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  • 1.2 B
  • 1.3 C
  • 1.4 D
  • 1.5 E
  • 1.6 F
  • 1.7 G
  • 1.8 H
  • 1.9 I
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  • 1.11 K
  • 1.12 L
  • 1.13 M
  • 1.14 N
  • 1.15 O
  • 1.16 P
  • 1.17 Q
  • 1.18 R
  • 1.19 S
  • 1.20 T
  • 1.21 U
  • 1.22 V
  • 1.23 W
  • 1.24 X
  • 1.25 Y
  • 1.26 Z
  • 1.27 Mythical or Uncertain
  • 2 Modern polities
  • 3 Historical polities
  • 4 See also
  • 5 References

    • Polities

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    N

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    X

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    Y

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    Mythical or Uncertain

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    Modern polities

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    Europe

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    19th century and prior

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    Name Head of State Head of Government Period Location Notes
    Holy See Francis Pietro Parolin 1st century-present Itself
    Denmark[a] Frederik X Mette Frederiksen c. 936-present Itself (within the Kingdom of Denmark) Constituent country of:

    Protectorate of the German Reich/Greater German Reich (1940-1945)

    Kingdom of Sweden Carl XVI Gustaf Ulf Kristersson c. 970-present Itself Constituent country of:

    Member state of the European Union

    Bailiwick of Jersey Charles III Lyndon Farnham 1204-1649; 1660-1940; 1945-present Crown Dependency of:

    Constituent country of our kingdom and everything subject to our rule whatever it may be (1204-1214)

    Bailiwick of Guernsey Richard McMahon 1204-1651; 1660-1940; 1945-present Crown Dependency of:

    Constituent country of our kingdom and everything subject to our rule whatever it may be (1204-1214)

    Guernsey Lyndon Trott Itself (within the Bailiwick of Guernsey) Jurisdiction of the Bailiwick of Guernsey
    Free Borough of Llanrwst Alun Jones 1276-present United Kingdom Free borough (self-proclaimed) of:

    In 1947, Llanrwst town council made an unsuccessful submission to the United Nations for a seat on the security council, stating that Llanrwst was an independent state within Wales.

    Duchy of Cornwall William, Prince of Wales Toby Ashworth 1337-1649; 1660-present Itself (within England) Duchy of:
    Duchy of Lancaster Charles III Oliver Dowden 1351-1649; 1660-present Duchy of:
    Sark Christopher Beaumont 1563-1651; 1660-1940; 1945-present Itself (within the Bailiwick of Guernsey) Jurisdiction of the Bailiwick of Guernsey
    Alderney William Tate 1660-1940; 1945-present
    England Rishi Sunak 1707-present Itself (within the United Kingdom) Constituent country of:
    Scotland Humza Yousaf
    Isle of Man Alfred Cannan 1765-present Itself Crown Dependency of:
    Kingdom of Tavolara Tonino Giuseppe Bertoleoni 1836-present Italy

    20th and 21st centuries

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    Name Head of State Head of Government Period Location Notes
    Kingdom of Norway Harald V Jonas Gahr Støre 1905-present Itself
    Svalbard Lars Fause 1920-present Itself (within Norway) Unincorporated area of the Kingdom of Norway
    Jan Mayen Tom Cato Karlsen 1921-present
    Northern Ireland Charles III Michelle O'Neill and Emma Little-Pengelly Itself (within the United Kingdom) Province/region/constituent country of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
    United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland[b] Charles III Rishi Sunak 1922-present Itself Member state of:
    Monastic community of Mount Athos Nikos Dendias and Bartholomew I Anastasios Mitsialis 1926-present Itself (within Greece) Autonomous administrative division of:

    Protectorate of the German Reich/Greater German Reich (1941-1945[c])

    Vatican City State Francis Fernando Vérgez Alzaga 1929-present Itself
    Free Republic of Saugeais Simon Marguet Simon Marguet 1947-present France
    Association of Nationals of Danzig Free State Unknown Unknown 1947-present Poland Founded by W. Richter
    Kingdom of Denmark Frederik X Mette Frederiksen 1948-present Itself Member state of the European Union
    Faroe Islands Aksel V. Johannesen Itself (within the Kingdom of Denmark) Constituent of the Kingdom of Denmark
    Ireland Michael D. Higgins Leo Varadkar 1949-present Itself
    French Republic Emmanuel Macron Gabriel Attal 1958-present Member state of:

    "French Fifth Republic"

    Wales Charles III Mark Drakeford 1967-present Itself (within the United Kingdom) Constituent country of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
    Principality of Sealand Michael I Michael I United Kingdom On 2 September 1967, HM Fort Roughs was occupied and claimed by Major Paddy Roy Bates, a British citizen and pirate radio broadcaster, who ejected the competing group of pirate broadcasters. In 1968, British workmen entered what Bates claimed to be his territorial waters to service a navigational buoy near the platform. However, a court ruled that the platform (which Bates was now calling the "Principality of Sealand") was outside British territorial limits. Following the 1978 attack, Sealand claims that the visit of a German diplomat constituted de facto recognition of Sealand by Germany. Since 1987, Sealand has been located within British territorial waters.
    Exile Government of the Republic of the Free City of Danzig Herbet Adler Herbet Adler c. 1967-present Poland
    Representation of the Free City of Danzig Willi Homeier Willi Homeier
    Portuguese Republic Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa António Costa 1975-present Itself Member state of:

    "Third Portuguese Republic"

    Principality of Sealand Johannes Seiger Johannes Seiger 1978-present United Kingdom A government in exile founded by Alexander Achenbach and Gernot Pütz claiming to be the legitimate government of Sealand following Achenbach's failed attempt to seize the platform in August 1978.
    Kingdom of Spain Felipe VI Pedro Sánchez 1982-present Itself Member state of:
    Free State of Danzig Ernst F. Kriesner Ernst F. Kriesner 1990s-present Poland
    Sámi homeland Tuomas Aslak Juuso Tuomas Aslak Juuso 1992-present Itself (within Finland) Autonomous administrative division of the Republic of Finland
    Italian Republic Sergio Mattarella Giorgia Meloni 1994-present Itself Member state of:

    "Second Italian Republic"

    Sorbian settlement area[d][e] Municipal governments Municipal governments Itself (within Germany) Autonomous administrative division of the Federal Republic of Germany
    Grand Duchy of the Lagoan Isles Louis Stephens Louis Stephens 2005-present United Kingdom
    Sovereign State of Forvik[f] Stuart Hill Stuart Hill 2008-present Crown Dependency (self-proclaimed) of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (2008-2011)
    Empire of Austenasia Jonathan I William Wilson
    Senate of the Free State of Danzig Beowulf von Prince Beowulf von Prince c. 2010-present Poland

    Historical polities

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    Asia

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    Sovereign State

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    See also: List of former sovereign states
    20th and 21st centuries
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    Name Period Today Notes
    Republic of China 1924-1926 Part of China "Second Provisional Government of the Republic of China"
    Mongolian People's Republic 1924-1992 Part of Mongolia Satellite state of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
    Imperial State of Iran[g] 1925-1979 Part of Iran Under the occupation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Union of Soviet Socialist Republics from 1941to1946.
    Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd[h] 1926-1932 Part of Saudi Arabia Fourth iteration of the Third Saudi State
    Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen 1926-1970 Part of Yemen In 1926, Imam Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din proclaimed the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen, becoming both a temporal king as well as a (Zaydi) spiritual leader. On 26 September 1962, the North Yemen Civil War began. It ended on 1 December 1970 with the abolition of the monarchy.

    Constituent of the United Arab States (1958-1961)

    Kingdom of Afghanistan 1926-1973 Part of Afghanistan
    Republic of China 1926-1948 Part of China and Taiwan "Second Republic of China". Unrecognized until 1928.
    Republic of China 1927-1928 Part of China
    Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq 1932-1958 Part of Iraq Puppet state of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (1941-1947)

    Constituent of the Hashemite Arab Federation (1958)

    Democratic Republic of Vietnam 1945-1976 Part of Vietnam
    Syrian Republic 1945/1946-1950 Part of Syria and Israel (disputed) De jure independent since 24 October 1945, de facto since 17 April 1946.
    Republic of the Philippines 1946-1965 Part of Philippines "Third Philippine Republic"
    Pakistan[i] 1947-1956 Part of Pakistan, Bangladesh, and India[j] Dominion of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
    India[i] 1947-1950 Part of India and Bangladesh[j]
    Union of Burma 1948-1962 Part of Myanmar
    Federation of Malaya 1948-1963 Part of Malaysia Protectorate of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland until 31 August 1957
    Ceylon 1948-1972 Part of Sri Lanka Dominion of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
    Republic of China 1948-1991 Part of China and Taiwan "Third Republic of China". Formed on 20 May 1948 with the establishment of the Government of the Republic of China. Forced to flee to Taiwan on 7 December 1949. Lost its last major holding outside Taiwan on 1 May 1950, however fighting went on into the 50s and early 60s in Western China and the China–Burma border. Unrecognized after 25 October 1971. Was formally succeeded by the "Fourth Republic" with the termination of the Temporary Provisions Effective During the Period of National Mobilization for Suppression of the Communist Rebellion and enforcement of the Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China.
    Republic of Korea 1948-1960 Part of South Korea and North Korea "First Republic of Korea"
    United States of Indonesia 1949-1950 Part of Indonesia
    Syrian Republic[k] 1950-1963 Part of Syria and Israel (disputed) Constituent of the United Arab Republic (1958-1961)
    Kingdom of Laos 1953-1975 Part of Laos
    Kingdom of Cambodia 1953-1970 Part of Cambodia
    Republic of Vietnam 1955-1963 Part of Vietnam "First Republic of Vietnam"
    Hashemite Arab Federation 1958 Part of Iraq, Jordan, Palestine, and Israel (disputed)
    Iraqi Republic 1958-1963 Part of Iraq "Qasimist Iraq"
    Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma[l] 1962-1988 Part of Myanmar
    Yemen Arab Republic 1962-1990 Part of Yemen
    Republic of Vietnam 1963-1975 Part of Vietnam "Second Republic of Vietnam"

    Unrecognized State

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    See also: List of historical unrecognized states and dependencies
    20th and 21st centuries
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    Name Period Today Notes
    Revolutionary Provisional Government of Mongolia 1921 Part of Mongolia Satellite state of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
    Autonomous Government of Khorasan Part of Iran
    Great Mongolian State 1921-1924 Part of Mongolia Satellite state of:
    Provisional Priamurye Government[m][n] 1921-1922/1923 Part of Russia De jure and largely de facto dissolved following the withdrawal of Japanese forces from Vladivostok on 25 October 1922. Fully de facto dissolved after the capture of the Ayano-Maysky District, which had been taken by Anatoly Pepelyayev during Yakut revolt.
    Tuvan People's Republic[o] 1921-1944 Satellite state of:
    Kingdom of Kurdistan 1921-1924 (or 1925) Part of Iraq
    Sultanate of Nejd 1921-1926 Part of Saudi Arabia Third iteration of the Third Saudi State
    Provisional Yakut Regional People's Government 1922 Part of Russia Declared in March 1922 in Churapcha by Cornet Mikhail Korobeinikov's Yakut People's Army. In summer 1922, the Yakuts were ousted from Yakutsk and withdrew to the Pacific coast, where they sent the Provisional Priamurye Government the request for support. On 30 August, the Pacific Ocean Fleet, crewed by about 750 volunteers under Lieutenant General Anatoly Pepelyayev left Vladivostok. Three days later, this force disembarked in Ayan.
    United Forces Office 1923-1924 Part of China
    General Staff Headquarters in Manchuria of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea 1924-1929
    Provisional Tungus Central National Government 1924-1925 Part of Russia
    Righteous Government 1924-1929 Part of China
    New People's Government
    Republic of Ararat 1927-1931 Part of Türkiye
    Emirate of Afghanistan 1928-1929 Part of Afghanistan Declared on 14 December 1928 and captured Kabul on 17 January 1929. Dissolved on 13 October 1929 after the fall of Kalakāni.
    National People's Prefecture 1929-1934 Part of China
    Korean Anarchist Federation in Manchuria 1929 The anti-Japanese sentiment of the new administration in Manchuria opened up space for the Korean anarchist movement to restart its activities, now safe from political repression. This process culminated, on July 21 1929, with the establishment of the Korean Anarchist Federation in Manchuria (KAFM).
    Korean People's Association in Manchuria 1929-1931 In August 1929, the New People's Government and the KAFM were integrated into the Korean People's Association in Manchuria with Kim Chwa-chin being elected as its chairperson.
    Kumul Khanate 1931-1934 Attempted restoration of the Kumul KhanatebyUyghurs led by Yulbars Khan during the Kumul Rebellion
    Chinese Soviet Republic[p][q][r] 1931-1937 After moving to the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Revolutionary Base Area, the term "Chinese Soviet People's Republic" gradually became the main name for the country.
    Northeastern Supreme Administrative Council 1932 Puppet state of the Empire of Great Japan
    State of Manchuria 1932-1934 Puppet state of the Empire of Great Japan; between 1 March 1932 and 1 March 1934, Manchuria existed as a republic under Puyi (in a strictly civilian role) as Chief Executive.
    Khotan Islamic Government[s] 1933-1934
    East Chahar Special Autonomous Region 1933-1936 Puppet state of the Empire of Great Japan
    Turkic Islamic Republic of East Turkestan 1933-1934
    Islamic Kingdom of Khotan 1934
    Empire of Great Manchuria 1934-1945 Puppet state of the Empire of Great Japan; on 1 March 1934, the House of Aisin-Gioro was restored to power and the Manchukuo republic was dissolved. The monarchy would survive until 18 August 1945, which would mark the final dissolution of the Qing dynasty.
    Korean Revolutionary Army Government 1934-1937
    Northwestern Federation of the Chinese Soviet Republic 1935; 1935-1936 Originally formed in Mao County on 30 May 1935, the 4th Frontal Division under Zhang Guotao would travel to Barkam by 5 October. On 18 November, they would reestablish the "Northwest Federal Government" in Jinchuan County, before travelling to their final capital in Garzê County on 5 May 1936. After the Central Red Army established and consolidated its position in Yan'an, Zhang would be ordered to terminate his "Second Central Committee" On 1 July, the "Northwest Federal Government" and its subordinates were dissolved, after Zhang's forces successfully marched northward.
    East Hebei Autonomous Government[t] 1935-1938 Puppet state of the Empire of Great Japan
    Mongol Military Government 1936-1937
    South Chahar Autonomous Government 1937-1939 Puppet state of the Empire of Great Japan (1937; 1939)

    Constituent of the Mengjiang Joint Committee (1937-1939)

    North Shanxi Autonomous Government
    Mongol United Autonomous Government
    Mengjiang Joint Committee 1937-1939 Puppet state of the Empire of Great Japan
    Great Way Municipal Government of Shanghai 1937-1938
    Provisional Government of the Republic of China 1937-1940
    Reformed Government of the Republic of China 1938-1940
    Hatay State 1938-1939 Part of Türkiye Puppet state of the Republic of Turkey
    Mengjiang United Autonomous Government[u] 1939-1945 Part of China Puppet state of the Empire of Great Japan (1939-1940)

    Autonomous administrative division of the Republic of China (1940-1945)

    Fuzhou Vigilante Committee 1941 Puppet government of the Empire of Great Japan
    Philippine Executive Commission 1942-1943 Part of the Philippines
    Free Republic of Nias 1942 Part of Indonesia Upon hearing news about the recent Japanese attacks on Sumatra, the German prisoners on the island of Nias planned a coup against the Dutch colonial authority in the city. The prisoners tried to persuade native police, known as Veldpolities, to revolt. At the time, the city was home to around 60 German prisoners. On 29 March 1942, the native police revolted by shooting Dutch residents and imprisoning Dutch officials, and the city was quickly occupied. Once occupied, the German prisoners established the unrecognized state of the Free Republic of Nias. On 17 April 1942, the Japanese military landed in the city and was welcomed by the German prisoners, who took over the city. By 24 April 1942, all German prisoners had left the island and the administration was handed over to the Japanese until the end of World War II.
    Burmese Executive Administration 1942-1943 Part of Myanmar The Burmese Executive Administration was established in Rangoon on 1 August 1942 with the aim of creating a civil administration to manage day-to-day administrative activities subordinate to the Japanese military administration. The head of the provisional administration was Dr. Ba Maw, a noted lawyer and political prisoner under the British.
    State of Burma 1943-1945 Japanese puppet state ran by the Burma National Army. After 27 March 1945, multiple key elements of the government, including Aung San and the BNA (renamed to the Patriotic Burmese Forces on 23 June 1945), switched sides and joined the Allies.
    Republic of the Philippines Part of the Philippines "Second Philippine Republic" or "Japanese-sponsored Philippine Republic"
    Provisional Government of Free India Part of India Claimed the territories of the British Raj, but only had control over a very minor amount of territory during its existence. The majority of its territory was in the Andaman Islands. Its capital-in-exile was Japanese-occupied Singapore, with a provisional capital in Port Blair.
    East Turkestan Republic 1944-1946 Part of China Satellite state of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
    Fuzhou Municipal Committee 1944-1945 Puppet government of the Empire of Great Japan
    Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence 1945 Part of Indonesia
    Việt Nam[v] Part of Vietnam Declared on 9 March 1945, following the Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina, as Japanese puppet states. Very briefly existed as de jure French protectorates until independence was formally declared (11 March, 8 April, and 13 March). Became fully independent for a brief period of time following the surrender of Japan.
    Kingdom of Luang Prabang Part of Laos
    Kingdom of Kampuchea[w] Part of Cambodia
    Okinawa Advisory Council 1945-1950 Part of Japan After the establishment of the United States Military Government of the Ryukyu Islands, the Okinawa Advisory Council was created to administer the Okinawa Islands, as the prefecture office had been eliminated as a result of Battle of Okinawa.
    Miyako Subprefecture With the establishment of the Okinawa Advisory Council, the surviving prefecture offices managed to establish their own independent administrations from the government in Naha.
    Yaeyama Subprefecture
    People's Committee of Korea[x] 1945-1946 Part of South Korea and North Korea Collection of local Korean governments that were formed immediately following the conclusion of the Second World War. These committees existed in their original form from August 1945 to early 1946. From 6 September 1945 to 8 February 1946, they were centralized under the authority of the People's Republic of Korea.
    Republic of Indonesia 1945-1948 Part of Indonesia
    Hòn Gai-Cẩm Phả Commune 1945 Part of Vietnam
    Saigon Commune
    People's Republic of Korea 1945-1946 Part of South Korea and North Korea
    Inner Mongolian People's Republic 1945 Part of China During the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Japanese established a puppet state in Inner Mongolia called Mengjiang. Mengjiang was disbanded by the invasion of Soviet and Mongolian troops in August 1945. On 9 September 1945, a congress of "People's Representatives" was held in what is now the Sonid Right Banner. The congress was attended by representatives, 80 of them, from the Chahar, Xilingol, and Siziwang areas. The congress proclaimed the Inner Mongolian People's Republic, and a provisional government of 27 members were elected, of whom 11 were in the Standing Committee.

