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Trans-Siberian Railway





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(Redirected from Trans-Siberian railroad)
 


The Trans-Siberian Railway,[a] historically known as the Great Siberian Route[b] and often shortened to Transsib,[c] is a large railway system that connects European Russia to the Russian Far East.[1] Spanning a length of over 9,289 kilometers (5,772 miles), it is the longest railway line in the world.[2] It runs from the city of Moscow in the west to the city of Vladivostok in the east.

Trans-Siberian Railway
VL85 container haul along the coast of Lake Baikal (2008)
Overview
Native nameТранссибирская магистраль (Russian)
StatusOperational
OwnerGovernment of Russia
Locale Russia
Termini
  • Vladivostok
  • Service
    Type
  • commuter
  • freight
  • SystemFER, SZhD, V-SibZhD, Z-SibZhD, KrasZhD, SvZhD, ZabZhD
    Operator(s)Russian Railways
    History
    CommencedMarch 9, 1891 (1891-03-09)
    OpenedJune 21, 1904 (1904-06-21)
    Technical
    Line length9,289 km (5,772 mi)
    Number of tracks3
    CharacterLong-haul route
    Track gauge1,520 mm (4 ft 11+2732 in) Russian gauge
    Electrification3 kV DC/25 kV 50 Hz AC overhead line
    Operating speed60–140 km/h (37–87 mph)

    Route map

    0 km
    0 mi
    Moscow
    Yaroslavsky
    Terminal

    59 km
    37 mi
    Khotkovo

    73 km
    45 mi
    Sergiyev Posad

    Greater Ring of the Moscow Railway

    112 km
    70 mi
    Alexandrov

    130 km
    81 mi
    Balakirevo

    145 km
    90 mi
    Berendeevo

    165 km
    103 mi
    Ryazantsevo

    191 km
    119 mi
    Silnitsi

    200 km
    124 mi
    Petrovskoye

    210 km
    130 mi
    Debolovskaya

    224 km
    139 mi
    Rostov-Yaroslavsky

    239 km
    149 mi
    Semibratovo

    262 km
    163 mi
    Kozmodemyansk

    281 km
    175 mi
    Yaroslavl

    284 km
    176 mi
    Yaroslavl-Glavny

    289 km
    180 mi

    356 km
    221 mi
    Danilov

    Sot

    394 km
    245 mi
    Lyubim

    Seksha

    Brodni

    Korega

    to Vologda

    450 km
    280 mi
    Bui

    Rossolovo

    Khramki

    501 km
    311 mi
    Galich

    Krasilnikovo

    Loparevo

    Monakovo

    Antrolovo

    Nikkolo-Ugol

    Nikolo-Poloma

    Nomzha

    Yelenskiy

    Neva

    Nelsha

    Brantovka

    Petrushino

    Kostrikha

    651 km
    405 mi
    Manturovo

    Vocherovo

    Shekshema

    Varakinskiy

    698 km
    434 mi
    Sharya

    Zeblyaki

    Yakshanga

    Burunduchikha

    Suprotivniy

    Metil

    Gostovskaya

    Shabalino

    818 km
    508 mi
    Svetcha

    Yuma

    Kapidantsi

    Atsvezh

    Darovitsa

    toNizhny Novgorod & Moscow

    870 km
    541 mi
    Kotelnich

    Bistryagi

    Orichi

    Strizhi

    Lyangasovo

    Chukhlominskiy

    957 km
    595 mi
    Kirov

    975 km
    606 mi
    Pozdino

    Poloy

    995 km
    618 mi
    Bum-Kombinat

    Prosnitsa

    Ardashi

    Rekmino

    1052 km
    654 mi
    Zuevka

    to Verkhnekamskaya, Ivdel & Surgut

    Kosa

    Falenki

    to Verkhnekamskaya & Ukhta

    1127 km
    700 mi
    Yar

    Kozmil

    1165 km
    724 mi
    Glazov

    to Solkamsk, Serov, Demyanka & Surgut
    (with 25 kV 50 Hz AC electrification)

