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Voiceless alveolar affricate





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(Redirected from Voiceless dental affricate)
  

Avoiceless alveolar affricate is a type of affricate consonant pronounced with the tiporblade of the tongue against the alveolar ridge (gum line) just behind the teeth. This refers to a class of sounds, not a single sound. There are several types with significant perceptual differences:

  • The voiceless alveolar non-sibilant affricate [t͡θ̠]or[t͡θ͇], using the alveolar diacritic from the Extended IPA, is somewhat similar to the th in some pronunciations of English eighth. It is found as a regional realization of the sequence /tr/ in some Sicilian dialects of Standard Italian.
  • The voiceless alveolar lateral affricate [t͡ɬ] is found in certain languages, such as Cherokee, Mexican Spanish, and Nahuatl.
  • The voiceless alveolar retracted sibilant affricate [t͡s̺], also called apico-alveolar or grave, has a weak hushing sound reminiscent of retroflex affricates. One language in which it is found is Basque, where it contrasts with a more conventional non-retracted laminal alveolar affricate.

    • This article discusses the first two.

    Voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate

    edit
    "Voiceless dental affricate" redirects here. For the non-sibilant affricate, see Voiceless dental non-sibilant affricate.
    Voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate
    ts
    IPA Number103 132
    Audio sample

    source · help

    Encoding
    Entity (decimal)ʦ
    Unicode (hex)U+02A6
    X-SAMPAts

    The voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with ⟨t͡s⟩ or ⟨t͜s⟩ (formerly with ⟨ʦ⟩ or ⟨ƾ⟩). The voiceless alveolar affricate occurs in many Indo-European languages, such as German (which was also part of the High German consonant shift), Kashmiri, Marathi, Pashto, Russian and most other Slavic languages such as Polish and Serbo-Croatian; also, among many others, in Georgian, in Mongolia, and Tibetan Sanskrit, in Japanese, in Mandarin Chinese, and in Cantonese. Some international auxiliary languages, such as Esperanto, Ido and Interlingua also include this sound.

    Features

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    Features of the voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate:

    Occurrence

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    The following sections are named after the fricative component.

    Variable

