Zufar ibn al-Harith al-Kilabi (died c. 695) was a Muslim commander from the Arab tribeofBanu Amir, and the leader of the Qays faction in the late 7th century. During the First Muslim Civil War he led his tribe in A'isha's army against Caliph Ali at the Battle of the Camel in 656. In 657 he fought under Mu'awiya against Ali at the Battle of Siffin. During the Second Muslim Civil War he served Caliph Yazid I against anti-Umayyad rebels in the Battle of al-Harra in 683. After Yazid died, Zufar supported Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr's bid against the Umayyads. At the Battle of Marj Rahit in 684, the Qays were crushed by the Umayyads and their allies. Zufar then set up headquarters in Qarqisiya and led the Qays tribes against the Kalb. After three sieges of Qarqisiya from 685 to 691, Zufar negotiated a peace with Caliph Abd al-Malik. Zufar's troops were pardoned, rewarded and integrated into the Umayyad military. The peace was sealed by the marriage of Zufar's daughter Rabab to the caliph's son Maslama. (Full article...)
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The citric acid cycle, also known as the TCA cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle) or the Krebs cycle, is a series of chemical reactions to release stored energy through the oxidationofacetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids, as well as NADH, a reducing agent, which are used in numerous other reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest components of metabolism and may have originated abiogenically. The German-born British biochemist Hans Krebs received the 1953 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his identification of the cycle in 1937. The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid, which is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. The cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, and reduces NAD+ to NADH, releasing carbon dioxide. The NADH generated by the cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate. These processes are depicted in this overview diagram of the citric acid cycle. Diagram credit: YassineMrabet; edited by Narayanese and TotoBaggins; vectorized by WikiUserPedia
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