    1194 km
    742 mi
    Balyezino

    Pibanshur

    to Izhevsk

    1221 km
    759 mi

    1223 km
    760 mi
    Chepsta

    Kez

    Kabalud

    Kuzma

    Borodulino

    Subbotniki

    1310 km
    814 mi
    Vereshchagino

    Zyukay

    1340 km
    833 mi
    Mendeleevo

    Grigorevskaya

    1387 km
    862 mi
    Chaikovskaya

    Shabunichi

    1410 km
    876 mi
    Overyata

    Kurya

    1432 km
    890 mi

    1436 km
    892 mi
    Perm

    to Solikamsk & Nizhny Tagil

    1452 km
    902 mi
    Ferma

    Mulyanka

    Yug

    Yergach

    1534 km
    953 mi
    Kungur

    Kishert

    Shumkovo

    Tulumbasi

    Kordon

    Shamary

    1672 km
    1039 mi
    Shalya

    Sarga

    Sabik

    1729 km
    1074 mi
    Kuzino

    1770 km
    1100 mi
    Pervouralsk

    1777 km
    1104 mi
    Europe
    Asia

    from Kazan

    to Nizhny Tagil

    1816 km
    1128 mi
    Yekaterinburg

    Shartash

    Putevka

    Kosulino

    Gagarskiy

    Bazhenovo

    Gryaznovskaya

    1912 km
    1188 mi
    Bogdanovich

    to Serov

    Pishminskaya

    Yelansky

    1955 km
    1215 mi
    Kamyshlov

    Aksarikha

    Oshchepkovo

    Proselok

    2033 km
    1263 mi
    Talitsa

    2064 km
    1283 mi
    Yushala

    Bahkmetskoye

    Tugulym

    Karmak

    2144 km
    1332 mi
    Tyumen

    Voynovka

    to Tobolsk & Surgut

    Ozero Andreyevskoya

    Vinzili

    Bogdaninskaya

    2222 km
    1381 mi
    Yalutorovsk

    Zavodoukovsk

    Novaya Zaimka

    Vagay

    Omutinskaya

    Lamyenskaya

    Golishmanovo

    Karasulskaya

    2431 km
    1511 mi
    Ishim

    Maslyanskaya

    Novo Andreyevskiy

    Mangut

    2565 km
    1594 mi
    Nazyvayevsk

    Dragunskaya

    Lyubinskaya

    2706 km
    1681 mi
    Irtysh

    2712 km
    1685 mi
    Omsk

    Kormilovka

    2760 km
    1715 mi
    Kalachinsk

    Ivanovka

    Karatkansk

    2885 km
    1793 mi
    Tatarsk

    Kabakly

    Chany

    Ozero Karachinskoye

    Koshkul

    Tebisskaya

    3040 km
    1889 mi
    Barabinsk

    Kozhurla

    Ubinskaya

    Kargat

    Kokoshino

    3212 km
    1996 mi
    Chulym

    Duplenskaya

    Lesnaya Polyana

    Chik

    3322 km
    2064 mi
    Ob

    3332 km
    2070 mi

    3335 km
    2072 mi
    Novosibirsk

    Mochische

    Oyash

    Chebula

    3463 km
    2152 mi
    Bolotnaya

    3491 km
    2169 mi
    Yurga

    Talmenka

    Yashkino

    Kholkino

    3570 km
    2218 mi
    Tayga

    Likhtach

    3602 km
    2238 mi
    Anzhero-Sudzhensk

    Yaya

    Izhmorsk

    Berikulsk

    Antibesskiy

    to Asino, Bely Yar,
    Nizhnevartovsk & Surgut

    3715 km
    2308 mi
    Mariinsk

    Suslovo

    Tyazhin

    Itat

    3849 km
    2392 mi
    Bogotol

    Kritovo

    3917 km
    2434 mi
    Achinsk

    to Lesosibirsk & Dudinka

    3960 km
    2461 mi
    Chernorechsk

    Kozulka

    Zeledeyevo

    Kacha

    Minino

    4098 km
    2546 mi
    Krasnoyarsk

    4101 km
    2548 mi

    Zlobino

    Zikovo

    Sorokino

    Kamarchaga

    Balay

    4227 km
    2627 mi
    Uyar

    4262 km
    2648 mi
    Zaozyornaya

    Kamala

    Solyanka

    Boshnyakovo

    4343 km
    2699 mi
    Kansk-Yeniseysky

    4375 km
    2718 mi
    Ilanskaya

    Ingashiskaya

    Tinskaya

    Reshoti

    to Yarki

    Klyuchi

    Yurti

    Tayshet diversion line
    to Kostomarovo (Baikal-Amur Mainline)