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    Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
    German Standard[2] Zeit [t͡sʰäɪ̯t] 'time' The fricative component varies between dentalized laminal, non-retracted laminal and non-retracted apical.[2] See Standard German phonology
    Italian Standard[3] grazia [ˈɡrät̚t͡sjä] 'grace' The fricative component varies between dentalized laminal and non-retracted apical. In the latter case, the stop component is laminal denti-alveolar.[3] See Italian phonology

    Dentalized laminal alveolar

    edit

    Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
    Armenian Eastern[4] ցանց/canc [t̻͡s̪ʰan̪t̻͡s̪ʰ]ⓘ 'net' Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms
    Basque[5] hotz [o̞t̻͡s̪] 'cold' Contrasts with a sibilant affricate with an apical fricative component.[5]
    Belarusian[6] цётка/cötka [ˈt̻͡s̪ʲɵtka] 'aunt' Contrasting palatalization. See Belarusian phonology
    Bulgarian[7] цар/car [t̻͡s̪är] 'Tsar' See Bulgarian phonology
    Chinese Mandarin[8][9] 早餐/zao can/tsau ts'an [t̻͡s̪ɑʊ˨˩ t̻͡s̪ʰan˥] 'breakfast' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Standard Chinese phonology
    Cantonese 早餐/zou² caan¹ /t͡sou˧˥ t͡sʰaːn˥/ 'breakfast' See Cantonese phonology
    Czech[10] co [t̻͡s̪o̝] 'what' See Czech phonology
    Hungarian[11] cica [ˈt̻͡s̪it̻͡s̪ɒ] 'kitten' See Hungarian phonology
    Japanese 津波/cunami [t̻͡s̪ɯ̟ᵝnämi] 'Tsunami' Allophone of /t/ before /u/. See Japanese phonology
    Kashmiri ژاس/cás [t͡saːs] 'cough'
    Kashubian[12] [example needed]
    Kazakh[13] инвестиция/investitsiya [investit̻͡s̪əja] 'price' Only in loanwords from Russian[13][14] See Kazakh phonology and Kyrgyz phonology
    Kyrgyz[14]
    Latvian[15] cena [ˈt̻͡s̪en̪ä] 'price' See Latvian phonology
    Macedonian[16] цвет/cvet [t̻͡s̪ve̞t̪] 'flower' See Macedonian phonology
    Pashto څــلور/cëlor [ˌt͡səˈlor] 'four' See Pashto phonology
    Polish[17] co [t̻͡s̪ɔ]ⓘ 'what' See Polish phonology
    Romanian[18] preț [pre̞t̻͡s̪] 'price' See Romanian phonology
    Russian[7] царь/caŕ [t̻͡s̪ärʲ] 'Tsar' See Russian phonology
    Serbo-Croatian[19][20] циљ / cilj / ڄیڵ [t̻͡s̪îːʎ] 'target' See Serbo-Croatian phonology
    Slovak cisár [t̻͡s̪isaːr] 'emperor' See Slovak phonology
    Slovene[21] cvet [t̻͡s̪ʋêːt̪] 'bloom' See Slovene phonology
    Tyap tsa [t͡sa] 'to begin'
    Ukrainian[22] цей/cej [t̻͡s̪ɛj] 'this one' Contrasting palatalization. See Ukrainian phonology
    Upper Sorbian[23] cybla [ˈt̻͡s̪ɘblä] 'onion'
    Uzbek[24] [example needed]

