar, wine, raisins, and grape seed oil.
Juice – the liquid that is naturally contained in fruit or vegetable tissue.
Aromatized wine – A fortified wine with added herbs, spices, or flavorings.
Dessert wine – A category of sweet wines served with dessert.
Fortified wine – Fortified wine is a wine that has had a distilled spirit added to it in order to end fermentation, help preservation, or influence flavor. The addition of additional ethanol kills yeast, leaving a wine that is high in sugar and alcohol content.[3]
Fruit wine – Fruit wine is a fermented alcoholic beverage made from a variety of base ingredients and can be made from virtually any plant matter that can be fermented. The fruits used in winemaking are fermented using yeast and aged in wood barrels to improve the taste and flavor quality.[4]
Ice wine – Ice wine is a type of dessert wine made from frozen grapes. Grapes are frozen on the vine around 20 °F (-7 °C), and late crushed in a grape press. The sugars in the grapes do not freeze, thus creating wine with higher sugar concentrations. Ice wine production is risky because many grapes do not survive the cold temperatures—resulting in ice wines being generally expensive.[5]
Orange wine – Amber wine gets its name from its deep orange color. This wine is made by leaving white wine grapes in contact with the skins, stems, and seeds during fermentation.[6]
Red wine – A still wine with red to purple hues created by grape skin pigments, made from dark-colored grapes
Rosé – Rosé is a style of wine that is made by juicing red grapes and allowing them to macerate for a short period to give the juice a pinkish hue. The maceration step only lasts two to three days and after that, the skins are removed, and the juice is allowed to ferment. Provence, France is the region that is most famous for the best rosés in the world.[7]
Sparkling wine – Sparkling wine is made by fermenting wine twice. During the second fermentation, the wine is aged with lees at the bottom of the wine barrel. While the wine is being aged, the autolysis of yeast occurs which gives the wine the sparkling component.[8]
Straw wine – Straw wines are made from a centuries-old method of laying grapes out on straw mats for long periods to be dehydrated by the sun. The dehydration results in more concentrated flavors and sugars in the grapes, leading to typically sweeter wines. They are often paired with desserts, fruit, and charcuterie, or served as an aperitif.[9]
Grape varieties – below are some examples of grape varieties from which wine is made:
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Must – freshly pressed fruit juice (usually grape juice) that contains the skins, seeds, and stems of the fruit.
Pomace – solid remains of grapes, olives, or other fruit after pressing for juice or oil. It contains the skins, pulp, seeds, and stems of the fruit. In winemaking, the length of time that the pomace stays in the juice is critical for the final character of the wine.
Maceration – the soaking of fruit skins and other material in must that is an important process by which phenolics and volatiles present in the unprocessed fruit may be extracted. Maceration time has a primary role in the appearance and sensory attributes of the finished wine.[10]
Neolithic Period – The earliest marks of viticulture can be traced back to Georgia, where archaeologists found grape pips similar to those of vitis vinifera sativa from as early as the 6th millennium B.C. Wine production during this period was most likely done through the use of kvevri, large earthenware pottery used for fermentation and storage.[11]
Ancient Greece and wine – The ancient Greeks pioneered new methods of viticulture and wine production which they shared with early winemaking communities in what are now France, Italy, Austria and Russia, as well as others through trade and colonization.
Ancient Scandinavia – The Ancient Scandinavians produced a grog that was an alcoholic mixture of grains, honey, herbs, fruits, and occasionally even grape wine. Grog has been dated to the years 1500-200 BC, and Ancient Greek and Roman texts have dismissed grog as "barley rotted in water" rather than actual wine.[12]
European Union: Protected Designation of Origin (PDO)
Austria: Districtus Austriae Controllatus (DAC)
Cyprus: Ελεγχόμενη Ονομασία Προέλευσης
France: Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC)
Germany: German wine classification
Greece: ονομασία προελεύσεως ελεγχομένη
Italy: Denominazione di Origine Controllata (DOC)
Luxembourg: Appellation contrôlée
Portugal: Denominação de Origem Controlada (DOC)
Romania: Denumire de Origine Controlată (DOC)
Spain: Denominación de origen protegida (DOP)
Switzerland: Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC)
Australia: Geographical Indications (GI)
Argentina: Denominación de origen - see also Argentine wine
Canada: Vintners Quality Alliance (VQA)
Brazil: Denominação de Origem (DO)
Chile: see Chilean wine
South Africa: Wine of Origin (WO)
United Kingdom: Protected Designation of Origin (PDO)
United States: American Viticultural Area (AVA)
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