    Biryusinsk

    4516 km
    2806 mi
    Tayshet

    4520 km
    2809 mi

    4555 km
    2830 mi
    Razgon

    Alzamay

    4631 km
    2878 mi
    Kamyshet

    Uk

    4680 km
    2908 mi
    Nizhneudinsk

    Khingoy

    Khudoyelanskaya

    Sheberta

    Utay

    4794 km
    2979 mi
    Tulun

    Shuba

    Tulyushka

    4875 km
    3029 mi
    Kuytun

    Kharik

    Kimeltey

    4940 km
    3070 mi
    Zima

    Tiret

    Zalari

    Golovinskaya

    5027 km
    3124 mi
    Kutulik

    Zabituy

    5061 km
    3145 mi
    Cheremkhovo

    5087 km
    3161 mi
    Polovina

    Belaya

    5124 km
    3184 mi
    Usolye-Sibirskoye

    5133 km
    3189 mi
    Telma

    Kitoy

    5160 km
    3206 mi
    Angarsk

    5170 km
    3212 mi
    Meget

    5178 km
    3217 mi
    Irkutsk-Sort

    5185 km
    3222 mi
    Irkutsk

    Kaya

    Goncharovo

    B. Lug

    Podkamennaya

    Kultuk

    5312 km
    3301 mi
    Slyudyanka

    Utulik

    5358 km
    3329 mi
    Baykalsk

    Murino

    5390 km
    3349 mi
    Vydrino

    5426 km
    3372 mi
    Tankhoi

    Pereyemnaya

    5477 km
    3403 mi
    Mysovaya

    5530 km
    3436 mi
    Posolskaya

    Timlyuy

    5562 km
    3456 mi
    Selenginsk

    Talovka

    Tataurovo

    5642 km
    3506 mi
    Ulan-Ude

    5655 km
    3514 mi

    Talitsi

    5675 km
    3526 mi
    Onokhoy

    Zaigraevo

    Chelutay

    Ilka

    5734 km
    3563 mi
    Novoilinski

    Kizma

    5784 km
    3594 mi
    Petrovsk-Zabaykalsky

    Balyaga

    Tarbagatai

    Novo-Pavlovka

    Tolbaga

    Khokhotay

    5884 km
    3656 mi
    Bada

    Zhipkhegen

    5932 km
    3686 mi
    Khilok

    Khushenga

    Kharagun

    6053 km
    3761 mi
    Mogzon

    Khilok

    6093 km
    3786 mi
    Sokhondo

    6125 km
    3806 mi
    Yablonovaya

    Lesnoy

    Ingoda

    Chernovskaya

    Kadala

    6199 km
    3852 mi
    Chita

    Peschanka

    Atamanovka

    Novaya

    Makkaveyevo

    6265 km
    3893 mi
    Darasun

    6293 km
    3910 mi
    Karaymskaya

    6312 km
    3922 mi

    Urulga

    Zubarevo

    Razmakhnino

    Solntsevaya

    6417 km
    3987 mi
    Onon

    6446 km
    4005 mi
    Shilka-Pass

    Kholbon

    6496 km
    4036 mi
    Priiskavaya

    Nerchinsk

    6532 km
    4059 mi
    Kuenga

    branch to Sretensk

    6593 km
    4097 mi
    Chernyshevsky-Zabaikalski

    6629 km
    4119 mi
    Bushuley

    Khoktonga

    6670 km
    4145 mi
    Zilovo

    Ulyakan

    Uryum

    Sbega

    6789 km
    4218 mi
    Ksenevskaya

    Kislyy Klug

    Arteushka

    Razdolnoye

    6906 km
    4291 mi
    Mogocha

    Taptugari

    Semiozernyy

    7010 km
    4356 mi
    Amazar

    Zhanna

    7075 km
    4396 mi

    7119 km
    4424 mi
    Yerofei Pavlovich

    7211 km
    4481 mi
    Urusha

    7266 km
    4515 mi
    Takhtamigda

    Bamovskaya

    7273 km
    4519 mi

    7306 km
    4540 mi
    Skovorodino

    7323 km
    4550 mi
    Bolshoy Never

    Taladan

    Gonzha

    7501 km
    4661 mi
    Magdagachi

    Sulus

    Tigda

    7602 km
    4724 mi
    Ushumun

    Sivaki

    Mukhinskaya

    Bereya

    7723 km
    4799 mi
    Shimanovskaya

    7772 km
    4829 mi
    Ledyanaya

    Buzuli

    7815 km
    4856 mi
    Svobodny

    M. Chesnokovskaya

    Serishevo

    7873 km
    4892 mi
    Belogorsk

    7875 km
    4893 mi

    Vozhayevka

    Pozdeyevka

    Yekaterinoslavka

    7992 km
    4966 mi
    Zavitaya

    8037 km
    4994 mi
    Bureya

    Domikan

    8088 km
    5026 mi
    Arkhara

    Rachi

    Kundur-Khabarovskiy

    8198 km
    5094 mi
    Obluchye

    Kimkan

    to Novy Urgal

    8234 km
    5116 mi
    Izvestkovaya

    Birakan

    Teploye Ozero

    Londoko

    8306 km
    5161 mi
    Bira

    8351 km
    5189 mi
    Birobidzhan

    In

    8480 km
    5269 mi
    Volochayevka

    Dezhnevka

    Nikolayevka

    8512 km
    5289 mi
    Priamurskaya

    8515 km
    5291 mi

    8523 km
    5296 mi
    Khabarovsk

    Korfovskaya

    to Nakhodka, Imbo, Selikhino & De-Kastri

    8598 km
    5343 mi
    Verino

    8621 km
    5357 mi
    Khor

    Dormidontovka

    8642 km
    5370 mi
    Vyazemskaya

    Rozengartovka

    8756 km
    5441 mi
    Bikin

    Zvenevoi

    Burlit-Volochayevskiy

    Luchegorsk

    Guberovo

    8890 km
    5524 mi
    Dalnerechensk

    8900 km
    5530 mi
    Lazo

    Ruzhino

    Lesozavodsk

    Shmakovka

    Sviyagino

    9050 km
    5623 mi
    Spassk-Dalny

    Muchnaya

    9109 km
    5660 mi
    Sibirtsevo

    Ipplolitovka

    Ozernaya Pad

    Dubininskiy

    9177 km
    5702 mi
    Ussuriysk

    Baranovsky

    Nadezdinskaya

    9255 km
    5751 mi
    Ugolnaya

    9289 km
    5772 mi
    Vladivostok

    During the period of the Russian Empire, government ministers—personally appointed by Alexander III and his son Nicholas II—supervised the building of the railway network between 1891 and 1916. Even before its completion, the line attracted travelers who documented their experiences.[3] Since 1916, the Trans-Siberian Railway has directly connected Moscow with Vladivostok. As of 2021, expansion projects remain underway, with connections being built to Russia's neighbors (namely Mongolia, China, and North Korea).[4][5] Additionally, there have been proposals and talks to expand the network to Tokyo, Japan, with new bridges or tunnels that would connect the mainland railway through the Russian island of Sakhalin and the Japanese island of Hokkaido.[4]

    Route

    edit
     
    Trans-Siberian line in red; Baikal–Amur Mainline in green

    The railway is often associated with the main transcontinental Russian line that connects many large and small cities of the European and Asian parts of Russia. At a Moscow–Vladivostok track length of 9,289 kilometers (5,772 miles),[6] it spans a record eight time zones.[7] Taking eight days to complete the journey, it was the third-longest single continuous service in the world,[when?] after the Moscow–Pyongyang service 10,267 kilometers (6,380 mi)[8] and the former Kyiv (Kiev)–Vladivostok service 11,085 kilometers (6,888 mi),[9] both of which also follow the Trans-Siberian for much of their routes.[10]

    The main route begins in Moscow at Yaroslavsky Vokzal, runs through YaroslavlorChelyabinsk, Omsk, Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, Ulan-Ude, Chita, and KhabarovsktoVladivostok via southern Siberia. A second primary route is the Trans-Manchurian, which coincides with the Trans-Siberian east of Chita as far as Tarskaya (a stop 12 km (7 mi) east of Karymskoye, in Chita Oblast), about 1,000 km (621 mi) east of Lake Baikal. From Tarskaya the Trans-Manchurian heads southeast, via Harbin Harbin–Manzhouli railway and Mudanjiang Harbin–Suifenhe railway in China's Northeastern provinces (from where a connection to Beijing is used by one of the Moscow–Beijing trains), joining the main route in Ussuriysk just north of Vladivostok.