    Non-retracted alveolar

    edit
    Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
    Arabic Najdi[25] ك‍‍لب/tsalb [t͡salb] 'dog' Corresponds to /k/ and /t͡ʃ/ in other dialects
    Asturian Some dialects[26] otso [ˈot͡so] 'eight' Corresponds to standard /t͡ʃ/
    Ḷḷena, Mieres, and others ḷḷuna [ˈt͡sunɐ] 'moon' Alveolar realization of che vaqueira instead of normal retroflex [ʈ͡ʂ]
    Basque[5] hots [ot̻͡s̺] 'sound' The fricative component is apical. Contrasts with a laminal affricate with a dentalized fricative component.[5]
    Catalan[27] potser [puˈt̻͡s̺(ː)e] 'maybe' The fricative component is apical. Only restricted to morpheme boundaries, some linguistics do not consider it a phoneme (but a sequence of [t] + [s]). Long and short versions of intervocalic affricates are in free variation in Central Catalan [tsː] ~ [ts]. See Catalan phonology
    Central Alaskan Yup'ik[28] cetaman [t͡səˈtaman] 'four' Allophone of /t͡ʃ/ before schwa
    Chamorro[29] CHamoru [t͡sɑˈmoːɾu] 'Chamorro' Spelled Chamoru in the orthography used in the Northern Mariana Islands.
    Chechen цаца / caca / ر̤ار̤ا [t͡sət͡sə] 'sieve'
    Cherokee[30] ᏣᎳᎩ tsalagi [t͡salaɡi] 'Cherokee'
    Danish Standard[31] to [ˈt̻͡s̺ʰoːˀ] 'two' The fricative component is apical.[31] In some accents, it is realized as [tʰ].[31] Usually transcribed /tˢ/or/t/. Contrasts with the unaspirated stop [t], which is usually transcribed /d̥/or/d/. See Danish phonology
    Dargwa цадеш / ꞩadeş / ڝادەش [t͡sadeʃ] 'unity, oneness'
    Dutch Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect[32] mat [ˈmät͡s] 'market' Optional pre-pausal allophone of /t/.[32] See Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect phonology
    English Broad Cockney[33] tea [ˈt͡səˑi̯] 'tea' Possible word-initial, intervocalic and word-final allophone of /t/.[34][35] See English phonology
    Received Pronunciation[35] [ˈt͡sɪˑi̯]
    New York[36] Possible syllable-initial and sometimes also utterance-final allophone of /t/.[36] See English phonology
    New Zealand[37] Word-initial allophone of /t/.[37] See English phonology
    North Wales[38] [ˈt͡siː] Word-initial and word-final allophone of /t/; in free variation with a strongly aspirated stop [tʰ].[38] See English phonology
    Port Talbot[39] Allophone of /t/. In free variation with [tʰʰ].[39]
    Scouse[40] Possible syllable-initial and word-final allophone of /t/.[40] See English phonology
    General South African[41] wanting [ˈwɑnt͡sɪŋ] 'wanting' Possible syllable-final allophone of /t/.[41]
    Esperanto cico ['t͡sit͡so] 'nipple' See Esperanto phonology
    Filipino tsokolate [t͡sokɔlate] 'chocolate'
    French Quebec tu [t͡sy] 'you' Allophone of /t/ before /i, y/.
    Georgian[42] კაცი/k'atsi [kʼɑt͡si] 'man'
    Haida x̱ants [ʜʌnt͡s] 'shadow' Allophone of /t͡ʃ/.[43]
    Luxembourgish[44] Zuch [t͡suχ] 'train' See Luxembourgish phonology
    Marathi चमचा/tsamtsā ['t͡səmt͡saː] 'spoon' Represented by /च/, which also represents [t͡ʃ]. It is not a marked difference.
    Nepali चाप/tsāp [t͡säp] 'pressure' Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated versions. The unaspirated is represented by /च/. The aspirated sound is represented by /छ/. See Nepali phonology
    Portuguese European[45] parte sem vida [ˈpaɾt͡sẽj ˈviðɐ] 'lifeless part' Allophone of /t/ before /i, ĩ/, or assimilation due to the deletion of /i ~ ɨ ~ e/. Increasingly used in Brazil.[46]
    Brazilian[45][46] participação [paʁt͡sipaˈsɐ̃w̃] 'participation'
    Most speakers[47] shiatsu [ɕiˈat͡su] 'shiatsu' Marginal sound. Many Brazilians might break the affricate with epenthetic [i], often subsequently palatalizing /t/, specially in pre-tonic contexts (e.g. tsunami [tɕisuˈnɜ̃mʲi]).[48] See Portuguese phonology
    Spanish Madrid[49] ancha [ˈänʲt͡sʲä] 'wide' Palatalized;[49] with an apical fricative component. It corresponds to [t͡ʃ] in standard Spanish. See Spanish phonology
    Chilean
    Some Rioplatense dialects tía ['t͡siä] 'aunt'
    Some Venezuelan dialects zorro [ˈ t͡so̞ro̞] 'fox' Allophone of /s/ word initially.
    Tamil Jaffna Tamil சந்தை/cantai [t͡sɐn̪d̪ɛi̯] 'market' Rare, other realizations include [t͡ʃ, ʃ, s].[50]
    Telugu ౘట్టి/ĉaṭṭi [t͡sɐʈʈi] 'pot'

    Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant affricate

    edit
    Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant affricate
    tɹ̝̊
    tθ̠
    tθ͇
    Audio sample

    source · help

    Features

    edit

    Occurrence

    edit
    Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
    Dutch Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect[32] verbèganger [vərˈbɛːɣäŋət͡ɹ̝̊] 'passer-by' A possible realization of word-final /r/ before pauses.[32]
    English General American[51] tree [t͡ɹ̝̊ʷɪi̯]ⓘ 'tree' Phonetic realization of the stressed, syllable-initial sequence /tr/; more commonly postalveolar [t̠ɹ̠̊˔].[51] See English phonology
    Received Pronunciation[51]
    Italian Sicily[52] straniero [st͡ɹ̝̊äˈnjɛɾo] 'foreign' Apical. Regional realization of the sequence /tr/; may be a sequence [tɹ̝̊]or[tɹ̝] instead.[53] See Italian phonology

    See also

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    Notes

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    1. ^ Puppel, Nawrocka-Fisiak & Krassowska (1977:149), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:154)
  • ^ a b Mangold (2005), pp. 50 and 52.
  • ^ a b Canepari (1992), pp. 75–76.
  • ^ Kozintseva (1995), p. 6.
  • ^ a b c d Hualde, Lujanbio & Zubiri (2010:1). Although this paper discusses mainly the Goizueta dialect, the authors state that it has "a typical, conservative consonant inventory for a Basque variety".
  • ^ Padluzhny (1989), pp. 48–49.
  • ^ a b Chew (2003), p. 67.
  • ^ Lee & Zee (2003), pp. 109–110.
  • ^ Lin (2001), pp. 17–25.
  • ^ Palková (1994), pp. 234–235.
  • ^ Szende (1999), p. 104.
  • ^ Jerzy Treder. "Fonetyka i fonologia". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04.
  • ^ a b Kara (2002), p. 10.
  • ^ a b Kara (2003), p. 11.
  • ^ Nau (1998), p. 6.
  • ^ Lunt (1952), p. 1.
  • ^ Rocławski (1976), pp. 160.
  • ^ Ovidiu Drăghici. "Limba Română contemporană. Fonetică. Fonologie. Ortografie. Lexicologie" (PDF). Retrieved April 19, 2013.[permanent dead link]
  • ^ Kordić (2006), p. 5.
  • ^ Landau et al. (1999), p. 66.
  • ^ Pretnar & Tokarz (1980), p. 21.
  • ^ S. Buk; J. Mačutek; A. Rovenchak (2008). "Some properties of the Ukrainian writing system". Glottometrics. 16: 63–79. arXiv:0802.4198.
  • ^ Šewc-Schuster (1984), pp. 22, 38).
  • ^ Sjoberg (1963), p. 12.
  • ^ Lewis, Jr. (2013), p. 5.
  • ^ "Normes ortográfiques, Academia de la Llingua Asturiana" (PDF) (in Asturian). p. 14. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-03-23.
  • ^ Recasens & Espinosa (2007), p. 144.
  • ^ Jacobson (1995), p. 2.
  • ^ Chung (2020), p. 645.
  • ^ Uchihara, Hiroto (2016). Tone and Accent in Oklahoma Cherokee. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-873944-9.
  • ^ a b c Grønnum (2005), p. 120.
  • ^ a b c d Peters (2010), p. 240.
  • ^ Wells (1982), pp. 322–323.
  • ^ Wells (1982), p. 323.
  • ^ a b Cruttenden (2014), p. 172.
  • ^ a b Wells (1982), p. 515.
  • ^ a b Bauer et al. (2007), p. 100.
  • ^ a b Penhallurick (2004), pp. 108–109.
  • ^ a b Connolly, John H. (1990). English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change. Multilingual Matters Ltd.; Channel View Publications. pp. 121–129. ISBN 1-85359-032-0.
  • ^ a b Wells (1982), p. 372.
  • ^ a b Collins & Mees (2013), p. 194.
  • ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006), p. 255.
  • ^ ERIC - ED162532 - Haida Dictionary., 1977. SPHLL, c/o Mrs. 1977.
  • ^ Gilles & Trouvain (2013), pp. 67–68.
  • ^ a b Alice Telles de Paula. "Palatalization of dental occlusives /t/ and /d/ in the bilingual communities of Taquara and Panambi, RS" (PDF) (in Portuguese). p. 14.
  • ^ a b Camila Tavares Leite. "Seqüências de (oclusiva alveolar + sibilante alveolar) como um padrão inovador no português de Belo Horizonte" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-06. Retrieved 2014-12-12.
  • ^ Ana Beatriz Gonçalves de Assis. "Adaptações fonológicas na pronúncia de estrangeirismos do Inglês por falantes de Português Brasileiro" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-12-13. Retrieved 2014-12-12.
  • ^ Aline Aver Vanin. "A influência da percepção inferencial na formação de vogal epentética em estrangeirismos" (in Portuguese).
  • ^ a b Klaus Kohler. "Castilian Spanish – Madrid".
  • ^ Zvelebil, Kamil (1965). Some features of Ceylon Tamil. Indo-Iranian Journal. Vol. 9. JSTOR. pp. 113–138. JSTOR 24650188.
  • ^ a b c Cruttenden (2014), pp. 177, 186–188, 192.
  • ^ Canepari (1992), p. 64.
  • ^ Canepari (1992), pp. 64–65.