    The Chinese Communist Party took notice of the government, fearing separatism. The CCP sent Ulanhu to take control of the situation, and he ordered the Inner Mongolian government to be dissolved. The region was reorganized on 6 November 1945 as the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Movement Federation.

    Kingdom of Laos 1945-1946 Part of Laos On 12 October 1945, the newly formed Lao Issara (or Free Laos) overthrew the previously Japanese backed government of Laos. Prime Minister Phetsarath Ratanavongsa, who had been dismissed by King Sisavang Vong two days prior to the Lao Issara coup, was selected as Head of State, while Phaya Khammao was appointed the new Prime Minister. On 24 April 1946, the Lao Issara government was forced into exile in Bangkok following the restoration of the French protectorate over the nation.
    Inner Mongolia Autonomous Movement Federation 1945-1947 Part of China
    Azerbaijan People's Government 1945-1946 Part of Iran Soviet puppet states established during the Iran crisis of 1946.
    Republic of Kurdistan[y]
    Eastern Mongolian People's Autonomous Government 1946 Part of China
    Provisional People's Committee of North Korea 1946-1947 Part of North Korea and South Korea Provisional government under the authority of the Soviet Civil Administration in Korea
    People's Committee of North Korea 1947-1948
    State of Pasundan 1947 Part of Indonesia Suriakartalegawa established the State of Pasundan as an "Pasundan republic" in the small areas of West Java still controlled by the Dutch. Independence was proclaimed on 4 May 1947 but was dissolved later that year.
    Three Districts Economic Commission 1947-1949 Part of China Satellite state of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
    Government of the National Front of the Region of Madiun 1948 Part of Indonesia
    All-Palestine Protectorate 1948-1959 Part of Palestine Puppet state of:
    Negara Islam Indonesia 1949-1962 Part of Indonesia
    Republic of South Maluku 1950-1963
    Government of the Okinawa Islands 1950-1952 Part of Japan Native governments established on 4 August 1950 supervised by the:
    Government of the Miyako Islands
    Government of the Yaeyama Islands
    Government of the Amami Islands
    Government of the Ryukyu Islands 1952-1972 Native government supervised by the United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands.
    Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli 1954-1961 Part of India
    United Suvadive Republic 1958 (or 1959)-1963 Part of the Maldives

    Proto-State

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    See also: Quasi-state § Former 2
    20th and 21st centuries
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    Name Period Today Notes
    Guominjun 1924-1930 Part of China Warlord clique of the Republic of China. Dissolved after the Central Plains War.
    League of Five Provinces 1924-1928
    Shandong clique 1925-1928; 1929 Warlord clique dominated by Zhang Zongchang. Briefly revived during the Warlord Rebellion in northeastern Shandong.
    Henan clique 1925-1926 Warlord clique dominated by Hu Jingyi and later Yue Weijun.
    Henan clique 1925 Warlord clique dominated by Liu Zhenhua
    Soviet Zone[z] 1927-1949
    Northeastern Border Defense Headquarters 1928-1935 The Northeastern Army and other remains of the Fengtian clique following the Northeast Flag Replacement. In the second half of 1933, the majority of the Northeastern Army was transferred to Shaanxi and took up headquarters at Xi'an. The 30,000 troops of the Fifty-First Army remained in Hebei until the Japanese demanded their withdrawal in the He–Umezu Agreement. Even after moving to Shaanxi, Chang Hsueh-liang continued to be referred to as the Warlord of Manchuria until 26 December 1936.
    Red Spear Society 1929 Proto-state created by the Red Spear Society during the Red Spears' uprising in Shandong. By summer 1929, the Red Spear Society largely controlled Dengzhou county and had a presence in several other counties on the Shandong Peninsula.
    Shandong clique 1930-1938 Warlord clique of the Republic of China
    Shandong clique 1930-1932 Having eastern Shandong as his defense area, Liu became known as the "King of East Shandong" and was unpopular for levying heavy taxes. In autumn 1932, he was forced out of Shandong in the Han–Liu War because he had refused to obey Governor Han Fuju's orders.
    Suiyuan clique 1931 A short-lived dependency (August to December 1931) of the Shanxi clique during Fu Zuoyi's colonization efforts of the Suiyuan region in Yan Xishan's name.
    Guangdong clique 1932-1936 Chen Jitang's clique in Guangdong after his rival government merged back with the Nanjing government.
    Suiyuan clique 1933-1934 Sun Dianying's clique formed in July 1933 during the Inner Mongolia campaign. It lasted until April 1934, when it was destroyed and absorbed into the Shanxi clique after the Ningxia War.
    Kumul 1934-1937 Warlord clique of the Republic of China
    New 36th Division[aa] Warlord clique of the Republic of China. Founded in 1932 as a cavalry (later light infantry) division of the New Army of the National Revolutionary Army. In 1934, the division seized much of Southern Xinjiang during the Soviet invasion of Xinjiang. The territory was commonly referred to as Tunganistan (or Dunganistan), which was first coined by Walther Heissig, but notably used in M. C. Jillet's 1937 interview with Ma Hushan, who had been commander of the division since the disappearance of Ma Zhongying in 1934.
    Xikang clique 1934-1949 Warlord clique of the Republic of China
    Northwest Bandit Suppression Headquarters 1935-1937 In October 1935, the Northeastern Border Defense Forces merged with Yang Hucheng's forces, creating the Northwest Bandit Suppression Force. Their main operations were hunting down members of the CCPinShaanxi following the Long March.
    Arab Higher Committee 1936-1937 Part of Israel and Palestine The "First Arab Higher Committee" was formed on 25 April 1936, following the outbreak of the Great Arab revolt, and national committees were formed in all of the towns and some of the larger villages, during that month.
    Central Committee of National Jihad in Palestine 1937-1939 Palestinian rebel organ during the second half of the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine.
    Arab Higher Committee 1945-1946 In November 1945, on the urging of Egypt, its leading member, the then seven members of the Arab League (Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and Yemen) reconstituted the Arab Higher Committee comprising twelve members as the supreme executive body of Palestinian Arabs in the territory of the British Mandate of Palestine. The committee was dominated by the Palestine Arab Party, controlled by the Husayni family, and was immediately recognised by Arab League countries. The Mandate government recognised the new committee two months later. In February 1946, Jamal al-Husayni returned from exile to Palestine and immediately set about reorganising and enlarging the committee, becoming its acting president.
    Arab Higher Front 1946 Formed by the Independence Party and other nationalist groups in objection to the newly reconstructed Arab Higher Committee. In May 1946, the Arab League forced the AHC and AHF to unite into the Arab Higher Executive.
    Arab Higher Committee[ab] 1946-1948 In May 1946, the Arab League ordered the dissolution of the "Second Arab Higher Committee" and Arab Higher Front and formed a five-member Arab Higher Executive, under Amin al-Husayni's chairmanship, and based in Cairo. In January 1947, the AHE was renamed the "Arab Higher Committee", with Amin al-Husayni as its chairman and Jamal al-Husayni as vice-chairman, and expanded to include the four remaining core members plus Hasan Abu Sa'ud, Izhak Darwish al-Husayni, Izzat Darwaza, Rafiq al-Tamimi and Mu'in al-Madi. This restructuring of the AHC to include additional supporters of Amin al-Husayni was seen as a bid to increase his political power. On 22 September 1948, it was replaced by the All-Palestine Government.

    Rival Government

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    20th and 21st centuries
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    Name Period Today Notes
    Republic of China 1921-1922 Part of China 2nd Government of Guangdong
    Republic of China 1922 Rival government founded by Xu Shuzheng on 2 October 1922 in Yanping. On 17 October, Xu Shuzheng seized Fuzhou. The government was dissolved on 2 November.
    Republic of China 1923-1925 3rd Government of Guangdong
    Republic of China 1924 Wu Peifu's Constitution-Protecting Military Government, which existed only on 17 November 1924.
    Republic of China 1925-1926 4th Government of Guangdong
    Republic of China 1926-1927 Rival nationalist government dominated by the left-wing of the Kuomintang that was based in Wuhan from 5 December 1926 to 21 September 1927, led first by Eugene Chen, and later by Wang Jingwei.
    Kingdom of Afghanistan 1929; 1929 Part of Afghanistan Anti-Saqqawist regimes formed during the Afghan Civil War (1928–1929).
    Kingdom of Afghanistan 1929
    Republic of China 1930 Part of China Rival nationalist government declared in the 2nd phase of the Central Plains War.
    Republic of China 1931-1932 5th Government of Guangdong; Rival nationalist government established in Guangdong in 1931 by Chen Jitang. The capital was in Guangzhou. Anti-Chiang Kai-shek factions of the KMT joined this group, but they lost their independence and power due to reconciliation caused by the Mukden incident. On 1 January 1932, the majority of the government had merged back with the Nanjing government, but Chen Jitang continued to rule Guangdong until 1936.
    Republic of China 1933-1934 "People's Revolutionary Government of the Republic of China"
    Tibet 1933-1943 While more akin to a self-proclaimed monarch of a micronation, Abbot Chao Kung (born Ignaz Trebitsch-Lincoln) proclaimed himself as the 14th Dalai Lama after the death of the 13th Dalai Lama. Despite receiving support from the Japanese government and chief of the Gestapo in the Far East, Standartenführer Josef Albert Meisinger, Chao failed to gain support from the Tibetans. He died in 1943 in Shanghai.
    Republic of China 1940-1945 Puppet state of the Empire of Great Japan
    Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq 1941 Part of Iraq Abd al-Ilah loyalists in British-controlled territory during the Anglo-Iraqi War.

    Puppet state of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

    Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen 1948 Part of Yemen Rival government established by the Alwazirs during the Alwaziri coup. They were led by Abdullah bin Ahmad al-Wazir, who was their King and Imam. It lasted only a few weeks in February and March 1948 before being put down by the forces of Ahmad bin Yahya.

    Government in Exile

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    See also: Government in exile § Past governments in exile
    20th and 21st centuries
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    Name Period Today Notes
    Imperial Clan Court 1924-1932 Part of China Puyi's exiled court following the Beijing Coup.
    Arab Higher Committee 1938-1945 Part of Israel and Palestine "Arab Higher Committee in Exile" established in BeirutbyJamal al-Husayni and five former members of the Arab Higher Committee, who had previously been exiled to the Seychelles during the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine. It worked in collaboration with the Nazi government in Germany during the war, mostly under the direction of Amin al-Husseini, who never returned to Palestine.
    Commonwealth of the Philippines 1942-1945 Part of the Philippines
    Dutch East Indies 1942/1943-1945 Part of Indonesia With the fall of Java, and formal surrender by the Dutch on behalf of the Allied forces on 8 March 1942, many government and military officials from the Dutch East Indies managed to flee to Australia in March 1942, creating a de facto government-in-exile based near Brisbane. On 23 December 1943, the Dutch government-in-exile decreed the formation of an official government-in-exile, with Hubertus van Mook as Acting Governor General, on Australian soil until Dutch rule could be restored to the Indies.
    Republic of the Philippines 1945 Part of the Philippines After the Allied forces liberated the Philippines from Japanese occupiers and the reestablishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines in the archipelago after a few years in exile in the United States, the Second Philippine Republic became a nominal government-in-exile from 11 June 1945, based out of Nara and Tokyo. The government was later dissolved on 17 August 1945.[1]
    Kingdom of Laos 1946-1949 Part of Laos Government in exile of the Lao Issara government, originally established on 12 October 1945 but forced into exile on 24 April 1946 following the restoration of French rule. The Lao Issara fled from Laos to Bangkok, Thailand, where, under the leadership of Phetsarath Ratanavongsa, continued to claim their authority over Laos. Due to poor financial management by the Phetsarath government, Prince Souphanouvong, who had been the commander of the Lao Issara defense force, had begun to become increasingly powerful in government. Souphanouvong had made clear his refusal to accept the new political set-up in Vientiane, and was ready to form a formal anti-colonial united front with the Viet Minh against the French. This repelled most of his colleagues, who began to oppose Souphanouvong's leadership in the Lao Issara. On 14 October 1949, due to the lack of cooperation within the movement, the Lao Issara announced its formal dissolution.
    Republic of Indonesia 1948-1949 Part of Indonesia "Emergency Government of the Republic of Indonesia"
    Xinjiang Province 1950-1992 Part of China "Xinjiang Provincial Government Office"

    Constituent Country

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    20th and 21st centuries
    edit
    Name Period Today Notes
    Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic[ac] 1924-1991 Part of Uzbekistan and Tajikistan Union Republic of:

    Sovereignty declared on 20 June 1990. Independence declared on 31 August 1991.

    State of Syria 1925-1930 Part of Syria and Israel (disputed) Constituent of the Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon
    Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic[ad] 1925-1991 Part of Turkmenistan Union Republic of:

    Sovereignty declared on 22 August 1990. Independence declared on 27 October 1991.

    Kingdom of Hejaz 1926-1932 Part of Saudi Arabia Constituent country of the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd
    Kingdom of Nejd and its Dependencies[ae]
    Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic[af] 1929-1991 Part of Tajikistan Union Republic of:

    Sovereignty declared on 24 August 1990. Independence declared on 9 September 1991.

    Syrian Republic 1930-1945/1946 Part of Syria, Türkiye, and Israel (disputed) Constituent of the Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon

    De jure independence was declared on 24 October 1945, but French forces remained until 17 April 1946, granting Syria its de facto independence.

    Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic[ag] 1936-1991 Part of Kazakhstan Union Republic of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

    Sovereignty declared on 25 October 1990. Independence declared on 16 December 1991.

    Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic[ah] Part of Kyrgyzstan Union Republic of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

    Sovereignty declared on 30 December 1990. Independence declared on 31 August 1991.

    Autonomous Republic of Cochinchina[ai] 1946-1949 Part of Vietnam Constituent of the Indochinese Federation
    State of East Indonesia[aj] 1946-1950 Part of Indonesia Puppet state of the Kingdom of the Netherlands

    Constituent country of the United States of Indonesia from 27 December 1949, with an interruption between 5 to 21 April 1950.

    State of Madura 1948-1950 Puppet state of the Kingdom of the Netherlands

    Constituent country of the United States of Indonesia after 27 December 1949

    State of Pasundan[ak]
    Provisional Central Government of Vietnam 1948-1949 Part of Vietnam Constituent of the Indochinese Federation
    State of South Sumatra 1948-1950 Part of Indonesia Puppet state of the Kingdom of the Netherlands

    Constituent country of the United States of Indonesia after 27 December 1949

    State of East Java
    State of Vietnam 1949-1955 Part of Vietnam Constituent country of the Indochinese Federation until 21 July 1954
    State of the Republic of Indonesia 1949-1950 Part of Indonesia Constituent country of the United States of Indonesia

    Dependent Territory

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    20th and 21st centuries
    edit
    Name Period Today Notes
    Commonwealth of the Philippines 1935-1942; 1945-1946 Part of the Philippines Commonwealth of the United States of America
    Aden Colony 1937-1963 Part of Yemen Colony of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
    Chinese Changchun Railway Zone 1945-1952 Part of China From August 1945, the Chinese Eastern Railway came under the joint control of the Soviet Union and Republic of China. After World War II the Soviet government insisted on occupying the Liaodong Peninsula but allowed joint control over the Southern branch with China; all this together received the name of the "Chinese Changchun Railway" (Russian: Кита́йская Чанчу́ньская желе́зная доро́га).

    In 1952, the Soviet Union transferred (free of charge) all of its rights to the Chinese Changchun Railway to the People's Republic of China.