    The third primary route is the Trans-Mongolian Railway, which coincides with the Trans-Siberian as far as Ulan-UdeonLake Baikal's eastern shore. From Ulan-Ude the Trans-Mongolian heads south to Ulaanbaatar before making its way southeast to Beijing. In 1991, a fourth route running further to the north was finally completed, after more than five decades of sporadic work. Known as the Baikal–Amur Mainline (BAM), this recent extension departs from the Trans-Siberian line at Taishet several hundred miles west of Lake Baikal and passes the lake at its northernmost extremity. It crosses the Amur RiveratKomsomolsk-na-Amure (north of Khabarovsk), and reaches the Tatar StraitatSovetskaya Gavan.[10]

    History

    edit

    Demand and design

    edit

    In the late 19th century, the development of Siberia was hampered by poor transport links within the region and with the rest of the country. Aside from the Great Siberian Route, roads suitable for wheeled transport were rare. For about five months of the year, rivers were the main means of transport. During winter, cargo and passengers traveled by horse-drawn sledges over the winter roads, many of which were the same rivers but frozen.[11]

    The first steamboat on the River Ob, Nikita Myasnikov's Osnova, was launched in 1844. However early innovation had proven to be difficult, and it was not until 1857 that steamboat shipping had begun major development on the Ob system. Steamboats began operation on the Yenisei in 1863, and on the Lena and Amur in the 1870s. While the comparative flatness of Western Siberia was served by good river systems, the major river systems ObIrtyshTobolChulymofEastern Siberia had difficulties. The Yenisei, the upper course of the Angara River below Bratsk which was not easily navigable because of the rapids, and the Lena, were mostly navigable only in the north–south direction, making west–east transportation difficult. An attempt to partially remedy the situation by building the Ob–Yenisei Canal had not yielded great success. These issues in the region created the need for a railway to be constructed.[10]

    The first railway projects in Siberia emerged after the completion of the Saint Petersburg–Moscow Railway in 1851.[12] One of the first was the IrkutskChita project, proposed by the American entrepreneur Perry Collins and supported by Transport Minister Constantine Possiet with a view toward connecting Moscow to the Amur River, and consequently the Pacific Ocean. Siberia's governor, Nikolay Muravyov-Amursky, was anxious to advance Russian colonization of the now Russian Far East, but his plans were unfeasible due to colonists importing grain and food from China and Korea.[13] It was on Muravyov's initiative that surveys for a railway in the Khabarovsk region were conducted.

    Before 1880, the central government had virtually ignored these projects, due to weaknesses in Siberian enterprises, an inefficient bureaucracy, and financial risk. By 1880, there was a large number of rejected and upcoming applications for permission to construct railways in order to connect Siberia with the Pacific, but not Eastern Russia. This worried the government and made connecting Siberia with Central Russia a pressing concern. The design process lasted 10 years. Along with the actual route constructed, alternative projects were proposed:

    The line was divided into seven sections, most or all of which was simultaneously worked on by 62,000 workers. With financial support provided by leading European financier, Baron Henri Hottinguer of the Parisian bankers Hottinger & Cie, the total cost estimated at £35 million was raised with the first section (Chelyabinsk to the River Ob) and finished at a cost of £900,000 lower than anticipated.[14] Railwaymen argued against suggestions to save funds, such as installing ferryboats instead of bridges over the rivers until traffic increased.

    Unlike the rejected private projects that intended to connect the existing cities that required transport, the Trans-Siberian did not have such a priority. Thus, to save money and avoid clashes with land owners, it was decided to lay the railway outside the existing cities. However, due to the swampy banks of the Ob River near Tomsk (the largest settlement at the time), the idea to construct a bridge was rejected.

    The railway was laid 70 km (43 mi) to the south (instead crossing the Ob at Novonikolaevsk, later renamed Novosibirsk); a dead-end branch line connected with Tomsk, depriving the city of the prospective transit railway traffic and trade.[10]

    Construction

    edit
     
    Clearing on the right-of-way of the Eastern Siberian Railway, 1895
     
    Construction work being performed by convicts on the Eastern Siberian Railway near Khabarovsk, 1895

    On 9 March 1891, the Russian government issued an imperial rescript in which it announced its intention to construct a railway across Siberia.[15] Tsarevich Nicholas (later Tsar Nicholas II) inaugurated the construction of the railway in Vladivostok on 19 May that year.[16]

    Lake Baikal is more than 640 kilometers (400 miles) long and more than 1,600 meters (5,200 feet) deep. Until the Circum-Baikal Railway was built the line ended on either side of the lake. The ice-breaking train ferry SS Baikal built in 1897 and smaller ferry SS Angara built in about 1900 made the four-hour crossing to link the two railheads.[17][18]

    The Russian admiral and explorer Stepan Makarov (1849–1904) designed Baikal and Angara but they were built in Newcastle upon Tyne, by Armstrong Whitworth. They were "knock down" vessels; that is, each ship was bolted together in the United Kingdom, every part of the ship was marked with a number, the ship was disassembled into many hundreds of parts and transported in kit form to Listvyanka where a shipyard was built especially to reassemble them.[18] Their boilers, engines and some other components were built in Saint Petersburg[18] and transported to Listvyanka to be installed. Baikal had 15 boilers, four funnels, and was 64 meters (210 ft) long. it could carry 24 railway coaches and one locomotive on the middle deck. Angara was smaller, with two funnels.[17][18]

    Completion of the Circum-Baikal Railway in 1904 bypassed the ferries, but from time to time the Circum-Baikal Railway suffered from derailments or rockfalls so both ships were held in reserve until 1916. Baikal was burnt out and destroyed in the Russian Civil War[17][18] but Angara survives. It has been restored and is permanently moored at Irkutsk where it serves as an office and a museum.[17]

