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The Tone River (利根川, Tone-gawa) is a river in the Kantō regionofJapan. It is 322 kilometers (200 mi) in length (the second longest in Japan after the Shinano) and has a drainage area of 16,840 square kilometers (6,500 sq mi) (the largest in Japan). It is nicknamed Bandō Tarō (坂東太郎); Bandō is an obsolete alias of the Kantō Region, and Tarō is a popular given name for an oldest son.[1] It is regarded as one of the "Three Greatest Rivers" of Japan, the others being the YoshinoinShikoku and the ChikugoinKyūshū.
| Tone River | |
|---|---|
| |
 | |
| Native name | 利根川 (Japanese) |
| Location | |
| Country | Japan |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Source | Mount Ōminakami |
| • location | Minakami, Gunma |
| • coordinates | 37°03′16″N 139°06′05″E / 37.05444°N 139.10139°E / 37.05444; 139.10139 |
| • elevation | 1,831 m (6,007 ft) |
| Mouth | Pacific Ocean |
• location | Chōshi, Chiba |
• coordinates | 35°44′45″N 140°51′07″E / 35.74583°N 140.85194°E / 35.74583; 140.85194 |
• elevation | 0 m (0 ft) |
| Length | 322 km (200 mi) |
| Basin size | 16,840 km2 (6,500 sq mi) |
| Discharge | |
| • average | 256 m3/s (9,000 cu ft/s) |
The source of the Tone River is at Mount Ōminakami [Wikidata] (大水上山) (1,831 meters (6,007 ft)) in the Echigo Mountains, which straddle the border between Gunma and Niigata Prefectures in Jōshin'etsu Kōgen National Park.[1] The Tone gathers tributaries and pours into the Pacific OceanatCape Inubō, ChoshiinChiba Prefecture.[2]
Major tributaries of the Tone River include the Agatsuma, Watarase, Kinu, Omoi, and the Kokai River [Wikidata]. The Edo River branches away from the river and flows into Tokyo Bay.
The Tone River was once known for its uncontrollable nature, and its route changed whenever floods occurred. It is hard to trace its ancient route, but it originally flowed into Tokyo Bay along the route of the present-day Edo River, and tributaries like the Watarase and Kinu had independent river systems. For the sake of water transportation and flood control, extensive construction began in the 17th century during the Tokugawa shogunate, when the Kantō region became the political center of Japan.[3] The course of the river was significantly changed, and the present route of the river was determined during the Meiji period,[4] with the assistance of Dutch civil engineer Anthonie Rouwenhorst Mulder.[5] Its vast watershed is thus largely artificial.
Two ships of the Imperial Japanese Navy were named after the river, oneofWorld War I vintage and another from World War II, the lead shipofits class.
As a result of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster radioactive cesium concentrations of 110 becquerels per kilogram were found in silver crucian carp fish caught in the Tone River in April 2012. The river is 180 kilometres (110 mi) from the Fukushima Daiichi Plant. Six fishery cooperatives and 10 towns along the river were asked to stop all shipments of fish caught in the Tone.[6]
The Tone River was an indispensable inland water link between the capitol at Edo, and later Tokyo, to the Pacific Ocean. It carried not only local products like soy sauce from Choshi, but also products from the Tōhoku region, in order to save time and to avoid risk in the open sea. With the advent of the railway in the 19th century major shipping on the Tone quickly declined, and inland ports such as Noda, Sekiyado, now part of Noda, Nagareyama, and Sawara, now part of Katori diminished in importance.[2] Today the river has several dams that supply water for more than 30 million inhabitants of metropolitan Tokyo and large-scale industrial areas such as the Keiyō Industrial Zone.
The Minakami onsen area in Gunma Prefecture is near the source for the Tone River and during the spring snow melt period, April–June, the river provides consistent grade 4 rapids (on the International Scale of River Difficulty) over a 12 kilometers (7.5 mi) stretch. The river provides some of the best white water rafting and kayaking in Japan. The snow melt swells the river to grade 4 in spring; in the summer it is a gentle grade 2. The Momijikyo section has 7 grade 3-4 rapids for 1 kilometer (0.62 mi) and is 12 kilometers (7.5 mi) long in total.[7]
The Tone River is home to Japan's longest car free cycling path. At over 220km long the Tone River Cycling Road 利根川サイクリングロード starts in Shibukawa City, Gunma and runs all the way to Choshi City, Chiba. The total route is over 230km but the final 10km or so into Choshi is on a road. The remaining 220km is on detached cycling paths high up on the river bank with great views of mountains while in Gunma and large rice fields and agriculture as you approach the ocean. [8]
Media related to Tone River at Wikimedia Commons