    Malayan Union 1946-1948 Part of Malaysia Union of protectorates of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
    Crown Colony of Malacca 1946-1957 Colony of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
    Crown Colony of Penang
    Crown Colony of Singapore[al] 1946-1963 Part of Singapore, Christmas Island, and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands Colony of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Self-governing after 1959. The Cocos (Keeling) Islands were transferred to Australia on 23 November 1955, while Christmas Island was transferred to Australia on 1 October 1958.
    Crown Colony of Sarawak Part of Malaysia Colony of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Self-governing after 22 July 1963.
    Crown Colony of North Borneo Part of Malaysia and the Philippines Colony of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Seven Turtle Islands (including Cagayan de Sulu and the Mangsee Islands) ceded to the Philippines on 16 October 1947. Self-governing after 31 August 1963.
    Palestine 1948 Part of Palestine On 8 July 1948, the Arab League decided to set up a temporary civil administration in Palestine, to be directly responsible to the Arab League. This plan was strongly opposed by King Abdullah IofTransjordan and received only half-hearted support from the Arab Higher Committee, which had itself been set up in 1945 by the Arab League. The new administration was never properly established. Another order issued on 8 August 1948 vested an Egyptian Administrator-General with the powers of the High Commissioner. On 22 September 1948, it was replaced by the All-Palestine Government.[2]

    Federal Territory

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    20th and 21st centuries
    edit
    Name Period Today Notes
    Djakarta Federal District 1948-1950 Part of Indonesia Federal district of the United States of Indonesia after 27 December 1949
    Qamdo Region 1950-1956 Part of China Area of the People's Republic of China
    Tibet Area 1951-1955

    Military Administration

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    See also: List of military occupations § Historical occupations
    20th and 21st centuries
    edit
    Name Period Today Notes
    Urtatagai 1925-1926 Part of Afghanistan Military administration of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
    Balkh 1929
    Manchuria 1931-1932 Part of China Military administration of the Empire of Great Japan
    Indochina 1940-1945 Part of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia
    Iran 1941-1946 Part of Iran Military administration of the Imperial State of Iran following the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran, which began on 25 August 1941. When the deadline for withdrawal arrived on 2 March 1946, six months after the end of the war, the British began to withdraw, but Moscow refused, citing "threats to Soviet security". Soviet troops did not withdraw from Iran proper until May 1946.
    Iran
    Thailand 1941-1942 Part of Thailand Military administration of the Empire of Great Japan
    Philippines 1941-1943 Part of the Philippines
    Malaya 1941-1945 Part of Malaysia
    North Borneo Part of Malaysia, Brunei, and the Philippines
    Dutch East Indies Part of Indonesia and East Timor
    Hong Kong Part of Hong Kong
    Burma 1941-1943 Part of Myanmar
    Syonan-to[am] 1942-1945 Part of Singapore
    Andaman and Nicobar Islands 1942-1943 Part of India
    Christmas Island 1942-1945 Part of Christmas Island
    Netherlands Indies Civil Administration[an] 1944-1947 Part of Indonesia
    Nanpō Islands 1945-1968 Part of Japan Military administration of the United States of America
    Marcus Island
    United States Military Government of the Ryukyu Islands 1945-1950
    Manchuria 1945-1946 Part of China Military administration of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
    Naval Base Area 1945-1955 Military administration and de facto foreign concession of the Union of Soviet Socialist RepublicsinDalian (Lüda after 1 December 1950). The Soviet Union occupied the territory and the Soviet Navy made use of the former Ryojun Guard District. In 1950, the Soviet government returned the majority of the territory to the People's Republic of China, only keeping Lüshun Port. The Soviet Union would retain control over Lüshunkou until turning it over to China on May 27 1955.
    Soviet Civil Administration in Korea 1945-1948 Part of North Korea and South Korea Military administration of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
    Indochina 1945-1946 Part of Vietnam and Laos Military administration of the Republic of China
    State of Japan[ao][ap][aq] 1945-1952 Part of Japan Japan was occupied by the Allied Powers from its surrender at the end of the Second World War on September 2 1945 until the Treaty of San Francisco took effect on April 28 1952. The occupation, led by the American military with support from the British Commonwealth and under the supervision of the Far Eastern Commission, involved a total of nearly one million Allied soldiers. The occupation was overseen by General Douglas MacArthur, who was appointed Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers by President Harry S. Truman; MacArthur was succeeded as supreme commander by General Matthew Ridgway in 1951. Unlike in the Allied occupations of Germany and Austria, the Soviet Union had little to no influence over the occupation of Japan, declining to participate because it did not want to place Soviet troops under MacArthur's direct command.
    United States Army Military Government in Korea 1945-1948 Part of South Korea and North Korea Military administration of the United States of America
    British Military Administration of Malaya 1945-1946 Part of Malaysia and Singapore Military administration of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
    British Military Administration of Borneo Part of Malaysia and Brunei
    British Commonwealth Occupation Zone 1946-1952 Part of Japan The post-war occupation area in Japan primarily under the control of the British Commonwealth Occupation Force (BCOF). The BCOF occupied the western prefectures of Shimane, Yamaguchi, Tottori, Okayama, Hiroshima, and Shikoku Island, in addition to supervising demilitarization and the disposal of Japan's war industries.
    West Bank 1948-1950 Part of Palestine and Israel (disputed) Military administration of the Hashemite Kingdom of Trans-Jordan. It included East Jerusalem within its boundaries and was directly annexed on 24 April 1950 as the West Bank Governorate.
    United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands 1950-1972 Part of Japan Military administration of the United States of America

    Autonomous Administrative Division

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    See also: Autonomous administrative division § List of historical autonomous administrative divisions
    20th and 21st centuries
    edit
    Name Period Today Notes
    Tajik Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic 1924-1929 Part of Tajikistan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic of the Uzbek Socialist Soviet Republic
    Kara-Kalpak Autonomous Oblast 1925-1932 Part of Uzbekistan Autonomous oblast of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
    Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic 1926-1936 Part of Kyrgyzstan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
    Ahsa 1926-1932 Part of Saudi Arabia Dependency of the Kingdom of Nejd; its viceroy was Fahd bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
    Arar Dependency of the Kingdom of Nejd; its viceroy was Muhammad bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
    Xinjiang Province 1933-1944 Part of China De facto autonomous administrative division of the Republic of China

    Puppet state of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1934-1942)

    Baroda and Gujarat States Agency 1933-1944 Part of India AgencyofIndia
    Mongol Local Autonomy Political Affairs Committee 1934-1936 Part of China
    Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Geledesha 1935-1936 Minority government of the Northwestern Federation of the Chinese Soviet Republic
    Hebei–Chahar Political Council 1935-1937 In 1935, under Japanese pressure, China signed the He-Umezu Agreement, which forbade the Kuomintang (KMT) from conducting party operations in Hebei and effectively ended Chinese control of that province. In the same year, the Chin-Doihara Agreement was signed and vacated the KMT from Chahar. By the end of 1935, the Chinese central government had virtually vacated from North China. In its place, the Japanese-backed East Hebei Autonomous Council was established on November 24, and Prince Teh, a leader of the Mongols in the provinces of what is now Inner Mongolia, was striving to set up an autonomous Mongolian Government there.

    Kenji Doihara then tried to persuade General Song to set up an autonomous government in the Hebei - Chahar region. Resulting protests by Chinese citizens gave Japan the excuse to increase their garrison in the Tianjin area. To prevent the forcible establishment of a Japanese puppet state, Song Zheyuan established the Hebei–Chahar Political Council on 18th December 1935, controlling the remainder of Hebei and Chahar provinces. Although the Hebei–Chahar Political Council rendered lip service to the Japanese effort to secure the secession of the five provinces of North China (Shandong, Hebei, Shanxi, Chahar, and Suiyuan) it made no vital concessions, the Chinese government still remained in control through the council.

    It was officially dissolved on 20th August 1937, two weeks after the fall of Beiping.

    Suiyuan Mongol Council 1936 Based out of Guisui (Hohhot), it was under the control of Fu Zuoyi, and was also advised by Yan Xishan. Refusing to submit to its authority, Demchugdongrub and Yondonwangchug of the Mongol Local Autonomy Political Affairs Committee withdrew to Dehua and established the Mongol Military Government, leaving the Committee defunct.
    Chinese Soviet Central Bodpa Autonomous Government Minority government of the Northwestern Federation of the Chinese Soviet Republic
    Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Anti-Japanese Base Area 1937-1950 Revolutionary base area of:

    Border region of the Republic of China (1937-1945)

    Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Anti-Japanese Base Area
    North China Political Council 1940-1945 The Provisional Government of the Republic of China was, along with the Reformed Government of the Republic of China, merged into Wang Jingwei's Nanjing-based reorganized national government on 30 March 1940, but in practical terms actually remained virtually independent under the name of the "North China Political Council" (華北政務委員會) until the end of the war. Many of the same members of the Provisional Government continued to serve the Japanese in north China throughout the 1940s in their original capacities.
    Special Region of Surakarta 1945-1946 Part of Indonesia
    Montagnard country of South Indochina[ar] 1946-1955 Part of Vietnam Autonomous territory of:

    Crown domain of the Vietnamese Emperor (1950-1955)

    Xinjiang Province 1946-1947 Part of China Coalition Government of Xinjiang Province
    Ili District Council Subordinate to the Xinjiang Province

    Satellite state of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

    Great Dayak 1946-1950 Part of Indonesia Puppet state of the Kingdom of the Netherlands

    Autonomous entity of the United States of Indonesia after 27 December 1949

    Southeast Borneo Federation 1947-1950
    Inner Mongolia Autonomous Government 1947-1949 Part of China
    East Borneo Region 1947-1950 Part of Indonesia Puppet state of the Kingdom of the Netherlands

    Autonomous entity of the United States of Indonesia after 27 December 1949

    West Borneo Special Region
    Bangka Region
    Billiton Region
    Riouw Region
    Federally Administered Tribal Areas 1947-2018 Part of Pakistan Semi-autonomous tribal region of:
    Eastern States Union 1947-1948 Part of India Union of princely states of the India
    Mèo Autonomous Territory 1947-1954 Part of Vietnam Autonomous territory of:

    Crown domain of the Vietnamese Emperor (1950-1954)

    Mường Autonomous Territory
    Nùng Autonomous Territory
    Thổ Autonomous Territory
    Banjar Region 1948-1950 Part of Indonesia Puppet state of the Kingdom of the Netherlands

    Autonomous entity of the United States of Indonesia after 27 December 1949

    Tai Federation 1948-1954 Part of Vietnam Autonomous territory of:

    Crown domain of the Vietnamese Emperor (1950-1954)

    Padang 1948 (or 1949)-1950 Part of Indonesia Puppet state of the Kingdom of the Netherlands

    Autonomous community of the United States of Indonesia

    Sabang
    Central Java Region 1949-1950 Puppet state of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Recognized by the Dutch authorities of the temporary representative body.

    Autonomous entity of the United States of Indonesia after 27 December 1949

    Domain of the Crown 1950-1955 Part of Vietnam Collection of autonomous territories of the State of Vietnam

    In the areas of the Domain of the Crown, the Chief of State Bảo Đại was still officially (and legally) titled as the "Emperor of the Nguyễn dynasty". Its capital was Da Lat.

    Baluchistan States Union 1952-1955 Part of Pakistan Union of princely states of Pakistan

    First-Level Administrative Division

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    20th and 21st centuries
    edit
    Name Period Today Notes
    Siberian Krai 1925-1930 Part of Russia Krai of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
    Far Eastern Krai 1926-1938 Krai of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic/Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
    West Siberian Krai 1930-1937
    East Siberian Krai 1930-1936 Krai of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
    Kamchatka Oblast 1932-2007 Oblast of:
    Panth-Piploda Province 1935-1947 Part of India Province of India
    Bihar Province 1936-1947
    Orissa Province
    Sind Province[as] 1936-1955 Part of Pakistan Province of:
    Central Provinces and Berar 1936-1950 Part of India Province of:
    East Siberian Oblast 1936-1937 Part of Russia Oblast of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
    United Provinces 1937-1950 Part of India Province of:
    Chita Oblast 1937-2008 Part of Russia Oblast of:
    Xikang Province 1939-1950 Part of China Province of:
    Nakhon Champassak 1941-1946 Part of Cambodia and Laos Province of the Kingdom of Thailand/Kingdom of Siam
    Phibunsongkhram Part of Cambodia
    Phra Tabong
    Lan Chang Part of Laos
    City of Greater Manila 1942-1945 Part of the Philippines City of:
    Syburi 1943-1945 Part of Malaysia Province of the Kingdom of Thailand
    Palit
    Kalantan
    Trangkanu

    Micronation

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    See also: List of micronations § Former
    Name Period Today Notes
    Geum 1453 Part of North Korea Founded by General Yi Jing-ok as an attempted restoration of the Jurchen Jin.
    Empire of the Philippines 1823 Part of the Philippines Declared by Andrés Novales during a Creole revolt.
    Kingdom of Sedang 1888-1890 Part of Vietnam
    Heavenly Kingdom of the Great Mingshun 1903 Part of China Formed by members of the Revive China Society in hopes of establishing a Westernized constitutional monarchy with references to the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.
    Great Ming 1919-1923 Founded by "Chu the Ninth" in Anyang County with support from the Yellow Sand Society.
    Great Ming 1924 Founded by "Wang the Sixth"
    Great Ming 1925 Founded by Chu Hung-teng with support from the Heavenly Gate Society.
    Li dynasty[at] 1954 Founded by a man named Li Zhu.
    Tu dynasty[at] 1957 Founded by ex-soldier Tu Nanting after reading fifteen volumes of moral exhortation, stelae inscriptions, and metaphorical books, including Tui bei tu.
    Free Territory of Freedomland 1959-1974 Part of the Philippines (disputed) Established by Filipino lawyer and businessman Tomás Cloma on 31 May 1956. In August 1974, Tomás Cloma Sr. and the Supreme Council of Freedomland drafted a new Constitution, declaring the country to be a Principality and encouraging its colonization. New citizens were naturalised, and some of them elected to the Supreme Council, John de Mariveles among them. In August, Cloma changed the name of the country from Freedomland to Colonia and retired as titular head of state in favor of John de Mariveles with the title of Prince.

    Link to file of flag

    Nine Palaces Way 1961 Part of China Founded by Song Yiufang and his followers after they broke into the Forbidden City.
    Principality of Freedomland 1974 Part of the Philippines (disputed) Existed briefly in August 1974 between the elevation of the Free Territory of Freedomland into a principality and and its own elevation into the Kingdom of Colonia St. John.

    Link to file of flag

    Principality of Freedomland and Republic of Koneuwe Part of the Philippines and Taiwan (disputed) In August 1974 French police arrested swindler Othmar di Schmieder Rocca-Forozata, who went by the title Count and styled himself as the Grand Duke of the Principality of Freedomland. It would seem as though this Freedomland was not the same territory as Tomás Cloma's Freedomland; contradictorily also called the Republic of Koneuwe, it was described as consisting of 74 islands 2,000 miles from Borneo.
    Yang dynasty[at] 1974 (or 1975) Part of China Founded by Yang Zhaogong in Anyang. Yang claimed to have the backing of alleged CCCPC members while establishing his new dynasty.
    Heavenly Palace Sect 1976 Founded by Yang Xuehua, who was arrested and executed shortly after for allegedly planning a rebellion.
    Zishen Nation 1981-1986 A small territory led by Li Guangchang that had achieved de facto independence in Cangnan County.
    Great Sage Dynasty 1988 Founded by Chao Yuhua in a factory.
    Heavenly Kingdom of Everlasting Satisfaction 1990-1992 Founded in Song County, Henan, headed by Li Chengfu, who had the intent of taking over the world.
    Elijah Ten Commandments Stone Kingdom 1993-1999 Founded by the World Elijah Evangelical Mission, with founder Park Myung Hoo as its God Emperor.
    Sunda Empire 2017-2020 Part of Indonesia
    Keraton Agung Sejagat 2018-2020

    Europe

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    Sovereign State

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    20th and 21st centuries
    edit
    Name Period Today Notes
    Portuguese Republic 1910-1926 Part of Portugal "First Portuguese Republic"
    Russian Provisional Government 1917 Post-Soviet states
    Russian Republic[3] 1917-1918
    White movement 1917-1923/1990s Loose confederation of anti-Bolshevik governments and organizations during the Russian Civil War. After the war, the White movement lived on through the White émigrés, who worked for various foreign governments, notably during the Xinjiang Wars and World War II. Minor groups endured until the fall of the Soviet Union.
    Republic of Estonia 1918-1940 Part of Estonia "First Republic of Estonia"

    Occupied by the Soviet Union and turned into a puppet state on 16 June 1940, officially transformed into the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic on 21 July 1940, and fully annexed into the Soviet Union on 6 August 1940.

    Democratic Republic of Georgia 1918-1921 Part of Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Russia, and Türkiye Declared on 26 May 1918, and became a German protectorate on 28 May with the Treaty of Poti until the withdrawal of German soldiers at the end of World War I.
    Republic of Armenia 1918-1920 Part of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Türkiye
    Azerbaijan Democratic Republic Part of Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Georgia Puppet state of the Sublime Ottoman State (1918)
    Republic of Lithuania 1918-1940 Part of Lithuania "First Republic of Lithuania"

    Occupied by the Soviet Union and turned into a puppet state on 16 June 1940, officially transformed into the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic on 21 July 1940, and fully annexed into the Soviet Union on 3 August 1940.

    Republic of Poland 1918-1939 Part of Poland, Czechia, Slovakia, Ukraine, Belarus, and Lithuania "Second Polish Republic"

    The transition from the Kingdom of Poland into the Polish Republic lasted from 7 October 1918 to 22 November 1918, with the customary ceremonial founding date of the latter being later set at 11 November 1918.

    Republic of Latvia 1918-1940 Part of Latvia "First Republic of Latvia"

    Occupied by the Soviet Union and turned into a puppet state on 17 June 1940, officially transformed into the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic on 21 July 1940, and fully annexed into the Soviet Union on 5 August 1940.

    Free State of Fiume 1920-1924 Part of Croatia
    Irish Free State 1922-1937 Part of Ireland Dominion of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland/United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
    Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 1922-1991 Post-Soviet states The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic seceded on 12 December 1991. The final Union Republic, the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, seceded on 16 December 1991. Several Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics remained within the Union until it was officially dissolved on 26 December 1991.
    Portuguese Republic 1926-1933 Part of Portugal The Ditadura Nacional (National Dictatorship) of the "Second Portuguese Republic"
    Spanish Republic 1931-1939 Part of Spain "Second Spanish Republic"
    Portuguese Republic 1933-1974 Part of Portugal The Estado Novo (New State) of the "Second Portuguese Republic"
    German Reich[4] 1933-1945 Part of Germany, Austria, Czechia, Poland, Russia, Lithuania, Belgium, Luxembourg, France, and Slovenia.
    Federal State of Austria 1934-1938 Part of Austria Puppet state of the German Reich after 11 March 1938
    Spanish State 1936-1975 Part of Spain
    Éire 1937-1949 Part of Ireland
    Czecho-Slovak Republic[5] 1938-1939 Part of Czechia, Slovakia, and Ukraine "Second Czechoslovak Republic". De facto puppet state of the German Reich
    French State[6] 1940-1944 Part of France and Algeria De jure continuation of the Third Republic following the Armistice of 22 June 1940 and installation of a fascist regime. Officially independent, but with half of its territory occupied under the harsh terms of the armistice with Nazi Germany, it adopted a policy of collaboration. Transformed into a traditional puppet state after Case Anton in November 1942.
    Democratic Federal Yugoslavia[7] 1943-1945 Part of Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, North Macedonia, and Kosovo
    French Republic 1944-1946 Part of France and Algeria The provisional government of Free France between 3 June 1944 and 27 October 1946, shortly before the liberation of continental France after Operations Overlord and Dragoon. The position of Chairmen of the Provisional Government remained in place until 22 January 1947.
    Albania Part of Albania Satellite state of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
    Czechoslovak Republic 1945-1948 Part of Czechia and Slovakia "Third Czechoslovak Republic"
    Republic of Poland 1945-1947 Part of Poland, Czechia, Slovakia, Ukraine, Belarus, and Lithuania "Provisional Government of National Unity"

    Satellite state of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

    Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia[8] 1945-1992 Part of Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slovenia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, and Kosovo Satellite state of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics until 1948
    French Republic 1946-1958 Part of France and Algeria
    French Union Former French colonies The political entity created by the French Fourth Republic to replace the old French colonial empire system. It was the formal end of the "indigenous" (indigène) status of French subjects in colonial areas.
    French Community 1958-1995 Former French colonies The constitutional organization set up in 1958 between France and its remaining African colonies, then in the process of decolonization. It replaced the French Union, which had reorganized the colonial empire in 1946. While the Community remained formally in existence until 1995, when the French Parliament officially abolished it, it had effectively ceased to exist and function by the end of 1960, by which time all the African members had declared their independence and left it.