    In winter, sleighs were used to move passengers and cargo from one side of the lake to the other until the completion of the Lake Baikal spur along the southern edge of the lake. With the Amur River Line north of the Chinese border being completed in 1916, there was a continuous railway from Petrograd to Vladivostok that, to this day, is the world's second longest railway line. Electrification of the line, begun in 1929 and completed in 2002, allowed a doubling of train weights to 6,000 metric tons (5,900 long tons; 6,600 short tons). There were expectations upon electrification that it would increase rail traffic on the line by 40 percent.[19]

    The entire length of the Trans-Siberian Railway was double track by 1939.[20]

    Effects

    edit
     
    Siberian peasants watching a train at a station, 1902

    Siberian agriculture began to send cheap grain westwards beginning around 1869.[citation needed] Agriculture in Central Russia was still under economic pressure after the end of serfdom, which was formally abolished in 1861. To defend the central territory and prevent possible social destabilization, the Tsarist government introduced the Chelyabinsk tariff-break (Челябинский тарифный перелом) in 1896, a tariff barrier for grain passing through Chelyabinsk, and a similar barrier in Manchuria. This measure changed the nature of export: mills emerged to produce bread from grain in Altai Krai, Novosibirsk and Tomsk, and many farms switched to corn (maize) production.

    The railway immediately filled to capacity with local traffic, mostly wheat. From 1896 until 1913 Siberia exported on average 501,932 metric tons (494,005 long tons; 553,285 short tons) (30,643,000 pood) of grain and flour annually.[21] During the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905, military traffic to the east disrupted the flow of civil freight.

    The Trans-Siberian Railway brought with it millions of peasant-migrants from the Western regions of Russia and Ukraine.[22] Between 1906 and 1914, the peak migration years, about 4 million peasants arrived in Siberia.[23]

    Historian Christian Wolmar argues that the railroad was a failure, because it was built for narrow political reasons, with poor supervision and planning. The costs were vastly exaggerated to enrich greedy bureaucrats. The planners hoped it would stimulate settlement, but the Siberian lands were too infertile and cold and distant. There was little settlement beyond 30 miles from the line. The fragile system could not handle the heavy traffic demanded in wartime, so the Japanese in 1904 knew they were safe in their war with Russia. Wolmar concludes:

    The railway, which was single track throughout, with the occasional passing loop, had, unsurprisingly, been built to a deficient standard in virtually every way. The permanent way was flimsy, with lightweight rails that broke easily, insufficient ballast, and railroad ties often carved from green wood that rotted in the first year of use. The small bridges were made of soft pine and rotted easily. The embankments were too shallow and narrow, often just 10 ft wide instead of the 16 ft prescribed in the design, and easily washed away. There were vicious gradients and narrow curves that wore out the fringe flanges on the wheels of the rolling stock after as little as six weeks use.[24]

    War and revolution

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    Trans-Siberian Railway, c. 1904

    In the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905), the strategic importance and limitations of the Trans-Siberian Railway contributed to Russia's defeat in the war. As the line was single track, transit was slower as trains had to wait in crossing sidings for opposing trains to cross. This limited the capacity of the line and increased transit times. A troop train or a train carrying injured personnel traveling from east to west would delay the arrival of troops or supplies and ammunition in a train traveling from west to east. The supply difficulties meant the Russian forces had limited troops and supplies while Japanese forces with shorter lines of communication were able to attack and advance.

    After the Russian Revolution of 1917, the railway served as the vital line of communication for the Czechoslovak Legion and the allied armies that landed troops at Vladivostok during the Siberian Intervention of the Russian Civil War. These forces supported the White Russian government of Admiral Alexander Kolchak, based in Omsk, and White Russian soldiers fighting the Bolsheviks on the Ural front. The intervention was weakened, and ultimately defeated, by partisan fighters who blew up bridges and sections of track, particularly in the volatile region between Krasnoyarsk and Chita.[25]

    There was traveling the leader of legions politician Milan Rastislav Stefanik[26] from Moscow to Vladivostok in March and August 1918, on his journey to Japan and United States of America.[27] The Trans-Siberian Railway also played a very direct role during parts of Russia's history, with the Czechoslovak Legion using heavily armed and armored trains to control large amounts of the railway (and of Russia itself) during the Russian Civil War at the end of World War I.[28] As one of the few fighting forces left in the aftermath of the imperial collapse, and before the Red Army took control, the Czechs and Slovaks were able to use their organization and the resources of the railway to establish a temporary zone of control before eventually continuing onwards towards Vladivostok, from where they emigrated back to Czechoslovakia.

    World War II

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    During World War II, the Trans-Siberian Railway played an important role in the supply of the powers fighting in Europe. In 1939–1941 it was a source of rubber for Germany thanks to the USSR-Germany pact. While Germany's merchant shipping was shut down, the Trans-Siberian Railway (along with its Trans-Manchurian branch) served as the essential link between Germany and Japan, especially for rubber. By March 1941, 300 metric tons (300 long tons; 330 short tons) of this material would, on average, traverse the Trans-Siberian Railway every day on its way to Germany.[29]

    At the same time, a number of Jews and anti-Nazis used the Trans-Siberian Railway to escape Europe, including the mathematician Kurt Gödel and Betty Ehrlich Löwenstein, mother of British actor, director and producer Heinz Bernard.[30] Several thousand Jewish refugees were able to make this trip thanks to the Curaçao visas issued by the Dutch consul Jan Zwartendijk[31] and the Japanese visas issued by the Japanese consul, Chiune Sugihara, in Kaunas, Lithuania. Typically, they took the TSR to Vladivostok, then by ship to US. Until June 1941, pro-Nazi ethnic Germans from the Americas used the TSR to go to Germany.[32]

    The situation reversed after 22 June 1941. By invading the Soviet Union, Germany cut off its only reliable trade route to Japan. Instead, it had to use fast merchant ships and later large oceanic submarines to evade the Allied blockade. On the other hand, the USSR received Lend-Lease supplies from the US. Even after Japan went to war with the US, despite German complaints, Japan usually allowed Soviet ships to sail between the US and Vladivostok unmolested.[33] As a result, the Pacific Route – via northern Pacific Ocean and the TSR – became the safest connection between the US and the USSR.[citation needed]

    Accordingly, it accounted for as much freight as the North Atlantic–Arctic and Iranian routes combined, though cargoes were limited to raw materials and non-military goods. From 1941 to 1942 the TSR also played an important role in relocating Soviet industries from European Russia to Siberia in the face of the German invasion. The TSR also transported Soviet troops west from the Far East to take part in the Soviet counter-offensive in December 1941.

