Stress shielding

Stress shielding is the reduction in bone density (osteopenia) as a result of removal of typical stress from the bone by an implant (for instance, the femoral component of a hip prosthesis).^[1] This is because by Wolff's law,^[2] bone in a healthy person or animal remodels in response to the loads it is placed under. It is possible to mention the elastic modulus of magnesium (41–45 GPa) compared to titanium (110–127 GPa), stainless steel (189–205 GPa), iron (211.4 GPa), or zinc (78–121 GPa), which makes it further analogous to the natural bone of the body (3–20 GPa) and prevents stress shielding phenomena.^[3]^[4] Porous implantation is one typical alleviation method.^[5]^[6]

References

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^ Ibrahim, H.; Esfahani, S. N.; Poorganji, B.; Dean, D.; Elahinia, M. (January 2017). "Resorbable bone fixation alloys, forming, and post-fabrication treatments". Materials Science and Engineering: C. 70 (1): 870–888. doi:10.1016/j.msec.2016.09.069. PMID 27770965.

^ Frost, HM (1994). "Wolff's Law and bone's structural adaptations to mechanical usage: an overview for clinicians". The Angle Orthodontist. 64 (3): 175–188. PMID 8060014.

^ Kong, Lingyun; Heydari, Zahra; Lami, Ghadeer Hazim; Saberi, Abbas; Baltatu, Madalina Simona; Vizureanu, Petrica (3 July 2023). "A Comprehensive Review of the Current Research Status of Biodegradable Zinc Alloys and Composites for Biomedical Applications". Materials. 16 (13): 4797. Bibcode:2023Mate...16.4797K. doi:10.3390/ma16134797. PMC 10343804. PMID 37445111.

^ Saberi, A.; Bakhsheshi-Rad, H.R.; Karamian, E.; Kasiri-Asgarani, M.; Ghomi, H. (April 2020). "Magnesium-graphene nano-platelet composites: Corrosion behavior, mechanical and biological properties". Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 821: 153379. doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.153379. S2CID 214172320.

^ Dhandapani, Ramya; Krishnan, Priya Dharshini; Zennifer, Allen; Kannan, Vishal; Manigandan, Amrutha; Arul, Michael R.; Jaiswal, Devina; Subramanian, Anuradha; Kumbar, Sangamesh Gurappa; Sethuraman, Swaminathan (March 2020). "Additive manufacturing of biodegradable porous orthopaedic screw". Bioactive Materials. 5 (3): 458–467. doi:10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.03.009. PMC 7139166. PMID 32280835.

^ US patent 5702449, William F. McKay, "Reinforced porous spinal implants", published 1997-12-30, issued 1997-12-30, assigned to Danek Medical, Inc., Memphis, Tenn. and SDGI Holdings Inc.

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