    Europe

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    1st millennium and prior
    edit
    Name Period Today Notes
    Kingdom of the Danes 1st millennium BC-c. 936 Part of Denmark
    Kingdom of Svear 98-c. 970 Part of Sweden
    Kingdom of Northumbria 654-867 Part of the United Kingdom Early medieval Anglo-Saxon kingdom in what is now Northern England and southeast Scotland. Ceased to be an independent kingdom in the mid-tenth century when it was conquered by the Danes
    Kingdom of Galloway 800s-1110s Suibne mac Cináeda (d.1034) is the first recorded king of the Gall-ghàidhil, the people of Galloway, however it is estimated the kingdom formed sometime during the mid-9th century. In the early 12th century, David I of Scotland made efforts to bring Galloway under Scottish control. He appointed Norman nobles, such as Fergus of Galloway, as rulers of the region. Over time, Galloway's status as an independent kingdom waned, and it became a Lordship.
    Kingdom of Alba 843-1286 The Kingdom of Scotland between it's founding by Kenneth I in 834 and the death of Alexander III in 1286. The latter's death led indirectly to an invasion of Scotland by Edward I of England in 1296 and the First War of Scottish Independence.
    Kingdom of the Isles[9] 849-1164 Part of the United Kingdom and the Isle of Man Kingdom under Norwegian suzerainty. An invasion by Magnus Barefoot in the late 11th century resulted in a brief period of direct Norwegian rule over the kingdom, but soon the descendants of Godred Crovan re-asserted a further period of largely independent overlordship. This came to an end with the emergence of Somerled, on whose death in 1164 the kingdom was split in two.
    Danelaw[at] 865-954 Part of the United Kingdom The part of England in which the laws of the Danes held sway and dominated those of the Anglo-Saxons. The Danelaw contrasts with the West Saxon law and the Mercian law. The first recorded term to describe the polity was Dena lage, first being used in the early 11th century, with Danelaw being used at a later time.
    Kingdom of Northumbria 867-954 The Kingdom of Northumbria following its defeat by the Danes. In 954, the kingdom was fully absorbed into England. The terms Kingdom of York and Kingdom of Jórvík have been widely used by historians to describe the polity to distinguish it from the traditional Kingdom of Northumbria.
    Kingdom of Norway 872-1397 Part of Norway, Sweden, Russia, Iceland, Denmark, Ireland, and the United Kingdom Constituent of the North Sea Empire (1013-1014; 1028-1035; 1040-1042)
    Kingdom of England 927-1066 Part of the United Kingdom The first unified government of England since the abandonment of the Roman province Britannia. Served as a constituent of the North Sea Empire.
    11th century to 15th century
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    Name Period Today Notes
    Kingdom of Denmark, Kingdom of Norway, and the Kingdom of England 1013-1014; 1016-1035; 1040-1042 Part of the United Kingdom, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and Germany The personal union of the kingdoms of England, Denmark, and Norway for most of the period between 1013 and 1042 towards the end of the Viking Age. This ephemeral Norse-ruled empire was a thalassocracy, its components only connected by and dependent upon the sea. The term North Sea Empire was coined by historians at the beginning of the 20th century, with the union historically being referred to by its individual parts: the kingdoms of Denmark, Norway, and England.
    Kingdom of England 1042-1206 Part of the United Kingdom The Danish claim to the English throne was not renounced with the permanent collapse of the North Sea Empire, and was revived until as late as the 13th century. The Danes had as late as 1206 still not abandoned their hopes of reclaiming England, if Lambert of Ardres is to be believed.
    Kingdom of England 1066-1649; 1660-1707 Under personal union with the Duchy of Normandy from 1066-1087, 1106-1144, 1154-1204/1259. Served as a constituent of both the Angevin Empire and Dual monarchy of England and France. Temporarily ceased to exist during the Interregnum. Formally ceased to exist with the commencement of the Acts of Union 1707.
    Lordship of Galloway 1110s-1234 Despite Galloway's transition from kingdom to lordship, the Fergusan Dynasty continued until 1234 and the Laws of Galloway remained in force until 1426. It is thought that these laws originally derived their authority from the kings of Galloway.
    Kingdom of England 1138-1153 English forces loyal to Empress Matilda and Henry Plantagenet during the Anarchy.
    Our kingdom and everything subject to our rule whatever it may be 1154-1214 Part of the United Kingdom, Ireland, France, Guernsey, and Jersey As far as historians know, there was no contemporary term for the region under Angevin control; however, descriptions such as our kingdom and everything subject to our rule whatever it may be and the whole of the kingdom which had belonged to his father were used. The term Angevin Empire was coined by Kate Norgate in her 1887 publication, England under the Angevin Kings.
    Principality of Powys Fadog 1160-1277 Part of the United Kingdom The realm was the northern portion of the former Kingdom of Powys upon its split in 1160. In early 1277 an army led by the Earl of Warwick marched from Chester into Powys Fadog. Madog II was compelled to submit and under the terms of his surrender, the realm would be divided between himself and his younger brother Llywelyn.
    Principality of Powys Wenwynwyn 1160-1283 The realm was the southern portion of the former Kingdom of Powys upon its split in 1160. Became close allies with England against their bitter rivals, the Kingdom of Gwynedd. Owain ap Gruffydd ap Gwenwynwyn allegedly surrendered the principality of Powys to Edward I at the Parliament held in Shrewsbury in 1283.
    Kingdom of Mann and the Isles[10] 1164-1265 Part of the United Kingdom and the Isle of Man Consisted of the Isle of Man and the Northern Isles. Ruled by the Crovan dynasty following the death of Somerled and split in 1164.
    Kingdom of the Isles 1164-1266 Part of the United Kingdom Consisted of the Southern Isles. Ruled by Clann Somhairle following the death of Somerled and split in 1164.
    Principality of Wales 1216-1283 The territory of the native Welsh princes of the House of Aberffraw, encompassing two-thirds of modern Wales during its height of 1267-1277. The Principality was formally founded by Llywelyn the Great who gathered other Welsh leaders at the Council of Aberdyfi. The agreement was later recognised by the 1218 Treaty of Worcester between Llywelyn the Great of Wales and Henry III of England.
    Kingdom of England 1216-1217 On 2 June 1216, Louis VIII of France was proclaimed "King of England" by rebellious barons in London, though never crowned. He soon seized half the English kingdom but was eventually defeated.
    Kingdom of England[11] 1264-1267 Rebellion of the Baronial Council, which had been formed by the Provisions of Oxford, causing the Second Barons' War. A rival parliament was formally assembled by Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester on 20 January 1265. However, after a rule of just over a year, de Montfort was killed by forces loyal to the king at the Battle of Evesham. The last rebel forces would surrender in the Summer of 1267 on the Isle of Ely.
    Kingdom of Mann 1265-1504 Part of the Isle of Man Ruled directly by the Kings of Scotland from 1265-1290, 1293-1296, 1313-1317, and 1328-1333. Ruled directly by the Kings of England from 1290-1293, 1296-1313, and 1317-1328. On 9 August 1333, Edward III renounced all royal claims over the Isle of Man, and recognised it as an independent kingdom under its then king, William Montagu, 1st Earl of Salisbury. Placed under English suzerainty in 1399 by the right of conquest on the decree of Henry IV.
    Further Austria 1278-1805 Part of Austria, Germany, France, and Switzerland Territory of the Habsburg monarchy after 1282
    Habsburg dynasty 1282-1918 List of Habsburg rulers
    Principality of Wales 1283-1542 Part of the United Kingdom Following the conquest of Wales by Edward I of England of 1277 to 1283, those parts of Wales retained under the direct control of the English crown, principally in the north and west of the country, were re-constituted as a new Principality of Wales and ruled either by the monarch or the monarch's heir though not formally incorporated into the Kingdom of England.
    Lordship of Denbigh 1284-1536 Created by Edward I for the Earl of Lincoln. As a marcher lordship, Denbigh was not a part of the Kingdom of England and was a de facto independent territory subject to feudal allegiance to the Crown. Although it became merged with the crown in 1461, it retained its identity as a Lordship outside of the Kingdom of England until it was effectively incorporated into the kingdom by the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. Although the lordship still technically exists, with the King as its holder, its remaining lands, chiefly common land (for example, on Denbigh Moors), are vested in the Crown Estate.
    Kingdom of Scotland 1286-1652/1654; 1660-1707 Unrecognized by the Kingdom of England from 1290 to 1328 and 1332 to 1357, which was reinforced by the Papal States from 1306 to 1320 until the Declaration of Arbroath was proclaimed. Entered into a personal union with England following the Union of the Crowns in 1603. Independent for 2 years during the Anglo-Scottish war (1650–1652). The proclamation of the Tender of Union on 4 February 1652 regularised the de facto annexation of Scotland by the Commonwealth of England. De jure annexed by the Ordinance for uniting Scotland into one Commonwealth with England, issued by the Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell on 12 April 1654. Formally ceased to exist with the commencement of the Acts of Union 1707.
    Principality of Wales 1294-1295 National revolt led by Madog ap Llywelyn in response to the actions of new royal administrators in north and west Wales and the imposition of taxes such as that levied on one-fifteenth of all movables.
    Kingdom of France 1340-1360; 1369-1801 Part of France From the 1340s to the 19th century the kings and queens of England (and later Great Britain) claimed the throne of France. The claim dates from Edward III, who claimed the French throne in 1340 as the sororal nephew of the last direct Capetian, Charles IV. The claim was temporarily revoked by the terms of the Treaty of Brétigny. The enforcement of the claim was briefly successful in the early 1420s under Henry V and Henry VI. Served as a constituent of the Dual monarchy of England and France. Ended with the Acts of Union 1800 on 1 January 1801, by which time France no longer had any monarch, having become a republic.
    Principality of Wales 1372-1378 Part of the United Kingdom Owain Lawgoch, a great-nephew of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd and Dafydd ap Gruffudd, claimed the title in exile in France and supporters revolted in his name across Wales between 1372 and 1378. He was assassinated before being able to return to Wales to lead them.
    Kalmar Union 1397-1523 Part of Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia, Iceland, Denmark, Germany, and the United Kingdom
    Kingdom of Norway 1397-1814 Part of Norway and Denmark Constituent of the Kalmar Union (1397-1448; 1450-1481; 1483-1523), Denmark–Norway (1523-1533, 1537-1814)
    Principality of Wales 1400-1415 Part of the United Kingdom Rebellion led by Owain Glyndŵr against the Kingdom of England during the Late Middle AgesinWales. During the rebellion's height between 1403 and 1406, Owain exercised control over the majority of Wales after capturing several of the most powerful English castles in the country and formed a national parliament at Machynlleth.
    Dual monarchy of England and France 1422-1453 Part of the United Kingdom and France Existed during the latter phase of the Hundred Years' War when Charles VII of France and Henry VI of England disputed the succession to the throne of France. It commenced on 21 October 1422 upon the death of King Charles VI of France, who had signed the Treaty of Troyes which gave the French crown to his son-in-law Henry V of England and Henry's heirs. In practical terms, King Henry's claim to de jure sovereignty and legitimacy as king of France was only recognised in the English and allied-controlled territories of France which were under the domination of his French regency council, while the Dauphin ruled as King of France in part of the realm south of the river Loire. The dual monarchy came to an end with the capture of Bordeaux by Charles VII's forces on 19 October 1453 following their final victory at the Battle of Castillon, thus bringing the Hundred Years' War to a conclusion.
    Lincolnshire 1470 Part of the United Kingdom Popular uprising against King Edward IV in 1470. It was sponsored by Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, who had once been loyal to the king but had gradually fallen out with him, opposing his unpopular marriage and aspects of English foreign policy.
    Duchy of Yorkshire 1489 The Yorkshire rebellion took place in England in 1489, during the reign of King Henry VII. Initially led by John à Chambre, Later by Sir John Egremont (An Illegitimate member of the House of Percy). Relatively little is known about this rebellion; its main account is found in Polydore Vergil's Anglica Historia.
    Duchy of Cornwall 1497 The First Cornish uprising was a popular uprising in the Kingdom of England, which began in Cornwall and culminated with the Battle of Deptford Bridge near London on 17 June 1497.
    Kingdom of England The Second Cornish uprising occurred in September 1497 when the pretender to the throne, Perkin Warbeck, landed at Whitesand Bay, near Land's End, on 7 September with just 120 men in two ships. His supporters declared him ‘Richard IV’ on Bodmin Moor, following his attack on Exeter. Warbeck was captured at Beaulieu AbbeyinHampshire, while the remains of the Cornish army surrendered at Taunton.
    16th and 17th centuries
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    Name Period Today Notes
    Lordship of Mann 1504-1765 Part of the Isle of Man Upon his succession to the throne in 1504, Thomas Stanley, 2nd Earl of Derby, did not take the style "King", and he and his successors were generally known instead as Lord of Mann. The isle was eventually granted to the Crown with the Isle of Man Purchase Act 1765.
    Denmark–Norway 1523-1533; 1537-1814 Part of Denmark, Norway, and Germany
    French Colonial Empire 1534-1814 Former French colonies and Overseas France First French Colonial Empire. Said to have begun with the claiming of Gaspé BaybyJacques Cartier for the King of France. Ended with the French defeat in the War of the Sixth Coalition, in addition to its rapid decline with the selling of Louisiana to the United States, failure to keep French control over Haiti, and failed attempt to establish a French colony in Egypt and Syria.
    Tomakivska Sich 1540-1593 Part of Ukraine Constituent of the Free lands of the Zaporozhian Host the Lower after 1552
    Kingdom of Ireland 1542-1652; 1660-1801 Part of Ireland and the United Kingdom Although styled a kingdom, for most of its history it was, de facto, an English dependency. Temporarily ceased to exist during the Interregnum. Granted legislative independence in 1782. Annexed into the United Kingdom by the Acts of Union 1800.
    Free lands of the Zaporozhian Host the Lower 1552-1775 Part of Ukraine Autonomous administrative division of the Zaporizhian Cossack Host (1654-1764). Cossack host of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1583-1657; 1667-1686); Tsardom of Russia (1667-1711); Russian Empire (1734-1775). Vassal state of the Sublime Ottoman State (1711-1734)
    Khortytsky Sich 1556-1557 Part of Ukraine Constituent of the Free lands of the Zaporozhian Host the Lower. Existence disputed by historians
    Kingdom of England 1569-1570 Part of the United Kingdom An unsuccessful attempt by Catholic nobles from Northern England to depose Queen Elizabeth I of England and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots.
    Don Cossack Host 1570-1918 Part of Russia Cossack host of the Tsardom of Russia (1570-1721); Russian Empire (1721-1917); Russian Provisional Government (1917); Russian Republic (1917-1918)
    Zaporozhian Cossack Host 1572-1648 Part of Ukraine Cossack host of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
    Terek Cossack Host 1577-1792; 1860-1920 Part of Russia Cossack host of the Tsardom of Russia (1577-1721); Russian Empire (1721-1792; 1860-1917); Russian Provisional Government (1917); Russian Republic (1917-1918); White movement (1918-1920)
    English overseas possessions 1583-1707 Former British colonies and British Overseas Territories Comprised of a variety of overseas territories that were colonized, conquered, or otherwise acquired by the former Kingdom of England during the centuries before the Acts of Union 1707. The many English possessions then became the foundation of the British Empire and its fast-growing naval and mercantile power.
    Ural Cossack Host[12] 1591-1920 Part of Russia Cossack host of the Tsardom of Russia (1591-1721); Russian Empire (1721-1917); Russian Provisional Government (1917); Russian Republic (1917-1918); White movement (1918-1920)
    Bazavlutska Sich 1593-1638 Part of Ukraine Constituent of the Free lands of the Zaporozhian Host the Lower
    Swedish Empire 1611-1721 Part of Sweden, Finland, Germany, Estonia, Latvia, and Russia
    Scottish overseas possessions 1621-1632; 1634-1639; 1683-1707 Part of the United States, Canada, and Panama Comprised of the Kingdom of Scotland's many short-lived and ultimately fruitless colonies and forts. Upon the Acts of Union 1707, the last Scottish overseas trading company, the Company of Scotland Trading to Africa and the Indies, was formally abolished.
    Mykytynska Sich 1638-1652 Part of Ukraine Constituent of the Free lands of the Zaporozhian Host the Lower
    Kingdom of Scotland 1639-1648 Part of the United Kingdom Covenanters were members of a 17th-century Scottish religious and political movement, who supported a Presbyterian Church of Scotland and the primacy of its leaders in religious affairs. When Charles I attempted to impose elements of the English religious settlement on Scotland, the result was the Bishops' Wars, which ended in defeat for the King and a virtually independent Presbyterian Covenanter state in Scotland. Eventually gained full control over Scotland under the Kirk Party.
    Irish Catholic Confederation 1642-1652 Part of Ireland and the United Kingdom The period of Irish Catholic self-government between 1642 and 1652, during the Irish Confederate Wars.
    Parliament of England 1642-1649 Part of the United Kingdom Rebeled against the Crown during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. Would go on to declare the Commonwealth of England upon the execution of Charles I.
    Zaporizhian Cossack Host 1648-1764 Part of Ukraine, Russia, Belarus, and Moldova Protectorate of the Tsardom of Russia (1654-1721); Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1667-1686); Russian Empire (1721-1764). Vassal state of the Sublime Ottoman State (1655-1657; 1669-1685)
    Commonwealth of England 1649-1653 Part of the United Kingdom Formed by the Rump Parliament on 19 May 1649. Power in the early Commonwealth was vested primarily in the Parliament and the Council of State. During the period, fighting continued, particularly in Ireland and Scotland, between the parliamentary forces and those opposed to them.
    His Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council 1649-1660 Traditionally served as a body of advisers to the sovereign of the Kingdom of England, but acted as the official government in exile during the Interregnum. The council was led by Charles II and was based out of the Spanish Netherlands for the majority of its exile.
    Chortomlytska Sich 1652-1709 Part of Ukraine Constituent of the Free lands of the Zaporozhian Host the Lower
    Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland 1653-1659 Part of the United Kingdom and Ireland Formed in 1659 after the dismissal of Barebone's Parliament and appointment of the Instrument of Government by Oliver Cromwell. His son, Richard Cromwell, would briefly rule before resigning in May 1659 due to his inability to control either the Army or Parliament. He was replaced by the English Committee of Safety, which dissolved the Third Protectorate Parliament and reseated the so-called Rump Parliament dismissed by Cromwell in April 1653.