    In 1944–45 the TSR was used to prepare for the Soviet–Japanese War of August 1945; see Pacific Route. When an Anglo-American delegation visited Moscow in October 1944 to discuss the Soviet Union joining the war against Japan, Alanbrooke was told by General Antonov and Stalin himself that the line capacity was 36 pairs of trains per day, but only 26 could be counted on for military traffic; see Pacific Route. The capacity of each train was from 600 to 700 tons.[34]

    Although the Japanese estimated that an attack was not likely before Spring 1946, Stavka had planned for a mid-August 1945 offensive, and had concealed the buildup of a force of 90 divisions; many had crossed Siberia in their vehicles to avoid straining the rail link.[35]

    Post World War II

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    The Trans-Siberian is a vital link to the Russian Far East.

    A trainload of containers can be taken from Beijing to Hamburg, via the Trans-Mongolian and Trans-Siberian lines in as little as 15 days, but typical cargo transit times are usually significantly longer[36] and typical cargo transit time from Japan to major destinations in European Russia was reported as around 25 days.[37]

    According to a 2009 report, the best travel times for cargo block trains from Russia's Pacific ports to the western border (of Russia, or perhaps of Belarus) were around 12 days, with trains making around 900 km (559 mi) per day, at a maximum operating speed of 80 km/h (50 mph). In early 2009; however, Russian Railways announced an ambitious "Trans-Siberian in Seven Days" plan. According to this plan, $11 billion will be invested over the next five years to make it possible for goods traffic to cover the same 9,000 km (5,592 mi) distance in just seven days. The plan will involve increasing the cargo trains' speed to 90 km/h (56 mph) in 2010–2012, and, at least on some sections, to 100 km/h (62 mph) by 2015. At these speeds, goods trains will be able to cover 1,500 km (932 mi) per day.[38]

    Developments in shipping

    edit

    On January 11, 2008, China, Mongolia, Russia, Belarus, Poland, and Germany agreed to collaborate on a cargo train service between Beijing and Hamburg.[39]

    The railway can typically deliver containers in 13to12 of the time of a sea voyage, and in late 2009 announced a 20% reduction in its container shipping rates.[citation needed] With its 2009 rate schedule, the Trans-Siberian Railway will transport a forty-foot container to Poland from Yokohama for $2,820, or from Busan for $2,154.[40]

    Trans-Siberian route in seven days

    edit

    In 2008, the Russian Railways JSC (state company) launched a program for the accelerated delivery of containers cargo by block trains from the Far-Eastern ports (Vladivostok, Nakhodka and others) to the western borders of Russia, called "Transsib in 7 days". Within the framework of the program it is planned to decrease the cargo delivery time from the Far East from 11 days in 2008 to seven days in 2015.[needs update] The length of the routes is about 10,000 km (6,200 mi). The speed of delivery via the block trains should increase from 900 km (560 mi) per day in 2008 to 1,500 km (930 mi) per day in 2015. The first accelerated experimental block-train was launched in February 2009 from Vladivostok to Moscow. The length of the route was about 9,300 km (5,800 mi), the actual time of the experimental train's delivery was 7 days and 5 hours, and the average route speed was up to 1,289 km (801 mi) per day. The maximum route speed of the train was 1,422 km (884 mi) per day.

    edit

    Routes

    edit

    Trans-Siberian line

    edit

    A commonly used main line route is as follows. Distances and travel times are from the schedule of train No. 002M, Moscow–Vladivostok.[6]

    Location Distance Travel
    Time
    Time Zone Notes
    Moscow, Yaroslavsky Rail Terminal 0 km (0 mi) Moscow
    Time (MT)
    Vladimir 210 km (130 mi) MT
    Nizhny Novgorod 461 km (286 mi) 6 hours MT on the Volga River
    Kirov 917 km (570 mi) 13 hours MT on the Vyatka River
    Perm 1,397 km (868 mi) 20 hours MT+2 on the Kama River
    Yekaterinburg 1,816 km (1,128 mi) 1 day 2 hours MT+2 in the Urals, still called by its old Soviet name Sverdlovsk in most timetables
    Tyumen 2,104 km (1,307 mi) MT+2
    Omsk 2,676 km (1,663 mi) 1 day 14 hours MT+3 on the Irtysh River
    Novosibirsk 3,303 km (2,052 mi) 1 day 22 hours MT+4 on the Ob River; Turk-Sib railway branches from here
    Krasnoyarsk 4,065 km (2,526 mi) 2 days 11 hours MT+4 on the Yenisei River
    Taishet 4,483 km (2,786 mi) MT+5 junction with the Baikal-Amur Mainline
    Irkutsk 5,153 km (3,202 mi) 3 days 4 hours MT+5 near Lake Baikal's southern extremity
    Ulan Ude 5,609 km (3,485 mi) 3 days 12 hours MT+5 eastern shore of Lake Baikal
    Junction with the Trans-Mongolian line 5,622 km (3,493 mi)
    Chita 6,166 km (3,831 mi) 3 days 22 hours MT+6
    Junction with the Trans-Manchurian line at Tarskaya 6,274 km (3,898 mi) MT+6
    Birobidzhan 8,312 km (5,165 mi) 5 days 13 hours MT+7 capital of the Jewish Autonomous Region
    Khabarovsk 8,493 km (5,277 mi) 5 days 15 hours MT+7 on the Amur River
    Ussuriysk 9,147 km (5,684 mi) MT+7 junction with the Trans-Manchurian line and Korea branch; located in Baranovsky, 13 km (8 miles) from Ussuriysk
    Vladivostok 9,289 km (5,772 mi) 6 days 4 hours MT+7 on the Pacific Ocean
    Services to North Korea continue from Ussuriysk via:
    Primorskaya station 9,257 km (5,752 mi) 6 days 14 hours MT+7
    Khasan 9,407 km (5,845 mi) 6 days 19 hours MT+7 border with North Korea
    Tumangang 9,412 km (5,848 mi) 7 days 10 hours MT+6 North Korean side of the border
    Pyongyang 10,267 km (6,380 mi) 9 days 2 hours MT+6