    • References

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  • Canepari, Luciano (1992). Il MªPi – Manuale di pronuncia italiana [Handbook of Italian Pronunciation] (in Italian). Bologna: Zanichelli. ISBN 88-08-24624-8.
  • Chew, Peter A. (2003). A computational phonology of Russian. Dissertation.com. ISBN 978-1-58112-178-0.
  • Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2013) [First published 2003]. Practical Phonetics and Phonology: A Resource Book for Students (3rd ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-50650-2.
  • Cruttenden, Alan (2014). Gimson's Pronunciation of English (8th ed.). Routledge. ISBN 9781444183092.
  • Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013). "Luxembourgish". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 43 (1): 67–74. doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278.
  • Grønnum, Nina (2005). Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk (3rd ed.). Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag. ISBN 87-500-3865-6.
  • Hualde, José Ignacio; Lujanbio, Oihana; Zubiri, Juan Joxe (2010). "Goizueta Basque" (PDF). Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 40 (1): 113–127. doi:10.1017/S0025100309990260.
  • Jacobson, Steven (1995). A Practical Grammar of the Central Alaskan Yup'ik Eskimo Language. Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center. ISBN 978-1-55500-050-9.
  • Kara, Dávid Somfai (2002). Kazak. Lincom Europa. ISBN 9783895864704.
  • Kara, Dávid Somfai (2003). Kyrgyz. Lincom Europa. ISBN 3895868434.
  • Kordić, Snježana (2006). Serbo-Croatian. Languages of the World/Materials. Vol. 148. Lincom Europa. ISBN 3-89586-161-8.
  • Kozintseva, Natalia (1995). Modern Eastern Armenian. Lincom Europa. ISBN 3895860352.
  • Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
  • Landau, Ernestina; Lončarić, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999). "Croatian". Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 66–69. ISBN 0-521-65236-7.
  • Lee, Wai-Sum; Zee, Eric (2003). "Standard Chinese (Beijing)". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 33 (1): 109–112. doi:10.1017/S0025100303001208.
  • Lewis, Jr., Robert Eugene (2013). Complementizer Agreement in Najdi Arabic (PDF) (MA thesis). University of Kansas.
  • Lin, Hua (2001). A Grammar of Mandarin Chinese. Lincom Europa. ISBN 3-89586-642-3.
  • Lunt, Horace G. (1952). Grammar of the Macedonian Literary Language. Skopje. OCLC 5137976.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Mangold, Max (2005) [First published 1962]. Das Aussprachewörterbuch (6th ed.). Mannheim: Dudenverlag. ISBN 978-3-411-04066-7.
  • Nau, Nicole (1998). Latvian. Lincom Europa. ISBN 3-89586-228-2.
  • Padluzhny, Ped (1989), Fanetyka belaruskai litaraturnai movy, Навука і тэхніка, ISBN 5-343-00292-7
  • Palková, Zdena (1994), Fonetika a fonologie češtiny, Karolinum, ISBN 978-8070668436
  • Penhallurick, Robert (2004). "Welsh English: phonology". In Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.). A handbook of varieties of English. Vol. 1: Phonology. Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 98–112. ISBN 3-11-017532-0.
  • Peters, Jörg (2010). "The Flemish–Brabant dialect of Orsmaal–Gussenhoven". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 40 (2): 239–246. doi:10.1017/S0025100310000083.
  • Pretnar, Tone; Tokarz, Emil (1980). Slovenščina za Poljake: Kurs podstawowy języka słoweńskiego. Katowice: Uniwersytet Śląski. OCLC 749222348.
  • Puppel, Stanisław; Nawrocka-Fisiak, Jadwiga; Krassowska, Halina (1977). A handbook of Polish pronunciation for English learners. Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. ISBN 9788301012885.
  • Recasens, Daniel; Espinosa, Aina (2007). "An electropalatographic and acoustic study of affricates and fricatives in two Catalan dialects". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 37 (2): 143–172. doi:10.1017/S0025100306002829. S2CID 14275190.
  • Rocławski, Bronisław (1976). Zarys fonologii, fonetyki, fonotaktyki i fonostatystyki współczesnego języka polskiego. Gdańsk: Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego. OCLC 4461438.
  • Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006). "Standard Georgian" (PDF). Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 36 (2): 255–264. doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659.
  • Sjoberg, Andrée F. (1963). Uzbek Structural Grammar. Uralic and Altaic Series. Vol. 18. Bloomington: Indiana University.
  • Šewc-Schuster, Hinc (1984). Gramatika hornjo-serbskeje rěče (2nd ed.). Budyšin: Ludowe nakładnistwo Domowina. OCLC 1022846408.
  • Szende, Tamás (1999). "Hungarian". Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 104–107. ISBN 0-521-65236-7.
  • Wells, John C. (1982). Accents of English. Vol. 2: The British Isles (pp. i–xx, 279–466), Vol. 3: Beyond the British Isles (pp. i–xx, 467–674). Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511611759, 10.1017/CBO9780511611766. ISBN 0-52128540-2 , 0-52128541-0 .
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