    Kingdom of Scotland 1653-1654 Part of the United Kingdom Royalist revolt in Scotland against the Protectorate of Oliver Cromwell. It was led by William Cunningham, 9th Earl of Glencairn, who was given command of the Royalist forces in Scotland by Charles II. It was defeated by Thomas Morgan at the Battle of Dalnaspidal on 19 July 1654.
    Commonwealth of England 1659-1660 Part of the United Kingdom and Ireland Led by the Committee of Safety following the resignation of Richard Cromwell. On 4 April 1660, in response to a secret message sent by General George Monck, who was then in effective control of England, Charles II issued the Declaration of Breda, which made known the conditions of his acceptance of the crown of England. Monck organised the Convention Parliament, which met for the first time on 25 April. On 8 May it proclaimed that King Charles II had been the lawful monarch since the execution of Charles I in January 1649. Charles returned from exile on 23 May, leading to the formal restoration of the kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland.
    Beylik of Mani 1670-1821 Part of Greece De facto vassal state of the Sublime Ottoman State
    County of Larvik 1671-1817 Part of Norway
    Kingdom of Ireland 1688-1691 Part of Ireland and the United Kingdom Rival government led by the Jacobites following James II's removal from the throne. Fought against the Williamites and their Dutch allies in the Williamite War in Ireland.
    18th century
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    Name Period Today Notes
    Great Britain 1707-1801 Part of the United Kingdom
    British Empire 1707-1783 Former British colonies and British Overseas Territories Formed with the commencement of the Acts of Union 1707 from the English and Scottish overseas possessions. In 1783, with the signing of the Peace of Paris, Great Britain formally withdrew its claim to the Thirteen Colonies. The loss of such a large portion of British America, at the time Britain's most populous overseas possession, is seen by some historians as the event defining the transition between the "first" and "second" empires, in which Britain shifted its attention away from the Americas to Asia, the Pacific, and later Africa.
    Kamianska Sich 1709-1711 Part of Ukraine Constituent of the Free lands of the Zaporozhian Host the Lower
    Oleshkivska Sich 1711-1728
    Greben Cossacks Host 1711-1920 Part of Russia Cossack host of the Tsardom of Russia (1711-1721); Russian Empire (1721-1917); Russian Provisional Government (1917); Russian Republic (1917-1918); White movement (1918-1920)
    Banat of Craiova 1718-1739 Part of Romania Territory of the Habsburg monarchy
    Kingdom of Serbia Part of Serbia Crown land of the Habsburg monarchy
    Russian Empire 1721-1917 Post-Soviet states, Finland, and Poland
    Agrakhan Cossack Host 1723-1735 Part of Russia Cossack host of the Russian Empire
    Volga Cossack Host 1734-1777
    Nova Sich 1734-1775 Part of Ukraine Constituent of the Free lands of the Zaporozhian Host the Lower
    Terek-Semeinoe Cossack Host 1735-1745; 1755-1832 Part of Russia Cossack host of the Russian Empire
    Terek-Kizlyar Cossack Host
    Kingdom of Corsica 1736 Part of France A short-lived kingdom on the island of Corsica. It was formed after the islanders crowned the German adventurer Freiherr Theodor Stephan von Neuhoff as the King of Corsica.
    Astrakhan Cossack Host 1737-1920 Part of Russia Cossack host of the Russian Empire (1737-1917); Russian Provisional Government (1917); Russian Republic (1917-1918); White movement (1918-1920)
    Orenburg Cossack Host 1755-1920 Cossack host of the Russian Empire (1755-1917); Russian Provisional Government (1917); Russian Republic (1917-1918); White movement (1918-1920)
    Corsican Republic 1755-1769 Part of France In November 1755, Pasquale Paoli proclaimed Corsica a sovereign nation, the Corsican Republic, independent from the Republic of Genoa.
    Buh Cossack Host 1769-1817 Part of Ukraine Cossack host of the Russian Empire
    Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, with the Grand Duchy of Kraków and the Duchies of Auschwitz and Zator[13] 1772-1918 Part of Poland and Ukraine Crown land of the Habsburg monarchy (1772-1804); Austrian Empire (1804-1867); The Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council (1867-1918)
    Duchy of Auschwitz Part of Poland Duchy of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, with the Grand Duchy of Kraków and the Duchies of Auschwitz and Zator
    Duchy of Zator
    Bukovina District[14] 1775-1849 Part of Romania and Ukraine Military district of the Habsburg monarchy (1775-1786). District of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, with the Grand Duchy of Kraków and the Duchies of Auschwitz and Zator (1786-1849)
    Danubian Sich 1775-1828 Part of Moldova, Romania, and Ukraine Protectorate of the Sublime Ottoman State
    British Empire 1783-1983 Former British colonies and British Overseas Territories Formed from the remaining British colonies following the British defeat in the American Revolutionary War. Composed of the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom. At its height, it was the largest empire in history and, for over a century, was the foremost global power during the period known as Pax Britannica. The British Nationality Act 1981, which came into effect on 1 January 1983, formally reclassified the existing Crown Colonies as "British Dependent Territories". Despite this, 1997 is often considered the de facto end of the Empire with the handover of Hong Kong to the People's Republic of China.
    Banat Sich 1785-1790 Part of Serbia and Romania Cossack host of the Habsburg monarchy
    Black Sea Cossack Host 1787-1864 Part of Russia and Ukraine Cossack host of the Russian Empire
    Kingdom of France 1789-1791 Part of France The Kingdom of France under the National Assembly and later the National Constituent Assembly during the French Revolution. Was declared with the abolition of the Ancien Régime and oversaw the writing of the French Constitution of 1791 following the Flight to Varennes.
    Paris Commune 1789-1795 The revolutionary government of Paris from 1789 until 1795. Operated autonomously from the various national French governments until the Thermidorian Reaction and the execution of its leaders led to its disestablishment.
    Republic of Liège 1789-1791 Part of Belgium Puppet state of the Kingdom of France
    United Belgian States 1790 Part of Belgium and Luxembourg
    Kingdom of France 1791-1792 Part of France The Kingdom of France under the Legislative Assembly and later the National Convention. It was declared with the formal creation of a constitutional monarchy with the enactment of the French Constitution of 1791. Dissolved roughly a year after its establishment with the proclamation of the abolition of the monarchy.
    Kingdom of France 1791-1814 Rival "government" backed by foreign powers during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars.
    French Republic 1792-1804 Part of France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Germany, Italy, Switzerland, and Monaco This period was characterised by the downfall and abolition of the French monarchy, the establishment of the National Convention and the Reign of Terror, the Thermidorian Reaction and the founding of the Directory, and, finally, the creation of the Consulate and Napoleon's rise to power.
    Rauracian Republic 1792-1793 Part of Switzerland Sister republic of the French Republic
    Republic of Mainz 1793 Part of Germany
    Republic of Bouillon 1794-1795 Part of Belgium Sister republic of the French Republic. Existence disputed by historians
    Kingdom of Corsica 1794-1796 Part of France Puppet state of and in personal union with Great Britain
    Batavian Republic[15] 1795-1806 Part of the Netherlands Sister republic of the French Republic (1795-1804). Puppet state of the French Empire (1804-1806)
    New Galicia 1795-1803 Part of Poland Territory of the Habsburg monarchy
    Republic of Alba 1796 Part of Italy Sister republic of the French Republic
    Republic of Reggio
    Cispadane Republic 1796-1797
    General Administration of Lombardy 1796 Military administration of the French Republic
    Transpadane Republic 1796-1797 Sister republic of the French Republic
    Bolognese Republic 1796
    Republic of Bergamo 1797
    Republic of Brescia
    Republic of Crema
    Venetian Province 1797-1805 Territory of the Habsburg monarchy
    Cisrhenian Republic 1797-1802 Part of Germany Sister republic of the French Republic
    Ligurian Republic 1797-1800; 1800-1805 Part of Italy Sister republic of the French Republic (1797-1800; 1800-1804). Puppet state of the French Empire (1804-1805)
    Cisalpine Republic 1797-1802 Sister republic of the French Republic
    Astese Republic 1797
    Anconine Republic 1797-1798
    Tiberina Republic 1798
    Roman Republic 1798-1799 Part of Italy and Vatican City
    Piedmontese Republic Part of Italy
    Lemanic Republic 1798 Part of Switzerland
    Swiss Republic 1798
    Tellian Republic
    Rhodanic Republic
    Helvetic Republic 1798-1803
    Irish Republic 1798 Part of Ireland and the United Kingdom
    Malta 1798-1800 Part of Malta Possession of the French Republic
    The Gozitan Nation 1798-1801 Personal union with the Kingdom of Naples and Kingdom of Sicily
    Bashkir Cossack Host[16] 1798-1865 Part of Russia Cossack host of the Russian Empire
    Parthenopean Republic 1799 Part of Italy Sister republic of the French Republic
    Republic of Altamura
    Republic of Pescara
    Republic of Lucca[17] 1799; 1800-1805 Sister republic of the French Republic (1799; 1800-1804). Puppet state of the French Empire (1804-1805)
    Republic of the Seven Islands 1800-1807 Part of Greece Protectorate of the Russian Empire and Sublime Ottoman State
    Subalpine Republic[18] 1800-1802 Part of Italy Sister republic of the French Republic
    19th century
    edit
    Name Period Today Notes
    United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 1801-1922 Part of the United Kingdom and Ireland
    Ireland 1801-1921 Constituent country of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
    Kingdom of Etruria 1801-1807 Part of Italy Puppet state of the French Republic (1801-1804); French Empire (1804-1807)
    Italian Republic 1802-1805 Sister republic of the French Republic (1802-1804). Puppet state of the French Empire (1804-1805)
    Principality of Salm 1802-1811 Part of Germany Puppet state of the French Republic (1803-1804); French Empire (1804-1813). Constituent of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation (1802-1806); Confederated States of the Rhine (1806-1811)
    Valais Republic 1802-1810 Part of Switzerland Sister republic of the French Republic (1802-1804). Puppet state of the French Empire (1804-1810)
    Swiss Confederation 1803-1815 Sister republic of the French Republic (1803-1804). Puppet state of the French Empire (1804-1813)
    Principality of Aschaffenburg 1803-1810 Part of Germany Puppet state of the French Republic (1803-1804); French Empire (1804-1810). Constituent of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation (1803-1806); Confederated States of the Rhine (1806-1810)
    County of Hanau
    Principality of Fulda
    Principality of Regensburg
    County of Wetzlar Puppet state of the French Republic (1803-1804); French Empire (1804-1810)
    Forest- and Rhine-County of Salm-Horstmar 1803-1813 Puppet state of the French Republic (1803-1804); French Empire (1804-1813). Constituent of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation (1803-1806); Confederated States of the Rhine (1806-1813)
    French Empire[19] 1804-1814; 1815 Part of France, Andorra, Monaco, Spain, Luxembourg, Belgium, Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, Croatia, Montenegro, and Vatican City France during the reign of Napoleon. Briefly revived during the Hundred Days.
    Austrian Empire 1804-1867 Part of Austria, Hungary, Czechia, Slovakia, Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, Romania, Poland, and Ukraine De facto puppet state of the French Empire (1809-1813). Constituent of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation (1804-1806); German Confederation (1815-1848; 1850-1866)
    Serbia 1804-1813 Part of Serbia
    Kingdom of Italy 1805-1814 Part of Italy Puppet state of and in personal union with the French Empire
    Principality of Lucca and Piombino Puppet state of the French Empire
    Duchy of Salzburg 1805-1809; 1849-1918 Part of Austria Crown land of the Austrian Empire (1805-1809; 1849-1867); The Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council (1867-1918). Placed under French occupation after 1809 and annexed by Bavaria in 1810. Reannexed by Austria in 1816 but only restored in 1849.
    Kingdom of Württemberg 1805-1918 Part of Germany Puppet state of the French Empire until 4 November 1813. Constituent of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation (1805-1806); Confederated States of the Rhine (1806-1813); Central Administration Council (1813-1815); German Confederation (1815-1848; 1850-1866); German Empire (1871-1918)
    Electorate of Würzburg 1805-1806 Puppet state of the French Empire. Constituent of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation
    Kingdom of Bavaria 1806-1918 Puppet state of the French Empire until 4 November 1813. Constituent of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation (1806); Confederated States of the Rhine (1806-1813); Central Administration Council (1813-1815); German Confederation (1815-1848; 1850-1866); German Empire (1871-1918)
    Grand Duchy of Würzburg 1806-1814 Puppet state of the French Empire until 4 November 1813. Constituent of the Confederated States of the Rhine (1806-1813); Central Administration Council (1813-1814)
    Grand Duchy of Berg 1806-1813 Puppet state of the French Empire. Constituent of the Confederated States of the Rhine. Personal union with the French Empire (1808-1809)
    Grand Duchy of Baden 1806-1918 Puppet state of the French Empire until 4 November 1813. Constituent of the Confederated States of the Rhine (1806-1813); Central Administration Council (1813-1815); German Confederation (1815-1848; 1850-1866); German Empire (1871-1918)
    Grand Duchy of Hesse[20] Puppet state of the French Empire until 4 November 1813. Constituent of the Confederated States of the Rhine (1806-1813); Central Administration Council (1813-1815); German Confederation (1815-1848; 1850-1866); German Empire (1871-1918)
    Kingdom of Saxony 1806-1813; 1815-1918 Puppet state of the French Empire until 4 November 1813. Constituent of the Confederated States of the Rhine (1806-1813); Central Administration Council (1815); German Confederation (1815-1848; 1850-1866); North German Confederation (1866-1871); German Empire (1871-1918)
    Duchy of Nassau 1806-1866 Puppet state of the French Empire until 4 November 1813. Constituent of the Confederated States of the Rhine (1806-1813); Central Administration Council (1813-1815); German Confederation (1815-1848; 1850-1866)
    Principality of Isenburg 1806-1815 Puppet state of the French Empire until 4 November 1813. Constituent of the Confederated States of the Rhine (1806-1813); Central Administration Council (1813-1815)
    Principality of Leyen 1806-1814 Puppet state of the French Empire until 4 November 1813. Constituent of the Confederated States of the Rhine (1806-1813); Central Administration Council (1813-1814)
    Kingdom of Naples 1806-1815 Part of Italy Puppet state of the French Empire (1806-1814; 1815)
    Duchy of Guastalla 1806-1813 Puppet state of the French Empire. Autonomous duchy of the Kingdom of Italy
    Principality of Benevento 1806-1815 Puppet state of the French Empire until 11 April 1814
    Kingdom of Holland 1806-1810 Part of the Netherlands and Germany Puppet state of the French Empire
    Confederated States of the Rhine 1806-1813 Part of Germany, Austria, and Liechtenstein Puppet state of and in personal union with the French Empire
    Principality of Frankfurt 1806-1810 Part of Germany Puppet state of the French Empire. Constituent of the Confederated States of the Rhine
    Principality of Pontecorvo 1806-1815 Part of Italy Puppet state of the French Empire until 11 April 1814
    Ionian Islands 1807-1814 Part of Greece Possession of the French Empire
    Kingdom of Westphalia 1807-1813 Part of Germany Puppet state of the French Empire. Constituent of the Confederated States of the Rhine
    Principality of Erfurt 1807-1814 Puppet state of the French Empire
    Duchy of Warsaw 1807-1815 Part of Poland and Lithuania Puppet state of the French Empire until 11 April 1814. Personal union with the Kingdom of Saxony. Constituent of the General Confederation of the Kingdom of Poland between 28 June 1812 and 30 April 1813
    Free City of Danzig 1807-1814 Puppet state of the French Empire
    Kingdom of Spain 1808-1813 Part of Spain
    Supreme Central and Governing Junta of Spain and the Indies 1808-1810
    Grand Duchy of Finland 1809-1917 Part of Finland and Russia Grand Duchy of the Russian Empire
    Salzburg 1809-1810 Part of Austria Temporary French occupation of the Duchy of Salzburg after the Treaty of Schönbrunn.
    Illyrian Provinces 1809-1814 Part of Croatia, Slovenia, Austria, Italy, and Montenegro Autonomous administrative division of the French Empire
    Grand Duchy of Frankfurt 1810-1813 Part of Germany Puppet state of the French Empire. Constituent of the Confederated States of the Rhine
    Extraordinary and General Cortes of the Spanish Nation 1810-1813 Part of Spain
    Provisional Government Commission of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania 1812-1813 Part of Lithuania and Belarus Puppet state of the French Empire. Constituent of the General Confederation of the Kingdom of Poland after 14 July 1812
    General Confederation of the Kingdom of Poland Part of Poland, Lithuania, and Belarus Puppet state of the French Empire. Personal union with the Kingdom of Saxony
    Provisional Highest Council of the Duchy of Warsaw 1813-1815 Part of Poland and Lithuania After Napoleon's defeat in the east, most of the territory of the Duchy of Warsaw was occupied by Russia in January 1813 during their advance on France and its allies. The rest of the duchy was restored to Prussia. Although several isolated fortresses held out for more than a year, the existence of the Varsovian state in anything but the name came to an end. Alexander I of Russia created a Provisional Highest Council of the Duchy of Warsaw to govern the area through his generals.
    Kingdom of Spain 1813-1874 Part of Spain
    Central Administration Council 1813-1815 Part of Germany, Austria, and Liechtenstein The only attempt at political coordination in Germany between the collapse of the Confederation of the Rhine and the creation of the German Confederation. its President was Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein; it was dissolved on 20 June 1815.
    Government-General of the High Allied Powers 1813-1815 Part of Germany Coalition administration in Saxony
    Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands 1813-1815 Part of the Netherlands
    Government General of Berg 1813-1814 Part of Germany Coalition administration in the former Grand Duchy of Berg
    General Government between the Weser and the Rhine 1813-1815 Coalition administration in Westphalia
    Government-General of Middle Rhine 1814-1815 Coalition administration in the Palatinate
    State of Franche-Comté 1814 Part of France and Switzerland
    General Government of Belgium 1814-1815 Part of Belgium and Luxembourg Coalition administration in the Southern Netherlands
    General Government of Lower Rhine Part of Germany Coalition administration in the Left Bank of the Rhine
    The Whole State 1814-1864 Part of Denmark and Germany
    Kingdom of Norway 1814 Part of Norway
    Principality of Elba 1814-1815 Part of Italy
    Provisional Government of the States of Genoa 1814
    Kingdom of France 1814-1815; 1815-1830 Part of France
    Principality of Porrentruy 1814-1815 Part of Switzerland
    United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway 1814-1905 Part of Sweden and Norway
    Kingdom of Norway Part of Norway Constituent of the United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway
    Genoa 1814-1815 Part of Italy Military administration of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland on behalf of the Kingdom of Sardinia
    Kingdom of the Netherlands 1815-1839 Part of the Netherlands
