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Voiced glottal fricative

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The voiced glottal fricative, sometimes called breathy-voiced glottal transition, is a type of sound used in some spoken languages which patterns like a fricativeorapproximant consonant phonologically, but often lacks the usual phonetic characteristics of a consonant. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɦ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is h\.

IPA Number 147

Audio sample

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Encoding

Entity (decimal) ɦ

Unicode (hex) U+0266

X-SAMPA h\

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In many languages, [ɦ] has no place or manner of articulation. Thus, it has been described as a breathy-voiced counterpart of the following vowel from a phonetic point of view. However, its characteristics are also influenced by the preceding vowels and whatever other sounds surround it. Therefore, it can be described as a segment whose only consistent feature is its breathy voice phonation in such languages.^[1] It may have real glottal constriction in a number of languages (such as Finnish^[2]), making it a fricative.

Northern Wu languages such as Shanghainese contrast the voiced and voiceless glottal fricatives.^[3] The two glottal fricatives pattern like plosives.^[4]^[5]

Features

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Features of the voiced glottal fricative:

Its phonationisbreathy voiced, or murmured, which means the vocal cords are loosely vibrating, with more air escaping than in a modally voiced sound. It is sometimes referred to as a "voiced h". Strictly speaking this is incorrect, as there is no voicing.^[6]
In some languages, it has the constricted manner of articulation of a fricative. However, in many if not most it is a transitional state of the glottis with no manner of articulation other than its phonation type. Because there is no other constriction to produce friction in the vocal tract, most phoneticians no longer consider [ɦ] to be a fricative. True fricatives may have a murmured phonation in addition to producing friction elsewhere. However, the term "fricative" is generally retained for the historical reasons.
It may have a glottal place of articulation. However, it may have no fricative articulation, making the term glottal mean that it is articulated by the vocal folds, but this is the nature of its phonation rather than a separate articulation. All consonants except for the glottals, and all vowels, have an individual place of articulation in addition to the state of the glottis. As with all other consonants, surrounding vowels influence the pronunciation [ɦ], and accordingly [ɦ] has only the place of articulation of these surrounding vowels.
It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, the central–lateral dichotomy does not apply.
The airstream mechanismispulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