    There are many alternative routings between Moscow and Siberia. For example:

     
    Circum-Baikal railway

    Depending on the route taken, the distances from Moscow to the same station in Siberia may differ by several tens of km (a few dozen miles).

    Trans-Manchurian line

    edit

    The Trans–Manchurian line, as e.g. used by train No.020, Moscow–Beijing[41] follows the same route as the Trans-Siberian between Moscow and Chita and then follows this route to China:

    The express train (No. 020) travel time from Moscow to Beijing is just over six days. There is no direct passenger service along the entire original Trans-Manchurian route (i.e., from Moscow or anywhere in Russia, west of Manchuria, to Vladivostok via Harbin), due to the obvious administrative and technical (gauge break) inconveniences of crossing the border twice. Assuming sufficient patience and possession of appropriate visas, however, it is still possible to travel all the way along the original route, with a few stopovers (e.g. in Harbin, Grodekovo and Ussuriysk).[citation needed]

    Such an itinerary would pass through the following points from Harbin east:

    Trans-Mongolian line

    edit
     
    Trans–Mongolian Railway

    The Trans–Mongolian line follows the same route as the Trans-Siberian between Moscow and Ulan Ude, and then follows this route to Mongolia and China:

    Highest point

    edit

    The highest point of Trans–Siberian Railroad is at Yablonovy pass at an altitude of 1070m situated in the Yablonoi Mountains, in Transbaikal (mainly in Zabaykalsky Krai), Siberia, Russia. The Trans–Siberian Railroad passes the mountains at Chita and runs parallel to the range before going through a tunnel to bypass the heights.[42]

    See also

    edit

    Notes

    edit
    1. ^ Транссибирская магистраль, pronounced [trənsːʲɪˈbʲirskəjə məɡʲɪˈstralʲ]
  • ^ Великий Сибирский Путь, pronounced [vʲɪˈlʲikʲɪj sʲɪˈbʲirʲsʲkʲɪj putʲ]
  • ^ /ˈtrænsɪb/ TRAN-sib; Транссиб, pronounced [trɐnˈsːʲip]
  • References