    Kingdom of France 1815 Part of France Royalist government in exile led by Louis XVIIIinGhent during the Hundred Days. The only region to remain entirely loyal to Bourbon rule was the Vendée, which would lead to a short-lived uprising against Napoleon.
    German Confederation 1815-1848; 1850-1866 Part of Germany, Austria, Czechia, Luxembourg, Belgium, Netherlands, Liechtenstein, Poland, Italy, and Slovenia
    United States of the Ionian Islands 1815-1864 Part of Greece Amical protectorate of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland after 9 November 1815
    Free, Independent, and Strictly Neutral City of Cracow with its Territory 1815-1846 Part of Poland Protectorate of the Austrian Empire, Kingdom of Prussia, and the Russian Empire
    Kingdom of Poland 1815-1867 Part of Poland, Lithuania, and Belarus Personal union with the Russian Empire (1815-1831); Real union with the Russian Empire (1831-1867)
    Grand Duchy of Posen 1815-1848 Part of Poland Puppet state of the Kingdom of Prussia
    Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia 1815-1866 Part of Italy Crown land of the Austrian Empire
    Duchy of Genoa 1815-1848 Constituent of the States of His Majesty the King of Sardinia
    Swiss Confederation 1815-1848 Part of Switzerland
    United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves 1815-1825 Part of Portugal, Brazil, and Uruguay
    Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 1816-1861 Part of Italy
    Kingdom of Illyria 1816-1849 Part of Croatia, Slovenia, Austria, and Italy Crown land of the Austrian Empire
    Neutral Moresnet 1816-1915; 1918-1920 Part of Belgium Condominium of the Kingdom of the Netherlands (until 1830), Kingdom of Belgium (after 1830), and the Kingdom of Prussia
    Republic of Pontecorvo 1820-1821 Part of Italy
    Messenian Senate 1821 Part of Greece The Greek local statutes were the local assemblies of Greece during the Greek War of Independence who codified certain 'proto-constitutions' ratified by local assemblies with the aim of eventually establishing a centralized Parliament under a single constitution.
    Directorate of Achaea 1821-1822
    Senate of the entire People of the Peloponnese provinces 1821-1823
    Senate of Western Continental Greece
    Areopagus of Eastern Continental Greece 1821-1825
    Provisional Regime of Crete 1821-182?
    Military-Political Organization of the Island of Samos 1821-1834 Greek local statute. Autonomous administrative division of the Hellenic State from 1828 to 1830.
    Hellenic State[21] 1822-1832 De jure tributary state of the Sublime Ottoman State from 22 March 1829 to 3 February 1830
    Republic of Goust 1827-1896 Part of France Jean-François Samazeuilh attributes the claims of Goust's independence to an 1827 description by the former French Minister of the Interior Joseph Lainé.
    Azov Cossack Host[22] 1828-1862 Part of Ukraine Cossack host of the Russian Empire
    Danube Cossack Host 1828-1868 Part of Moldova, Romania, and Ukraine Cossack host of the Russian Empire
    French Colonial Empire 1830-1946 Former French colonies and Overseas France The empire was officially dissolved by the French government with the creation of the French Union in 1946, however, it is also said by some to have only de facto ended in 1980, with the independence of Vanuatu.
    Kingdom of France 1830-1848 Part of France Liberal constitutional monarchy under Louis Philippe I created during the July Revolution of 1830.
    Provisional Government of Belgium[23] 1830-1831 Part of Belgium and the Netherlands Revolutionary Belgian government during the Belgian Revolution.
    Kingdom of Poland 1830-1831 Part of Poland, Lithuania, and Belarus
    Italian United Provinces 1831 Part of Italy Short-lived republic formed during the Revolutions of 1830.
    Caucasus Line Cossack Host 1832-1860 Part of Russia Cossack host of the Russian Empire
    Paris Commune 1832 Part of France Revolutionary commune declared by supporters of the late Jean Maximilien Lamarque in early June of 1832.
    Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves 1834-1910 Part of Portugal
    Principality of Samos 1834-1912 Part of Greece Autonomous region of the Sublime Ottoman State
    Kingdom of Heaven 1834-1918 Part of the United Kingdom William Hudson Heaven purchased Lundy in 1834 and claimed it to be a "free island", and successfully resisted the jurisdiction of the mainland magistrates. With the outbreak of the First World War, matters deteriorated seriously, and in 1918 the family sold Lundy to Augustus Langham Christie.
    Duchy of Limburg 1839-1867 Part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands Constituent of the German Confederation. Personal union with the Kingdom of the Netherlands
    Sonderbund 1845-1847 Part of Switzerland Separate confederacy formed by Catholic-majority cantons to protect their interests against a centralization of power.
    Polish National Government 1846 Part of Poland Declared by Jan Tyssowski during the Kraków uprising, with himself as the self-proclaimed dictator.
    Grand Duchy of Kraków 1846-1918 Grand Duchy of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, with the Grand Duchy of Kraków and the Duchies of Auschwitz and Zator
    Irish Confederation 1847-1848 Part of Ireland and the United Kingdom Established on 13 January 1847 by members of the Young Ireland movement who had left from Daniel O'Connell's Repeal Association. Collapsed following the Young Ireland rebellion.
    Provisional Government of Milan 1848 Part of Italy Revolutionary Italian states during the Revolutions of 1848 and First Italian War of Independence.
    Republic of San Marco 1848-1849
    Kingdom of Sicily
    Grand Duchy of Tuscany
    Duchy of Modena and Reggio
    Duchy of Parma and Piacenza
    Free Cities of Menton and Roquebrune Part of France
    French Republic 1848-1852 Republican government of France following the February Revolution
    Kingdom of Hungary 1848-1849 Part of Hungary, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia, and Austria Hungarian government during the majority of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848.
    Polish National Committee 1848 Part of Poland
    Republic of Mosina
    Supreme Ruthenian Council 1848-1851 Part of Ukraine and Poland
    Serbian Vojvodina 1848-1849 Part of Serbia, Croatia, Hungary, and Romania Autonomous region (self-proclaimed) of the Austrian Empire
    Prague Slavic Congress 1848 Part of Czechia
    German Empire 1848-1849 Part of Germany, Austria, Czechia, Luxembourg, Belgium, Netherlands, Liechtenstein, Poland, Italy, and Slovenia
    Provisional Government of Wallachia 1848 Part of Romania
    Slovak National Council 1848-1849 Part of Slovakia
    Baden Republic Part of Germany
    Romanian National Committee Part of Romania
    Duchy of Bukovina 1849-1918 Part of Romania and Ukraine Crown land of the Austrian Empire (1849-1867); The Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council (1867-1918)
    Palatinate Republic 1849 Part of Germany
    Hungarian State Part of Hungary, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia, and Austria
    Tuscan Republic Part of Italy Revolutionary Italian states during the Revolutions of 1848 and First Italian War of Independence.
    Roman Republic 1849-1850 Part of Italy and Vatican City
    Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar 1849-1860 Part of Serbia, Romania, and Hungary Crown land of the Austrian Empire
    Erfurt Union 1850 Part of Germany, Austria, Czechia, Luxembourg, Belgium, the Netherlands, Liechtenstein, Poland, Italy, and Slovenia
    French Empire 1852-1870 Part of France The Imperialist, Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III, which lasted from 2 December 1852 to 4 September 1870.
    Labour Parliament 1854 Part of the United Kingdom Revolutionary parliament formed in Preston which sat in protest for twelve days, 6 to 18 March 1854, as part of a response to the lockout by local mill owners.
    United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia[24] 1859-1881 Part of Romania De jure vassal state of the Sublime Ottoman State until 9 May 1877
    Lombardy 1859 Part of Italy Temporary French occupation of the Lombardy portion of the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia after the Treaty of Zürich.
    United Provinces of Central Italy 1859-1860 Puppet state of the Kingdom of Sardinia
    Tuscan Provisional Government Constituent of the United Provinces of Central Italy
    Kuban Cossack Host 1860-1917 Part of Russia Cossack host of the Russian Empire (1721-1917); Russian Provisional Government (1917); Russian Republic (1917-1918)
    Kingdom of Poland, Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and the Grand Duchy of Ruthenia 1863-1864 Part of Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Belarus, Ukraine, and Russia
    North German Confederation[25] 1866-1871 Part of Germany, Belgium, Denmark, Poland, Czechia, Russia, and Lithuania
    Venetia 1866 Part of Italy Temporary French occupation of the Venetia portion of the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia after the 1866 Treaty of Vienna.
    Kingdom of Poland 1867-1915 Part of Poland, Lithuania, and Belarus Real union with the Russian Empire (1831-1867)
    The Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council and the Lands of the Holy Hungarian Crown of Saint Stephen 1867-1918 Part of Austria, Hungary, Czechia, Slovakia, Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Serbia, Romania, Poland, and Ukraine
    The Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council Part of Austria, Czechia, Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Montenegro, Romania, Poland, and Ukraine Constituent of The Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council and the Lands of the Holy Hungarian Crown of Saint Stephen
    Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen Part of Hungary, Slovakia, Austria, Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, Romania, and Ukraine
    Provisional Government of the Kingdom of Spain 1868-1871 Part of Spain
    State of the Church 1870-1929 Part of Vatican City
    Paris Commune 1870 Part of France Part of the revolutionary wave in the aftermath of the collapse of the Second French Empire and French defeat in the Franco-Prussian War.
    Lyon Commune 1870-1871
    Marseilles Commune 1870
    Brest Commune
    Kingdom of Spain 1871-1873 Part of Spain
    German Empire 1871-1918 Part of Germany, Belgium, Denmark, Poland, Czechia, Russia, Lithuania, and France
    French Republic 1870-1940 Part of France
    Paris Commune 1871 Part of the revolutionary wave in the aftermath of the collapse of the Second French Empire and French defeat in the Franco-Prussian War.
    Marseilles Commune
    Saint-Étienne Commune
    Central Municipality of the District of Narbonne
    Toulouse Commune
    Perpignan Commune
    Le Creusot Commune
    Grenoble Commune
    Bordeaux Commune
    Nîmes Commune
    Limoges Commune
    Périgueux Commune
    Cuers Commune
    Foix Commune
    Rouen Commune
    Le Havre Commune
    Besançon Commune
    Carlist States 1872-1876 Part of Spain Carlist confederation led by Carlos VII during the Third Carlist War.
    Spanish Republic 1873-1874
    Catalan State within the Spanish Federal Republic 1873 Autonomous region (self-proclaimed) of the Spanish Republic
    Canton of Alcoy Local revolutionary state during the Cantonal rebellion
    Canton of Algeciras
    Canton of Alicante
    Canton of Almansa
    Canton of Andújar
    Canton of Bailén
    Canton of Béjar
    Canton of Cadiz
    Canton of Camuñas
    Canton of Cartagena 1873-1874
    Canton of Castellón 1873
    Canton of Córdoba
    Canton of Granada
    Canton of Gualchos
    Canton of Huelva
    Canton of Jaén
    Canton of Jumilla
    Canton of Loja
    Canton of Málaga
    Canton of Motril
    Canton of Murcia
    Canton of Orihuela
    Canton of Plasencia
    Canton of Salamanca
    Canton of San Fernando
    Canton of Sevilla
    Canton of Tarifa
    Canton of Torrevieja
    Valencian Canton
    Provisional Directory Created by the Cantons on 24 July 1873 as the superior authority to give unity and cohesion to the cantonal movement, and extend it with the formation of new cantons.
    Provisional Government of the Spanish Federation 1873-1874 Replaced the short-lived Provisional Directory on 27 July 1873 to be a proper rival government to the First Spanish Republic under a Cantonalist regime.
    Kingdom of Spain 1874-1931
    Polish National Government 1877 Part of Poland
    Principality of Bulgaria 1878-1908 Part of Bulgaria De jure vassal state of the Sublime Ottoman State
    Eastern Rumelia 1878-1885/1908 Autonomous region of the Sublime Ottoman State. De facto annexed by the Principality of Bulgaria in 1885. Personal union with the Principality of Bulgaria after 1886.
    Republic of Tamrash 1878-1886 The Republic of Tamrash was a self-governing administrative structure of the Pomaks, living in the Tamrash region of the Rhodope Mountains.
    Kingdom of Romania 1881-1940; 1941-1947 Part of Romania, Moldova, Ukraine, and Bulgaria Satellite state of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics after 6 March 1945
    Whiteway Colony 1898-1909 Part of the United Kingdom
    Cretan State 1898-1913 Part of Greece Autonomous region of the Sublime Ottoman State. Unilateral union with Greece declared in 1908. Formally annexed by Greece in 1913.
    20th and 21st centuries
    edit
    Name Period Today Notes
    Gurian Republic 1902-1906 Part of Georgia
    Kruševo Republic 1903 Part of North Macedonia Revolutionary state during the Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising
    Strandzha Commune Part of Bulgaria and Turkey
    Petersburg Soviet of Workers' Delegates[26] 1905 Part of Russia Revolutionary republic declared during the 1905 Russian Revolution
    Krasnoyarsk Republic
    Novorossiysk Republic
    Stary Buyan Republic
    Liubotyn Republic Part of Ukraine
    Shuliavka Republic
    Republic of Zagłębie Part of Poland
    Republic of Sławków
    Chita Republic 1905-1906 Part of Russia
    Sochi Republic
    Markovo Republic
    Republic of Ostrowiec Part of Poland
    Comrat Republic 1906 Part of Moldova
    Portuguese Republic 1910-1926 Part of Portugal The First Republic
    Free State of Icaria 1912 Part of Greece
    Provisional Government of Megisti 1913-1914 In 1912, during the Italo-Turkish War between Italy and the Ottoman Empire, the inhabitants asked Giovanni Ameglio, chief of the Italian occupation forces in Rhodes, for their island to be annexed to Italy. This was refused, and on 14 March 1913, the local population imprisoned the governor and his Ottoman garrison and proclaimed a provisional government. In August 1913, the Greek government sent from Samos a provisional governor supported by gendarmes, but in early 1914 in Florence, it was decided that the island would be returned to the Ottoman Empire.
    Provisional Government of Western Thrace[27] 1913 Part of Greece, Bulgaria, and Turkey
    Republic of Central Albania 1913-1914 Part of Albania Rival government to the recognized Provisional GovernmentofIndependent Albania.
    Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus 1914 Independent until 17 May 1914. Autonomous region of the Principality of Albania afterward.
    Senate of Central Albania Pro-Ottoman government declared during the Peasant Revolt in Albania
    Commonwealth of Catalonia 1914-1925 Part of Spain Autonomous region of the Kingdom of Spain
    General Government of Galicia and Bukovina 1914-1915 Part of Poland, Ukraine, and Romania Temporary Russian military administration of eastern parts of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria captured from Austria-Hungary. On 14 July 1915, its leadership was forced to move to Kyiv after the success of the Gorlice–Tarnów offensive by the Central Powers.
    Grand Duchy of Luxembourg 1914-1918 Part of Luxembourg From 2 August 1914 to 22 November 1918, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg was under full occupation by the German Empire. During this period, Luxembourg was allowed to retain its own government and political system, but all proceedings were overshadowed by the German army's presence.
    Imperial German General Government of Belgium Part of Belgium and France The first zone of German-occupied Belgium, under occupation authority, included Brussels and most of central and eastern Belgium.
    Etappengebiet The second zone of German-occupied Belgium, under the control of the German Fourth Army, included the cities of Ghent and Antwerp.
    Operationsgebiet Part of Belgium The third zone of German-occupied Belgium, under the auspices of the German Navy, included all Belgian coastal zones under German occupation and the areas closest to the front line.
    Polish National Committee 1914-1917 Part of Poland
    Supreme National Committee
    Supreme Command of All German Forces in the East 1914-1919 Part of Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, and Belarus Military administration of the German Empire (1914-1918), German Reich (1918-1919)
    Vlorë 1914-1916 Part of Albania The Kingdom of Italy occupied the port of Vlorë in December 1914, but had to withdraw after the Austrian-Hungarian invasion in late 1915–early 1916, and the fall of Durrës on 27 February 1916.
    General Government of Galicia and Bukovina 1915-1917 Part of Poland, Ukraine, and Romania Russian military administration in exile. Despite being forced out of Galicia after the Great Retreat, it continued to function when its leadership was moved to Kyiv. On 4 October 1916, Fyodor Trepov (junior) was appointed Governor-General of Galicia and Bukovina, after the role had become vacant following its exiling. He managed the government in exile until 31 May 1917. Dmytro Doroshenko was assigned to replace Trepov on 22 April and stayed in this position up until 2 August 1917, 13 days before the government in exile's dissolution.
    General Governorate of Warsaw 1915-1918 Part of Poland German military administration covering the northern parts of Congress Poland. It was under joint administration with the Military Government of Lublin after 18 October 1915.
    Military Government of Lublin[28] Austro-Hungarian military administration covering the southern parts of Congress Poland. It was under joint administration with the General Governorate of Warsaw after 18 October 1915.
    Albania 1915-1916 Part of Albania Occupation of Albania by the armed forces of Serbia and Montenegro during the Great Retreat
    Albania
    Military Inspection Area of Morava 1915-1918 Part of Serbia Military administration of the Tsardom of Bulgaria
    Military Inspection Area of Macedonia Part of North Macedonia, Serbia, and Kosovo
    Principality of Albania 1915-1917 Part of Albania On December 10, 1915, the Bulgarian army crossed the Drin river, entered Albania, and attacked the positions of the retreating Serbian army. Firstly the Bulgarian army advanced into the valley of river Mat, threatening to capture Shkodra and Lezhë. There was a rivalry between the Kingdom of Bulgaria and Austria-Hungary in establishing their influence in Albania. Attempting to establish its influence in Albania, Bulgaria allowed Ahmed Zogu to establish his administration in Elbasan and supported him in his attempts to revive support for the regime of Wilhelm of Wied.
    Imperial and Royal Military General Governorate of Serbia 1916-1918 Part of Serbia Military administration of The Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council and the Lands of the Holy Hungarian Crown of Saint Stephen. Occupied from 1 January 1916 to 11 November 1918.
    Imperial and Royal Military General Governorate of Montenegro Part of Montenegro, Serbia, and Kosovo Military administration of The Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council and the Lands of the Holy Hungarian Crown of Saint Stephen. Occupied from 15 January 1916 to October 1918.
    Principality of Albania Part of Albania Albania was considered a Besetztes Freundesland (Friendly Occupied Country). The Austro-Hungarians left the local administration in place, formed an Albanian gendarmerie and opened schools. The development of a proper Albanian language and orthography was promoted to reduce Italian influences. They also built roads and other infrastructure. Less popular was their attempt to confiscate weapons, which were all-present amongst the civilian population. Nevertheless, several thousand Albanians fought on the side of the Austro-Hungarians against the Allies, including when the Italian Army landed at Durazzo.