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Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Afrikaans	Standard	hoekom	[ɦu.kɔm]	'why'
Azeri	Standard	möhkəm / مؤحکم	[mœːɦcæm]	'solid'
Albanian	Northern Tosk^[7]	dhe menjëherë udhëtari	[ðɛ miɲɜˈɦɛɹoθˈtaɽ̞i]	'and immediately the traveller'	Occasional allophone of /h/ in connected speech.
Basque	Northeastern dialects^[8]	hemen	[ɦemen]	'here'	Can be voiceless [h] instead.
Czech		hlava	[ˈɦlava]	'head'	See Czech phonology
Danish^[9]		Mon det har regnet?	[- te̝ ɦɑ -]	'I wonder if it has rained.'	Common allophone of /h/ between vowels.^[9] See Danish phonology
Dutch^[10]		haat	[ɦaːt]	'hate'	See Dutch phonology
English	Australian^[11]	behind	[bəˈɦɑe̯nd]	'behind'	Allophone of /h/ between voiced sounds.^[11]^[12] See Australian English phonology and English phonology
	Received Pronunciation^[12]	behind	[bɪˈɦaɪ̯nd]	'behind'
	Broad South African	hand	[ˈɦɛn̪t̪]	'hand'	Some speakers, only before a stressed vowel.
Estonian		raha	[ˈrɑɦɑ]	'money'	Allophone of /h/ between voiced sounds. See Estonian phonology and Finnish phonology
Finnish		raha	[ˈrɑɦɑ]	'money'
French	Quebec^[13]	manger	[mãɦe]	'to eat'	Limited to a minority of speakers. Can also be realized as a voiceless [h].
Hebrew		מַהֵר‎	[mäɦe̞ʁ]^ⓘ	'fast'	Occurs as an allophone of /h/ between voiced sounds. See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hindustani		हूँ / ہوں	[ɦũː]	'am'	See Hindustani phonology
Hungarian	Some speakers	tehát	[tɛɦaːt]	'so'	Intervocalic allophone of /h/. Occurs as voiceless /h/ for other speakers. See Hungarian phonology
Japanese	Some speakers	少し話して/sukoshi hanashite^[14]	[sɯkoɕi ɦanaɕi̥te]	'speak a little bit'
Indonesian	Some speakers	bahan	[baˈɦan]	'ingredients'
Kalabari^[15]		hóín	[ɦóĩ́]	'introduction'
Korean		여행 / yeohaeng	[jʌɦεŋ]	'travel'	Occurs as an allophone of /h/ between voiced sounds. See Korean phonology
Limburgish^[16]^[17]		hart	[ɦɑ̽ʀ̝t]	'heart'	The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect. See Maastrichtian dialect phonology
Lithuanian		humoras	[ˈɦʊmɔrɐs̪]	'humour'	Often pronounced instead of [ɣ]. See Lithuanian phonology
Marathi		हार	[ɦaːɾ]	'garland'
Odia		ହଳ/haḷa	[ɦɔɭɔ]	'plough'
Nepali		हल	[ɦʌl]	'solution'	See Nepali phonology
Polish	Podhale dialect	hydrant	[ˈɦɘ̟d̪rän̪t̪]	'fire hydrant'	Contrasts with /x/. Standard Polish possesses only /x/. See Polish phonology
Polish	Kresy dialect	hydrant	[ˈɦɘ̟d̪rän̪t̪]	'fire hydrant'
Portuguese	Many Brazilian dialects	esse rapaz	[ˈesi ɦaˈpajs]	'this youth' (m.)	Allophone of /ʁ/. [h, ɦ] are marginal sounds to many speakers, particularly out of Brazil. See Portuguese phonology and guttural R
	Many speakers	hashi	[ɦɐˈʃi]	'chopsticks'
	Some Brazilian^[18]^[19] dialects	mesmo	[ˈmeɦmu]	'same'	Corresponds to either /s/or/ʃ/ (depending on dialect) in the syllable coda. Might also be deleted.
	Cearense dialect^[20]	gente	[ˈɦẽnt͡ʃi]	'people'	Debuccalized from [ʒ], [v]or[z].
	Mineiro dialect	dormir	[doɦˈmi(h)]	'to sleep'	Before other voiced consonants, otherwise realized as [h].
Punjabi		ਹਵਾ / ہوا	[ɦə̀ʋä̌ː]	'air'
Riffian Berber		hwa	[ɦwæ]	'to go down'
Romanian	Transylvanian dialects^[21]	haină	[ˈɦajnə]	'coat'	Corresponds to [h] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
Silesian		hangrys	[ˈɦaŋɡrɨs]	'gooseberry'
Slovak		hora	[ˈɦɔ̝rä]^ⓘ	'mountain'	See Slovak phonology
Slovene	Littoral dialects	hora	[ˈɦɔra]	'mountain'	This is a general feature of all Slovene dialects west of the Škofja Loka–Planina line. Corresponds to [ɡ] in other dialects. See Slovene phonology
	Rovte dialects		[ˈɦɔra]
	Rosen Valley dialect
Sylheti		ꠢꠥꠐꠇꠤ	[ɦuʈki]	'dried fish'
Telugu		హల్లు	[ɦəlːu]	'Consonant'
Ukrainian		голос	[ˈɦɔlos]	'voice'	Also described as pharyngeal [ʕ]^{[citation needed]}. See Ukrainian phonology
Wu	Shanghainese	閒話/ghe-gho	[ɦɛ˩ ɦo˦]	'language'	See Northern Wu phonology
Wu	Suzhounese	四號/⁵sy-ghau₆	[sz̩˥˩ ɦæ˧˩]	'fourth day of a Western month'	See Northern Wu phonology
Zulu		ihhashi	[iːˈɦaːʃi]	'horse'

Notes

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^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:325–326)

^ Laufer (1991:91)

^ Qian 2003, pp.14-16.