    edit
    1. ^ "Lonely Planet Guide to the Trans-Siberian Railway" (PDF). Lonely Planet Publications. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 5, 2012.
  • ^ Thomas, Bryn; McCrohan, Daniel (2019). Trans-Siberian Handbook: The Guide to the World's Longest Railway Journey with 90 Maps and Guides to the Route, Cities and Towns in Russia, Mongolia and China (10 ed.). Trailblazer Publications. ISBN 978-1912716081. Retrieved October 15, 2020.
  • ^ Meakin, Annette, A Ribbon of Iron (1901), reprinted in 1970 as part of the Russia Observed series (Arno Press/New York Times)(OCLC 118166).
  • ^ a b "Russia offers a bridge across history to connect Tokyo to the Trans-Siberian railway". siberiantimes.com. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
  • ^ "New 8,400 mile train journey will connect London to Tokyo". The Independent. September 8, 2017. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
  • ^ a b "CIS railway timetable, route No. 002, Moscow-Vladivostok". Archived from the original on December 3, 2009.
  • ^ Moscow is at UTC+3, Vladivostok is at UTC+10; therefore the line passes through 8 time zones; see map
  • ^ "CIS railway timetable, route No. 002, Moscow-Pyongyang". Archived from the original on April 6, 2020.
  • ^ "CIS railway timetable, route No. 350, Kiev-Vladivostok". Archived from the original on April 6, 2020.
  • ^ a b c d "Trans-Siberian Railroad | railway, Russia | Britannica". December 7, 2023.
  • ^ P. E. Garbutt, "The Trans-Siberian Railway." Journal of Transport History 4 (1954): 238-249.
  • ^ Alexeev, V.V.; Bandman, M.K.; Kuleshov–Novosibirsk, V. V., eds. (2002). Problem Regions of Resource Type: Economical Integration of European North-East, Ural and Siberia. IEIE. ISBN 5-89665-060-4.
  • ^ March, G. Patrick (1996). Eastern Destiny: Russia in Asia and the North Pacific. Praeger/Greenwood. pp. 152–53. ISBN 0-275-95648-2.
  • ^ "The Great Siberian Iron Road", The Daily News (London), 30 December 1896, p. 7.
  • ^ Davis, Clarence B.; Wilburn, Kenneth E. Jr; Robinson, Ronald E. (1991). "Russia, the Soviet Union, and the Chinese Eastern Railway". Railway Imperialism. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 140. ISBN 978-0313259661. Archived from the original on April 6, 2020.
  • ^ Pleshakov, Constantine (2002). The Tsar's Last Armada: The Epic Journey to the Battle of Tsushima. New York: Basic Books. p. 10. ISBN 0465057926. Archived from the original on June 3, 2019.
  • ^ a b c d "Irkutsk: Ice-Breaker "Angara"". Lake Baikal Travel Company. Archived from the original on September 24, 2011. Retrieved September 15, 2011.
  • ^ a b c d e Babanine, Fedor (2003). "Circumbaikal Railway". Lake Baikal Homepage. Fedor Babanine. Retrieved September 15, 2011.
  • ^ "Russia's legendary Trans-Siberian railroad line completely electrified". Associated Press. December 25, 2002. Archived from the original on September 4, 2015. Retrieved June 14, 2015 – via HighBeam Research.
  • ^ Manley, Deborah (2011). The Trans-Siberian Railway: A Traveller's Anthology. Andrews UK Limited. p. xviii.
  • ^ Храмков, А. А. (2001).『Железнодорожные перевозки хлеба из Сибири в западном направлении в конце XIX – начале XX вв』[Railroad transportation of bread from Siberia westwards in the late 19th–early 20th centuries]. Предприниматели и предпринимательство в Сибири. Вып.3 [Entrepreneurs and business undertakings in Siberia. 3rd issue]. Barnaul: Изд-во АГУ. ISBN 5-7904-0195-3. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved July 1, 2006.
  • ^ Subtelny, Orest (2000). Ukraine: a history. University of Toronto Press. p. 262. ISBN 0-8020-8390-0.
  • ^ Dronin, N. M.; Bellinger, E. G. (2005). Climate dependence and food problems in Russia, 1900–1990: the interaction of climate and agricultural policy and their effect on food problems. Central European University Press. p. 38. ISBN 963-7326-10-3.
  • ^ Christian Wolmar, Blood, iron, and gold: How the railroads transformed the world (Public Affairs, 2011), pp 169–70.
  • ^ Isitt, Benjamin (2006). "Mutiny from Victoria to Vladivostok, December 1918". Canadian Historical Review. 87 (2): 223–64. doi:10.3138/chr/87.2.223. Retrieved October 3, 2016.
  • ^ Kšiňan, Michal (2021). Milan Rastislav Štefánik – Muž, ktorý sa rozprával s hviezdami. Slovart. ISBN 9788055639048.
  • ^ Preclík, Vratislav. Masaryk a legie (Masaryk and legions), váz. kniha, 219 str., vydalo nakladatelství Paris Karviná, Žižkova 2379 (734 01 Karviná) ve spolupráci s Masarykovým demokratickým hnutím (Masaryk Democratic Movement, Prague), 2019, ISBN 978-80-87173-47-3, pp. 38–50, 52–102, 104–22, 124–28, 140–48, 184–90
  • ^ Willmott, H.P. (2003). First World War. Dorling Kindersley. p. 251.[ISBN missing]
  • ^ Martin, Bernd (1969), Deutschland und Japan Im Zweiten Weltkrieg, Musterschmidt Verlag, p. 155
  • ^ Lowenstein, Jonathan (April 26, 2010). "The Journey of a Lifetime: my grandmother's escape on the Trans-Siberian railway". Telaviv1.
  • ^ "Jan Zwartendijk. – Collections Search – United States Holocaust Memorial Museum".
  • ^ "German Intelligence Activities in China during WW I." United States War Department Strategic Services Unit, March 1, 1946
  • ^ Martin 1969, p. 174
  • ^ Alanbrooke, Field Marshal Lord (2001). War Diaries 1939–1945. Phoenix Press. pp. 607, 608. ISBN 1-84212-526-5.
  • ^ Glantz, David M. (1995). When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler. Kansas: University Press of Kansas. p. 278. ISBN 0-7006-0899-0.
  • ^ Donahue, Patrick (January 24, 2008). "China-to-Germany Cargo Train Completes Trial Run in 15 Days". Bloomberg.com.
  • ^ Kachi, Hiroyuki (July 20, 2007). "Mitsui talking to Russian railway operator on trans-Siberian freight service". MarketWatch.com.
  • ^ "Trans-Siberian in seven days". Railway Gazette International. May 5, 2009.
  • ^ "Beijing to Hamburg fast cargo rail link planned". The China Post. January 11, 2008. Retrieved April 23, 2012.
  • ^ "Chapter 4: Freight Rates" (PDF). Review of Maritime Transport. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development: 89. 2010. ISSN 0566-7682. Retrieved December 31, 2011.
  • ^ "CIS railway timetable, route No. 020, Moscow-Beijing". Archived from the original on April 6, 2020.
  • ^ "Yablonovy Range". Farlex, Inc. Retrieved January 30, 2013.
  • Further reading

    edit
    edit
    Template:Attached KML/Trans-Siberian Railway
    KML is from Wikidata
    External videos
    onRT Documentary Official YouTube Channel(in English)
      Trans-Siberian Odyssey (Trailer)onYouTube
      Sad holiday parting & bumpy start – Trans-Siberian Odyssey (E1)onYouTube
      Irate passengers, strange guests & holiday cheer – Trans-Siberian Odyssey (E2)onYouTube
      Father Frost and a Snowmaiden pay the train a visit – Trans-Siberian Odyssey (E3)onYouTube
      Father Frost and a Snowmaiden pay the train a visit – Trans-Siberian Odyssey (E4)onYouTube
      Cabin fever, Christmas carols, and a concerning call – Trans-Siberian Odyssey (E5)onYouTube
      Bargains in Russia's Far East & short circuit in a freight car – Trans-Siberian Odyssey (E6)onYouTube
      Food poisoning on board & a tough decision – Trans-Siberian Odyssey (E7)onYouTube
      Raw nerves, ruined rendezvous, and a tragedy dodged – Trans-Siberian Odyssey (E8)onYouTube
      A joyous arrival & nervous reunion – Trans-Siberian Odyssey (E9)onYouTube

    Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trans-Siberian_Railway&oldid=1229061261"
     



    Last edited on 14 June 2024, at 16:57  





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