    The Military Administration was established at Scutari.

    Austro-Hungarian Military Commanders were:

    Civil administrator was August Ritter von Kral.

    Kingdom of Serbia Part of Serbia, Kosovo, and North Macedonia Government in Exile of the Kingdom of Serbia based out of Corfu
    Kingdom of Montenegro 1916-1922/1929 Part of Montenegro, Serbia, and Kosovo Government in Exile of the Kingdom of Montenegro based out of Bordeaux and later Neuilly-sur-Seine. After 1 December 1918, it was internationally recognized to have been united with Serbia. The Christmas Uprising was a brief attempt by the Montenegrin Greens to reclaim the Kingdom from Serbian occupation. Despite the large scale uprising being put down in only a few days, minor confrontations lasted until 1929, 7 years after the position of Prime Minister was dissolved.
    Principality of Albania 1916-1918 Part of Albania Government in Exile of the Principality of Albania based out of Thessaloniki and later Paris
    Irish Republic 1916 Part of Ireland and the United Kingdom
    Provisional Government of National Defence 1916-1917 Part of Greece
    Southern Albania Part of Albania In May 1916, the Italian XVI Corps, some 100,000 men under the command of General Settimio Piacentini, returned and occupied part of southern Albania by the autumn 1916. On 23 June 1917, the Italian authorities claimed a protectorate over Albania in Gjirokastër.
    Korçë 1916 Military administration of the French Republic. The French Army occupied Korçë and its surrounding areas on 29 November 1916. On 10 December, it was replaced with the Autonomous Province of Korçë
    Autonomous Province of Korçë 1916-1920 Protectorate of the French Republic. The Head of State and Government was Themistokli Gërmenji, the Prefect of Police
    Albanian Republic 1917-1920 Protectorate of the Kingdom of Italy
    Kingdom of Poland 1917-1918 Part of Poland Established on 14 January 1917 after being promised by German military authorities since the Act of 5th November. On 7 October 1917 the Regency Council declared Poland's full independence. On 11 November 1918, the council transferred it's military authority to Józef Piłsudski and the final Prime Minister, Władysław Wróblewski, stepped down.
    Central Council of Ukraine 1917 Part of Ukraine, Belarus, Russia, Poland, and Moldova Regional council declared in Ukraine on 4 March 1917. Formed the General Secretariat of Ukraine on 28 June 1917 but continued to act as the legislature of it and later the Ukrainian People's Republic. Finally dissolved in all its forms on 29 April 1918.
    Russian Provisional Government Post-Soviet states
    Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies Part of Russia
    Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus[29] 1917-1922 Part of Russia and Georgia Autonomous region of the Russian Republic until 11 May 1918. Associated State of the Sublime Ottoman State until 30 October 1918
    Ingrian People's Republic 1917-1918 Part of Russia
    Special Transcaucasian Committee 1917 Part of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan Autonomous region of the Russian Republic
    Kuban Rada 1917-1918 Part of Russia
    Council of Workers' and Soldiers' Delegates 1917 Part of the United Kingdom Established on 3 June 1917 at the Leeds Convention. It was inspired by the events of the February Revolution.
    General Secretariat of Ukraine Part of Ukraine, Belarus, Russia, Poland, and Moldova Formed by the Central Council of Ukraine on 28 June 1917 as a Ukrainian autonomous government within the Russian Republic. Succeeded by the Ukrainian People's Republic as the autonomous government of Ukraine on 20 November 1917, however it continued to exist as the executive government of the UPR until it was dissolved on 22 January 1918, when Ukraine declared full independence from Russia.
    Borcali Karapapak Turkish Republic 1917-1918 Part of Georgia
    Russian Republic[30] Post-Soviet states
    Samarina Republic 1917 Part of Greece First attempt at an independent Aromanian state.
    Polish National Committee 1917-1919 Part of Poland
    Governorate of Estonia 1917-1918 Part of Estonia Autonomous entity of the Russian Republic
    Council of Lithuania 1917-1918 Part of Lithuania Formed on 18 September 1917 with the start of the Vilnius Conference. Declared independence on 11 December 1917 as a German protectorate. On 8 January 1918, the Council proposed amendments to the declaration calling for a constituent assembly, which was rejected by the Germans. This led to a second declaration of independence on 16 February 1918, which led to the establishment of the Republic of Lithuania. The Council of Lithuania, renamed the State Council of Lithuania on 11 July 1918, continued to serve as the legislature of the Republic, Kingdom, State, and once again Republic of Lithuania until the Constituent Assembly of Lithuania was formed on 15 May 1920.
    Congress of Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies 1917-1918 Part of Russia Bolshevik government during and after the October Revolution prior to the declaration of the Russian Soviet Republic on 25 January 1918.
    White movement 1917-1923/1990s Post-Soviet states Loose confederation of anti-Bolshevik governments and organizations during the Russian Civil War. After the war, the White movement lived on through the White émigrés, who worked for various foreign governments, notably during the Xinjiang Wars and World War II. Minor groups endured until the fall of the Soviet Union.
    Political Council of the Armed Forces of South Russia 1917-1918 Part of Russia Constituent of the White movement
    Regional Committee in Protection of Revolution in Ukraine 1917 Part of Ukraine Created on 7 November 1917, dissolved only a few days later after transferring its authority of the General Secretariat of Ukraine.
    Abkhaz People's Council 1917-1918; 1919-1921 Part of Georgia
    Transcaucasian Commissariat 1917-1918 Part of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan Autonomous region of the Russian Republic
    Ukrainian People's Republic 1917-1918; 1918-1921 Part of Ukraine, Belarus, Russia, Poland, and Moldova Declared on 20 November 1917 by the Third Universal of the Ukrainian Central Council as an autonomous republic within the Russian Republic. Declared full independence from Russia on 22 January 1918 by the Fourth Universal of the Ukrainian Central Council. Became a protectorate of the German Empire on 9 February 1918 with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. It was dissolved on 29 April 1918 following a pro-German coup by Pavlo Skoropadskyi. Restored on 14 December 1918 by the Directorate of Ukraine but later exiled on 18 March 1921, where it remained until 15 March 1992.
    Bashkiria 1917-1919 Part of Russia Autonomous region of the Russian Republic (1917-1918); Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (1918); Russian State under military occupation (1918-1919)
    Emirate of Chechenia 1917-1918 Existed from 2 December 1917 to 11 May 1918. Its capital was Vedeno.
    Council of Flanders[31] Part of Belgium Formed by members of the "activist" or "maximalist" faction of the Flemish Movement in German-occupied Belgium on 4 February 1917 as part of Flamenpolitik.
    Provisional Land Council of Vidzeme 1917 Part of Latvia Regional provisional governments hoping to achieve the separation of Latvian-inhabited lands from the Russian Empire.
    Provisional Land Council of Courland
    Provisional Land Council of Latgale 1917-1918
    Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets Part of Ukraine Puppet state of the Russian Soviet Republic
    Executive Committee of the Soviet of Workers, Soldiers, and the Landless in Latvia Part of Latvia Independent until 7 November 1917. Puppet state of the Russian Soviet Republic afterward.
    Latvian Provisional National Council Latvian political committee established on 29 November 1917 in Valka.
    Crimean People's Republic Part of Ukraine (de jure); Russia (de facto)
    Moldavian Democratic Republic Part of Moldova and Ukraine Autonomous region of the Russian Republic until 6 February 1918. Independent afterward.
    Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic[32] 1918-1991 Part of Russia Union Republic of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922-1991). De facto sovereign entity (1990-1991)
    General Command of the Armed Forces of South Russia 1918-1919 Part of Russia Constituent of the White movement
    Taurida Soviet Socialist Republic 1918 Part of Ukraine (de jure); Russia (de facto) Puppet state of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
    Kuban People's Republic 1918-1920 Part of Russia Autonomous region of the Russian Republic until 16 February 1918. Constituent of the White movement after March 1918
    State of Lithuania 1918 Part of Lithuania Declared on 16 February 1918 and recognized by Germany on 23 March 1918. Abolished with the declaration of a monarchy on 9 July 1918.
    Provisional Revolutionary Council of Bashkortostan 1918 Part of Russia Autonomous region of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
    North Russia intervention 1918-1919 Military administration of the Allied and Associated Powers on behalf of the White movement
    Duchy of Courland and Semigallia 1918 Part of Latvia Declared on 8 March 1918 and absorbed into the United Baltic Duchy on 22 September 1918.
    Don Soviet Republic 1918 Part of Russia Puppet state of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
    Don Provisional Government Lasted from 3 April to 18 May 1918. It was formed under G. P. Ianov. On 11 May, the "circle for the Salvation of the Don" opened, which organized the anti-Bolshevik war. On 16 May, Pyotr Krasnov was elected Ataman. On 17 May, Krasnov presented his "Basic Laws of The All Great Don Host". On 18 May, the Don Republic was officially declared.
    Don Republic[33] 1918-1920 Constituent of the White movement
    Tatar-Bashkir Soviet Republic 1918-1919 Puppet state of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
    Ossetian Soviet Socialist Republic 1918-1920 Part of Georgia
    Baltic State 1918 Part of Latvia and Estonia Declared on 12 April 1918 and absorbed into the United Baltic Duchy on 22 September 1918.
    United Baltic Duchy Declared on 12 April 1918 but only recognized by Germany on 22 September 1918. Lost military support from Germany on 26 November 1918 and formally abolished on 28 November 1918.
    Baku Soviet Commune Part of Azerbaijan
    Abkhazian Republic Part of Georgia Existed from 25 March to 19 April 1918. It declared its capital to be in Sukhumi
    Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic Part of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan Georgia declared its independence on 26 May 1918. Armenia and Azerbaijan dissolved it on 28 May 1918. It fell under German suzerainty during Otto von Lossow's mission in the republic.
    Ukrainian State Part of Ukraine, Belarus, Russia, Poland, and Moldova Puppet state of the German Empire
    Democratic Republic of Georgia 1918-1921 Part of Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Russia, and Turkey Declared on 26 May 1918, and became a German protectorate on 28 May with the Treaty of Poti until the withdrawal of German soldiers at the end of World War I.
    Republic of Armenia 1918-1920 Part of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Turkey
    Azerbaijan Democratic Republic Part of Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Georgia Puppet state of the Sublime Ottoman State (1918)
    Russian State Post-Soviet states Constituent of the White movement
    Kingdom of Lithuania 1918 Part of Lithuania, Belarus, and Poland Puppet state of the German Empire
    Crimean Regional Government Part of Ukraine (de jure); Russia (de facto)
    Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly Part of Russia Constituent of the White movement
    Karabakh Council[34] 1918-1920 Part of Azerbaijan
    Centrocaspian Dictatorship 1918
    Provisional Military Dictatorship of Mughan Constituent of the White movement
    Supreme Administration of the Northern Region Part of Russia
    Provisional Regional Government of the Urals
    Republic of the Pindus Part of Albania Second attempt at an independent Aromanian state.
    Provisional Government of the Northern Region 1918-1920 Part of Russia Constituent of the White movement
    Regional Government of Northwest Russia 1918-1919
    Romanian National Committee 1918 Part of Romania Committee established with the aim of unifying Transylvania with Romania.
    Ukrainian National Committee Part of Ukraine and Romania
    Romanian National Council President was Iancu Flondor. Summoned the General Congress of Bukovina on 28 November, which voted in favor of joining Romania.
    State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs Part of Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, and Austria
    Central National Romanian Council Part of Romania
    Baltic state[35] 1918-1919 Part of Latvia and Estonia Declared on 5 November 1918. Acted as a satellite state of the German Empire and later German Reich due to the influence of the Freikorps in the Baltic
    Provisional People's Government of the Republic of Poland 1918 Part of Poland Formed on 7 November 1918 in Lublin and annexed itself into the Republic of Poland only a few days later.
    Republic of Lithuania 1918-1940 Part of Lithuania Declared on 2 November 1918 with the abolition of the German-backed monarchy. Occupied by the Soviet Union and turned into a puppet state on 16 June 1940, officially transformed into the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic on 21 July 1940, and fully annexed into the Soviet Union on 3 August 1940.
    Republic of Poland 1918-1939 Part of Poland, Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania, and Czechia
    Soldiers' Council of Strasbourg 1918 Part of France Intended as a kind of revolutionary council and socialist and communist in inspiration, they were created after German soldiers mutinied against their officers and seized control in the wake of the German Revolution.
    Brussels Soldiers' Council Part of Belgium
    Beverloo Soldiers' Council
    Alsace-Lorraine Soviet Republic Part of France A short-lived Soviet republic created during the German Revolution from 10 to 22 November 1918 in the province of Alsace-Lorraine.
    Crimean Frontier Government 1918-1919 Part of Ukraine (de jure); Russia (de facto) Constituent of the White movement
    Directorate of Ukraine 1918 Part of Ukraine Formed on 13 November 1918 during a session of the Ukrainian National Union. Restored the Ukrainian People's Republic on 14 December 1918 , but continued to exist as the nation's government. It was finally dissolved on 10 November 1920.
    People's Council of Latvia Part of Latvia Served as the government of Latvia for a little over a day from its creation on 17 November 1918 and declaration of the Republic of Latvia on 18 November 1918, for which it served as the legislature of.
    Military Council of Goris 1918-1919 Part of Armenia and Azerbajian
    Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic 1918-1920 Part of Latvia Puppet state of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
    Mughan Territorial Administration 1918-1919 Part of Azerbaijan Constituent of the White movement
    Republic of Aras
    Kingdom of Portugal 1919 Part of Portugal A stated that established by monarchists trying to restore the monarchy. It was crushed by the Portuguese Army.
    South Russia 1919-1920 Part of Russia and Ukraine Constituent of the White movement
    Irish Republic 1919-1922 Part of Ireland and the United Kingdom An unrecognised revolutionary state that declared its independence from the United Kingdom on 21 January 1919.
    Civil Administration of the Eastern Lands 1919-1920 Part of Belarus and Lithuania
    West German Republic 1919 Part of Germany Established in February of 1919 by Konrad AdenauerinCologne.
    Independent Rhenish Republic Established in June of 1919 by Hans Adam DorteninWiesbaden.
    Palatinate Republic Established in June of 1919 by Eberhard HaassinLandau.
    Monaghan Soviet Part of Ireland Part of the series of self-declared soviets that formed in Ireland during the revolutionary period of the Irish War of Independence and the Irish Civil War lasting from 1919 to 1923.
    Limerick Soviet
    Knocklong Soviet
    Republic of Latvia Part of Latvia German puppet government in Latvia led by Andrievs Niedra which lasted between April and June 1919.
    Independent Medvyn Republic 1919-1921 Part of Ukraine
    Hryhorivshchina[at] 1919
    Mughan Soviet Republic Part of Azerbaijan
    Government of Western Russia Part of Latvia and Estonia Constituent of the White movement. Puppet state of German Reich
    North Caucasian Emirate 1919-1920 Part of Russia
    Italian Regency of Carnaro[36] Part of Croatia Self-proclaimed state in the city of Fiume led by Gabriele D'Annunzio. On 8 September 1920, D'Annunzio proclaimed the city to be under the Italian Regency of Carnaro with a constitution foreshadowing some of the later Italian Fascist system, with himself as dictator, with the title of Comandante.
    Council of Western Russia 1919 Part of Latvia and Estonia De jure subordinate of the Government of Western Russia. Puppet state of Baltic state
    Kyrgyz-Bashkir Soviet Republic Part of Russia and Kazakhstan Puppet state of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
    Government of the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of South Russia 1919-1920 Part of Russia Constituent of the White movement
    South Russian Government 1920 Part of Russia and Ukraine (de jure)
    Government of South Russia Part of Ukraine (de jure); Russia (de facto)
    Civil Administration of the Lands of Volhynia and Podolian Front Part of Ukraine
    Waterford Soviet Part of Ireland Part of the series of self-declared soviets that formed in Ireland during the revolutionary period of the Irish War of Independence and the Irish Civil War lasting from 1919 to 1923.
    Memel Territory 1920-1923 Part of Lithuania
    Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic[37] 1920-1991 Part of Azerbaijan Puppet state of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (1920-1922). Constituent of the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (1922-1936). Union Republic of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1936-1991). De facto sovereign entity (1989-1991)
    Soviet Republic of Nakhichevan 1920-1921 Part of Azerbaijan Puppet state of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
    Dagestan Part of Russia
    Free State of Fiume 1920-1924 Part of Croatia
    Free City of Danzig 1920-1939 Part of Poland
    Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic[38] 1920-1991 Part of Armenia Puppet state of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (1920-1922). Constituent of the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (1922-1936). Union Republic of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1936-1991). De facto sovereign entity (1990-1991)
    Provisional Administration of the Front-line and Phase Territories 1920 Part of Ukraine, Belarus, and Lithuania
    Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic[39] 1921-1991 Part of Georgia Puppet state of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (1921-1922). Constituent of the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (1922-1936). Union Republic of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1936-1991). De facto sovereign entity (1989-1991)
    Socialist Soviet Republic of Abkhazia 1921-1931 Puppet state of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (1921); Georgian Socialist Soviet Republic (1921-1922). Treaty republic of the Georgian Socialist Soviet Republic
    Salvation Committee of the Fatherland 1921 Part of Armenia
    Government of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile 1921-1992 Part of Ukraine
    National Government of Georgia 1921-1952 Part of Georgia
    Republic of Mountainous Armenia[40] 1921 Part of Armenia and Azerbaijan
    Bruree Soviet 1921 Part of Ireland Part of the series of self-declared soviets that formed in Ireland during the revolutionary period of the Irish War of Independence and the Irish Civil War lasting from 1919 to 1923.
    Cork Harbour Soviet
    North Cork Soviet
    Castleconnel Soviet
    Tipperary Soviet
    Rathmines Soviet
    Killarney Soviet
    Ballinacourtie Soviet
    Drogheda Soviet
    Waterford Soviet
    Arigna Soviet
    Ballingarry Soviet
    Broadford Soviet
    Southern Ireland 1921-1922 Constituent country of the United Kingdom
    Free State of Fiume 1922-c. 1960 Part of Croatia Government-in-exile of the Free State of Fiume, first formed in Kraljevica following the pro-Italian coup on 3 March 1922. When Fiume was annexed in 1924, the government-in-exile considered this act invalid and non-binding under international law and continued its activities until well after the 1950s. After World War II, leaders of the autonomists – Nevio Skull, Mario Blasich and Sergio Sincich – were murdered, while former President of the Free State and current head of the government in exile, Riccardo Zanella, was forced into hiding.
    Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic[41] 1922-1936 Part of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan Puppet state of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (1922). Union Republic of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922-1936)
    Whitechurch Soviet 1922 Part of Ireland Part of the series of self-declared soviets that formed in Ireland during the revolutionary period of the Irish War of Independence and the Irish Civil War lasting from 1919 to 1923.
    Youghal Soviet
    Fermoy Soviet
    Munster Republic[at]
    Irish Republic 1922-1969 Part of Ireland and the United Kingdom Anti-Treaty sub-group of the original Irish Republican Army of the Irish Republic. Fought against the Irish Free State in the Irish Civil War, and its successors up to 1969, when the IRA split again into the Provisional Irish Republican Army and Official Irish Republican Army.
    Irish Free State 1922-1937 Part of Ireland Dominion of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
    Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus 1922-1942 Part of Russia Government in exile based out of France. In 1942, following the fall of France in World War II, the government in exile moved to Germany and was reorganized as the North Caucasian National Commission.
    Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 1922-1991 Post-Soviet states The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic seceded on 12 December 1991. The final Union Republic, the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, seceded on 16 December 1991. Several Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics remained within the Union until it was officially dissolved on 26 December 1991.
    Rhenish Republic 1923 Part of Germany
    Duisburg On 22 October 1923 Rhenish separatists declared a mini-state in Duisburg that would endure for five weeks. Local members of the Rhenish Independence League took to the streets, proclaiming, disingenuously, that their new republic had come into being without any input from the French: attempts to suppress the Duisburg republic more rapidly were nonetheless blocked by the French occupation forces.
    Government of the Autonomous Palatinate in the Association of the Rhenish Republic
    Pfälzische Republik 1923-1924 Hans Adam Dorten, on 15 November, moved to Bad Ems and there established a provisional government covering the southern part of the Rhineland and the Palatinate and participated actively in the activities of the『Pfälzische Republik』movement, centered on Speyer, which would survive through until 1924.
    Kingdom of Lundy 1925-1969 Part of the United Kingdom
    Portuguese Republic 1926-1933 Part of Portugal The Ditadura Nacional or National Dictatorship of the Second Republic
    Spanish Republic 1931-1939 Part of Spain
    Catalan Republic within the Iberian Federation 1931
    Catalonia 1931-1939 Autonomous entity of the Spanish Republic
    Portuguese Republic 1933-1974 Part of Portugal The Estado Novo or New State of the Second Republic
    German Reich[42] 1933-1945 Part of Germany, Austria, Czechia, Poland, Russia, Lithuania, Belgium, Luxembourg, France, and Slovenia.
    Romanian Institute for Archaeological Research and Studies[43] 1934-1939; 1943-1944 Part of Albania De facto foreign concession of the Kingdom of Romania
    Asturian Socialist Republic 1934 Part of Spain States declared during the Revolution of 1934
    Catalan State within the Spanish Federal Republic
    Spanish State 1936-1975
    Revolutionary Catalonia 1936-1937
    Popular Executive Committee of Valencia Autonomous entity of the Spanish Republic
    Málaga Public Health Committee
    Interprovincial Council of Santander, Palencia and Burgos[44]
    Anarchist Aragon 1936-1939
    Majorca Military-occupied territory of the Kingdom of Italy following the Battle of Majorca.
    Sovereign Council of Asturias and León[45] 1936-1937 Autonomous entity of the Spanish Republic until 24 August 1937. Legalized after 23 December 1936.
    Regional Defence Council of Aragon Autonomous entity of the Spanish Republic until 10 August 1937. Legalized after 23 December 1936.
    Government of Euzkadi Autonomous entity of the Spanish Republic
    Madrid Defense Council
    Government of Euzkadi 1937-1979 The exiled government of Euzkadi following the Santoña Agreement on 24 August 1937, during the Spanish Civil War. It moved from Barcelona to Paris to London and back to Paris.
    Éire 1937-1949 Part of Ireland
    Free State of Asch 1938 Part of Czechia Puppet state of the German Reich. Declared during the Sudeten German uprising.
    Czecho-Slovak Republic[46] 1938-1939 Part of Czechia, Slovakia, and Ukraine De facto puppet state of the German Reich
    Autonomous Land of Slovakia 1938-1939 Part of Slovakia Autonomous region of the Czecho-Slovak Republic
    Subcarpathian Rus' 1938 Part of Ukraine
    Carpatho-Ukraine 1938-1939 Autonomous region of Czecho-Slovak Republic until 15 March 1939. Existed independently from 15 to 18 March 1939.
    Governorate of Subcarpathia 1939-1944 Military administration of the Kingdom of Hungary. Established on 18 March 1939 and annexed by Hungary 23 June 1939. On 7 July, a civilian government was formed. It was given the status of Regent's Commissariat (Kormányzói Biztosság) with the intention that it would be governed by the Ruthenian minority population. On 1 April 1944, it was reorganized into a military operational zone, but by 28 October was completely occupied by the Soviet Union
    Generalitat de Catalunya 1939-1977 Part of Spain In 1939, as the Spanish Civil War ended with the defeat of the Republic, the Francoist dictatorship abolished the Generalitat de Catalunya, the autonomous government of Catalonia, and its president Lluís Companys was tortured and executed. However, the Generalitat maintained its official existence in exile from 1939 to 1977, led by presidents Josep Irla (1940-1954) and Josep Tarradellas (1954-1980). In 1977 Tarradellas returned to Catalonia and was recognized by the post-Franco Spanish government, ending the Generalitat's exile.
    Slovak Republic[47] 1939-1945 Part of Slovakia and Poland Puppet state of the German Reich
    Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia Part of Czechia Protectorate of the German Reich
    German Zone of Protection in Slovakia Part of Slovakia Military administration of the German Reich
    Government of the Spanish Republic in exile 1939-1977 Part of Spain
    Military Administration in Poland 1939 Part of Poland Military administration of the German Reich
    Czechoslovak National Liberation Committee 1939-1945 Part of Czechia, Slovakia, and Ukraine
    General Governorate for the Occupied Polish Region Part of Poland, Ukraine, and Slovakia Autonomous region of the German Reich
    Finnish Democratic Republic 1939-1940 Part of Russia Puppet state of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
    Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic 1940-1956 Union Republic of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
    Free France[48] 1940-1944 Part of France, Former French colonies and Overseas France
    French State[49] Part of France and Algeria De jure continuation of the Third Republic following the Armistice of 22 June 1940 and installation of a fascist regime. Officially independent, but with half of its territory occupied under the harsh terms of the armistice with Nazi Germany, it adopted a policy of collaboration. Transformed into a traditional puppet state after Case Anton in November 1942.
    Free French Africa[50] Part of Cameroon, the Central African Republic, Chad, Gabon, and the Republic of the Congo The political entity which collectively represented the colonial territories of French Equatorial Africa and French Cameroon under the control of Free France in World War II. It provided a political and territorial base for Free France and strengthened General Charles de Gaulle's international position.
    Basque Republic[51] 1940-1942 Part of Spain
    Empire Defense Council 1940-1941 Former French colonies and Overseas France On 27 October 1940, General de Gaulle announced the creation of the Empire Defense Council as the decision-making body of Free France in the "Brazzaville Manifesto", from the capital of French Equatorial Africa. Functioned as a rival colonial body to the French colonial empire, belonging to the French State, the internationally recognized French government.
    French National Committee 1941-1943 Coordinating body created by Charles de Gaulle which acted as the government in exile of Free France from 1941 to 1943.
    French Civil and Military High Command[52] 1942-1943 Part of Algeria, Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Senegal, Togo, and Tunisia Free French military government in the former colonies in West and North Africa belonging to the French State, created after Operation Torch.
    Belarusian Central Council 1943-1944 Part of Belarus Belarusian puppet government led by Radasłaŭ Astroŭski within the boundaries of Generalbezirk Weissruthenien.
    Kolky Republic 1943 Part of Ukraine A temporary state formed on 13 May 1943, which was composed of five regions of Volhynia, measuring approximately 2500 square kilometers. The Kolky Republic lasted until 4 November 1943, when it was retaken by Nazi Germany.
    National Council of the Resistance 1943-1944 Part of France The underground governing committee that directed and coordinated the different movements of the French Resistance from within German-occupied France. Its first president was Jean Moulin.
    Albanian Kingdom Part of Albania, North Macedonia, and Kosovo
    French Committee of National Liberation Former French colonies and Overseas France Formed on 3 June 1943 by the French generals Henri Giraud and Charles de Gaulle to provide united leadership, organize and coordinate the campaign to liberate France from Nazi Germany during World War II. The committee functioned as a provisional government for French Algeria (then a part of metropolitan France) and the liberated parts of the colonial empire.
    Sicily Part of Italy Polity under the authority of the Allied Military Government of Occupied Territories. In February 1944, authority over Sicily was handed over to the Badoglio Cabinet.
    Kingdom of Italy 1943-1945 Polity under the authority of the Allied Military Government of Occupied Territories. Commonly known as the Kingdom of the SouthorRegno del Sud.
    Operational Zone of the Adriatic Littoral Part of Italy, Slovenia, and Croatia Established on 10 September 1943 as a response to the Armistice of Cassibile. After 23 September, de jure part of the Italian Social Republic while remaining de facto part of the Greater German Reich.
    Operational Zone of the Alpine Foothills Part of Italy
    Province of Ljubljana Part of Slovenia While the territory was originally established in 1941 as an Italian province, it was reorganized by German authorities. After the establishment of German occupation, Leon Rupnik was appointed President of Ljubljana. He managed to establish a fairly autonomous provincial administration with the help of a small circle of collaborators under the supervision of the Operational Zone of the Adriatic Littoral.
    Italian Social Republic[53] Part of Italy
    Supreme Committee for the Liberation of Lithuania 1943-1944 Part of Lithuania Formed on 25 November 1943 as an underground government within German-occupied Lithuania. In 1944, when the Soviets pushed the Germans from the Baltic states during the Baltic Offensive, most of its members retreated to Germany and the Supreme Committee for the Liberation of Lithuania ceased its functions in Lithuania. It resumed its operations in exile in October 1944.
    Democratic Federal Yugoslavia[54] 1943-1945 Part of Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, North Macedonia, and Kosovo
    Republic of Caporetto 1943 Part of Slovenia The Italian partisan republics were the provisional state entities created by Italian partisans in areas liberated from the joint Nazi-Fascist occupation (or temporarily free for other reasons) in the summer of 1944, during the Second World War.
    Republic of Maschito Part of Italy
    Socialist Republic of Croatia[55] 1944-1991 Part of Croatia Constituent of Democratic Federal Yugoslavia (1944-1945), Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1945-1991)
    French Republic 1944-1946 Part of France and Algeria The provisional government of Free France between 3 June 1944 and 27 October 1946, shortly before the liberation of continental France after Operations Overlord and Dragoon. The position of Chairmen of the Provisional Government remained in place until 22 January 1947.
    Free Republic of Vercors 1944 Part of France On 3 July 1944, the Free Republic of Vercors was proclaimed, the first democratic territory in France since the beginning of the German occupation in 1940. The republic ceased to exist before the end of the month.
    Republic of Alba Part of Italy The Italian partisan republics were the provisional state entities created by Italian partisans in areas liberated from the joint Nazi-Fascist occupation (or temporarily free for other reasons) in the summer of 1944, during the Second World War.
    Republic of Alto Monferrato
    Republic of Alto Tortonese
    Republic of Bobbio
    Republic of Bobbio
    Republic of the Cansiglio
    Republic of Carnia
    Free Republic of Corniolo
    Free Republic of Forno
    Republic of the Langhe
    Republic of Montefiorino
    Republic of Oriental Friuli
    Free Republic of Ossola
    Free Republic of Pigna in Val Nervia
    Republic of Torriglia
    Republic of Varzi
    Republic of the Ceno Valley
    Republic of the Enza Valley and the Parma Valley
    Republic of the Maira Valley and the Varaita Valley
    Republic of the Taro Valley
    Republic of the Lanzo Valley
    Republic of the Sesia Valley
    Free Zone of Torriglia Free Zone of the "Second Republic of Bobbio"
    Free Zone of Varzi
    Republic of Valsesia 1944-1945 The Italian partisan republics were the provisional state entities created by Italian partisans in areas liberated from the joint Nazi-Fascist occupation (or temporarily free for other reasons) in the summer of 1944, during the Second World War.
    French Governmental Commission for the Defense of National Interests Part of France The exiled remnant of France's Nazi-sympathizing Vichy government which fled to Germany during the Liberation of France near the end of World War II in order to avoid capture by the advancing Allied forces. Installed in the requisitioned Sigmaringen Castle as the seat of the government-in-exile.
    Red Republic of Caulonia 1945 Part of Italy
    French Republic 1946-1958 Part of France and Algeria
    French Union Former French colonies The political entity created by the French Fourth Republic to replace the old French colonial empire system. It was the formal end of the "indigenous" (indigène) status of French subjects in colonial areas.
    Council of Danzig 1947-c. 1967 Part of Poland It considered itself to be the legislature in exile of the Free City of Danzig, claiming it had 36 members in its first term of office. Willi Homeier claimed that the body, which she led, was the legal successor to the Senate of the Free City of Danzig and this had been recognized in secret ballots in 1951 and 1961.
    French Community 1958-1995 Former French colonies The constitutional organization set up in 1958 between France and its remaining African colonies, then in the process of decolonization. It replaced the French Union, which had reorganized the colonial empire in 1946. While the Community remained formally in existence until 1995, when the French Parliament officially abolished it, it had effectively ceased to exist and function by the end of 1960, by which time all the African members had declared their independence and left it.
    Czech Socialist Republic[56] 1969-1992 Part of Czechia
    Slovak Socialist Republic[57] Part of Slovakia
    Free Derry 1969-1972 Part of the United Kingdom
    Portuguese Republic 1974-1975 Part of Portugal Declared by the Armed Forces Movement during the Carnation Revolution. It was governed by the National Salvation Junta, which was dissolved on 14 March 1975, shortly after the start of the Processo Revolucionário Em Curso.
    Independent Kingdom of Hay-on-Wye 1977-2005 Part of the United Kingdom
    Free and Independent Republic of Frestonia 1977-c. 1980
    Confederation of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus[58] 1989-2000 Part of Russia and Georgia Was never formally dissolved, but has been completely inactive since Yusup Soslambekov, its second and last leader, was assassinated in Moscow on 27 July 2000.
    Nakhchivan Republic 1990 Part of Azerbaijan
    South Ossetian Soviet Republic[59] 1990-1991 Part of Georgia Self-proclaimed Union Republic of the Soviet Union
    Checheno-Ingush Republic[60] 1990-1993 Part of Russia Sovereignty was declared on 27 November 1990. De facto disintegrated on 6 September 1991, with the Chechen Revolution. De jure dissolved on 9 January 1993, when the amendment to the Russian Constitution of 1978 regarding the Ingush Republic entered into force.
    Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia 1991-1993 Part of Georgia
    Chechen Republic of Ichkeria[61] 1991-2000 Part of Russia Self-proclaimed Union Republic of the Soviet Union until 1 November 1991.
    Ingush Republic 1991-1992 De facto succeeded from the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria on 1 November 1991. Annexed by Russia and de jure separated from Chechnya on 4 June 1992.
    Provisional Council of the Chechen Republic 1993-2000 Pro-Russian rival government of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria established in December 1993
    Azerbaijani Community of Nagorno-Karabakh[62] 1994-2021 Part of Azerbaijan Established in 24 March 1992 as an Azerbaijani association, but after 24 March 1994 began acting as the government-in-exile for the lands occupied by the Republic of Artsakh.
    Global State of Waveland 1997-1999 Part of the United Kingdom In 1997, Greenpeace occupied the islet of Rockall for a short time to protest against oil exploration. The micronation continued after leaving the island until 1999.
    Kingdom of Lovely 2005-2013
    Catalan Republic 2017 Part of Spain