^ Gu, Qin (2008). "最新派上海市区方言语音的研究分析" [A Study and Analysis on the Phonology of Newest Period Urban Shanghainese]. 东方语言学 (2). Shanghai Normal University.

^ Koenig, Laura L.; Shi, Lu-Feng (2014). "3aSC18: Measures of spectral tilt in Shanghainese stops and glottal fricatives". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. Providence. doi:10.1121/1.4877532.

^ Ladefoged, Peter; Keith, Johnson (2011). A course in phonetics (Sixth ed.). Boston, MA: Wadsworth Publishing. p. 149. ISBN 9781428231269. OCLC 613523782.

^ Coretta, Stefano; Riverin-Coutlée, Josiane; Kapia, Enkeleida; Nichols, Stephen (n.d.). "Northern Tosk Albanian". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 53 (3): 1122–1144. doi:10.1017/S0025100322000044. hdl:20.500.11820/ebce2ea3-f955-4fa5-9178-e1626fbae15f. ISSN 0025-1003.

^ Hualde & Ortiz de Urbina (2003:24)

^ ^a ^b Grønnum (2005:125)

^ Gussenhoven (1992:45)

^ ^a ^b Cox & Fletcher (2017:159)

^ ^a ^b Roach (2004:241)

^ April (2007)

^ Arai, Warner & Greenberg (2007), p. 47.

^ Harry (2003:113)

^ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999:155)

^ Verhoeven (2007:219)

^ (in Portuguese) Pará Federal University – The pronunciation of /s/ and its variations across Bragança municipality's Portuguese Archived 2013-07-07 at the Wayback Machine

^ (in Portuguese) Rio de Janeiro Federal University – The variation of post-vocallic /S/ in the speech of Petrópolis, Itaperuna and Paraty Archived 2017-12-15 at the Wayback Machine

^ "A NEUTRALIZAÇÃO DOS FONEMAS / v – z - Z / NO FALAR DE FORTALEZA" (PDF). profala.ufc.br. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 23 April 2012.

^ Pop (1938), p. 30.

Aoyama, Katsura (2001), A Psycholinguistic Perspective on Finnish and Japanese Prosody: Perception, Production and Child Acquisition of Consonantal Quantity Distinctions, Springer Science & Business Media, ISBN 978-0-7923-7216-5

References

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April, Pascale (2007), "The Posteriorization of Palato-Alveolar Fricatives in Quebec French: An Effort-Based Approach", Cahiers Linguistiques d'Ottawa, 35: 1–24

Cox, Felicity; Fletcher, Janet (2017) [First published 2012], Australian English Pronunciation and Transcription (2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1-316-63926-9

Grønnum, Nina (2005), Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk (3rd ed.), Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, ISBN 87-500-3865-6

Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X, S2CID 243772965

Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999), "The dialect of Maastricht" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 29 (2), University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies: 155–166, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006526, S2CID 145782045

Harry, Otelemate (2003), "Kalaḅarị-Ịjo", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 113–120, doi:10.1017/S002510030300121X

Hualde, José Ignacio; Ortiz de Urbina, Jon, eds. (2003), A Grammar of Basque, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, ISBN 3-11-017683-1

Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996), The Sounds of the World's Languages, Oxford: Blackwell, ISBN 0-631-19814-8

Laufer, Asher (1991), "Phonetic Representation: Glottal Fricatives", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 21 (2): 91–93, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004448, S2CID 145231104

Pop, Sever (1938), Micul Atlas Linguistic Român, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj

Roach, Peter (2004), "British English: Received Pronunciation", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 239–245, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001768

Verhoeven, Jo (2007), "The Belgian Limburg dialect of Hamont", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (2): 219–225, doi:10.1017/S0025100307002940

External links

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List of languages with [ɦ]onPHOIBLE

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Voiced glottal fricative

Contents

Features

Occurrence

See also

Notes

References

External links

Languages