    See also

    edit

    References

    edit
    1. ^
      • Kingdom of Denmark (c. 936 – 1 April 1948)
  • Denmark (1 April 1948 – Present)
  • ^
  • ^ Under the personal protection of Adolf Hitler.
  • ^
  • ^ Official name remains the『settlement area of ​​the Sorbs/Wends』in the State of Brandenburg.
  • ^
  • ^ Known by the exonym "Imperial State of Persia" until 21 March 1935.
  • ^
  • ^ a b Indian Independence Act 1947, Section1.-(i) As from the fifteenth day of August, nineteen hundred and forty-seven, two independent Dominions shall be set up in India, to be known respectively as India and Pakistan.
  • ^ a b See territorial exchanges between India and Bangladesh (India–Bangladesh enclaves).
  • ^
  • ^
  • ^
  • ^ No contemporary and official name or term existed for this polity after 25 October 1922.
  • ^
  • ^
  • ^ Known co-officially as the "Chinese Soviet People's Republic" within the Central Revolutionary Base Area until 16 October 1934.
  • ^ Known externally as the "Northwest Office of the Central Government of the Chinese Soviet People's Republic" between 3 November 1935 and 6 September 1937.
  • ^
  • ^
  • ^
  • ^
  • ^
  • ^
  • ^
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  • ^ Known by the exonym "Tunganistan".
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  • ^ The historical state is frequently referred to as the "Empire of Japan", the "Japanese Empire", or "Imperial Japan" in English. In Japanese it is referred to as Dai Nippon Teikoku (大日本帝國), which translates to "Empire of Great Japan" (Dai "Great", Nippon "Japanese", Teikoku "Empire").
  • ^ Known externally in English as "Japan" after 3 May 1947.
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  • ^ a b c d e f No contemporary and official name or term existed for this polity.
    1. ^ Ooi, Keat Gin (2004). Southeast Asia: a historical encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor, Volume 1. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 776. ISBN 978-1-57607-770-2. Retrieved January 27, 2011.
  • ^ Palestine Yearbook of International Law 1987-1988, Vol. 4, by Anis F. Kassim, Kluwer Law International (1 June 1988), ISBN 90-411-0341-4, p. 294
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    • Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:States_of_the_World/Draft&oldid=1234404587"
      



    Last edited on 14 July 2024, at 05:24  


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