● Home ● Random ● Nearby ● Log in ● Settings ● Donate ● About Wikipedia ● Disclaimers

Wikipedia:WikiProject Ecology

● Project page ● Talk ● Language ● Watch ● Edit

This is a WikiProject, an area for focused collaboration among Wikipedians. New participants are welcome; please feel free to participate!

Guide to WikiProjects

Directory of WikiProjects

Portal

Topics and categories

WikiProject

Ecology

WikiProject Ecology

This is a WikiProject, an area for focused collaboration among Wikipedians. New participants are welcome; please feel free to participate!

Guide to WikiProjects

Directory of WikiProjects

Welcome to WikiProject Ecology, an interactive and collaborative WikiProject about Ecology and improving Wikipedia's articles and coverage about ecological topics.

This project's scope includes:

The management of Wikipedia pages relating to ecology
Aid Wikipedia in becoming a useful and reliable source of information for these topics
Promotion of the availability of these topics on Wikipedia,
Encouragement of others to use and build pages on these topics
Promote an awareness of the natural environment and world
Maintaining objectivity and neutral point-of-view in ecology-related articles

Topics

edit

Category: Ecology
Environment – Category: Environmental science

Parentage

edit

WikiProject Biology is the parent of this WikiProject.

Participants

edit

Please feel free to join this project by adding your name at the top of the members list below.
Afterward, you can place the project's user template on your user page after joining (below in the userboxes section).

To join, add your name Here
(Please post new entries at the top of the list.)

Brian Quelvog (brand new member) retired fishery biologist with the state wildlife department. Much of my work was in Tuolumne County but some work was in other parts of the state 1972 - 2008. Be glad to help where I can.

Hctruman (talk) 23 July 2024, BSc Applied Microbiology student, interested in contributing to articles focused on environmental issues/politics and focusing on Southeast Asian wildlife.
Snakesticks (talk) 20 April 2024; pursuing BS in marine biology w/ a chemistry minor; moderate professional exp. w/ wildlife conflict management and land stewardship in the NW Rockies both in practice and as a subject of public communications
Particleshow22 (talk) 22:20, 16 November 2023 (UTC) Interested in editing ecology articles especially those at the intersection of ecology, overpopulation, pandemics, epidemics, healthcare, racism, and inequality.[reply]
凱七 (talk) 凱七 (talk) 21:55, 21 October 2023 (UTC)[reply]
Sinistersnowman (talk) 13:38, 14 July 2023 (UTC) Advanced degree in landscape ecology, interested in editing articles focused on US ecology.[reply]
Bloodstoppin (talk) 00:48, 23 May 2023 (UTC) has almost complete BS in Wildlife and Fisheries Management, now an extremely large minor. Interested in rewilding, large carnivores, and human-wildlife conflict. I hold a BS in Technical and Science Communication, so I can also copyedit.[reply]
Daniel Mietchen (talk) 20:18, 15 April 2023 (UTC)[reply]
Wil540 art (talk) 00:53, 6 December 2022 (UTC) Interested in the ecology of the United States[reply]
Recyclemom (talk) 09:28, 19 November 2022 (UTC) - MS in Sustainability specializing in Ecological Connectivity, structural landscape connectivity analysis, landscape ecology, science of fragmentation, patch dynamics, ecological networks, ecological corridors[reply]
Pettymars0193 (talk) 10:45, 17 November 2022 (UTC) - I can spell check and edit to make the articles flow better[reply]
PeachRift (talk) 21:36, 13 September 2022 (UTC) - Ecosystems, habitat restoration, conservation, birds, amphibians, reptiles, mammals, invasive species[reply]
Contrawwftw Post-grad invasion ecologist
Yupwewin (talk)
Ani123
LRFtheLion (talk) 22:51, 3 May 2022 (UTC)[reply]
beanstash (talk) 19:08, 18 October 2021 (UTC)[reply]
CycoMa1(talk) 16:18, 15 October 2021 (UTC)[reply]
Jamzze (talk) 09:47, 4 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]
Vacant0 (talk) 10:40, 22 May 2021 (UTC)[reply]
Vanwater (talk) 18:31, 25 February 2021 (UTC)[reply]
Arcahaeoindris (talk · contribs) 08:35:06, 6 December 2020 (UTC) [reply]
CoconutOctopus (talk) 17:16, 15 September 2020 (UTC)[reply]
Psychologist Guy (talk) 12:14, 1 April 2020 (UTC)[reply]
CharlieWilloughby (talk) CharlieWilloughby (talk) 19:31, 26 November 2019 (UTC)[reply]
Tariquehasan17 (talk) Tariquehasan17 (talk) 16:45, 29 May 2019 (UTC)[reply]
Quellatizia (talk) 江波 ~ quellatizia (talk) 01:20, 29 April 2019 (UTC)[reply]
Hyperik (talk) 16:45, 16 January 2019 (UTC)[reply]
User:Jimjunker (talk) 23:04, 26 October 2018 (UTC) - food webs, ecological stoichiometry, stream ecology, ecosystem ecology[reply]
User:Oikos6933 (talk) 22:08, 21 October 2018 (UTC) - Coastal habitats, marshes, wetlands, hazards, paleoecology[reply]
RileyBugz^{私に叫ぼう}_私の編集 17:37, 5 July 2018 (UTC) - interested in life-history theory[reply]
Kiwikiu (talk) Habitat restoration, Birds, Insects, Invasive Species
Squashbby (talk) 15:54, 31 May 2018 (UTC)[reply]
Nerfer (talk) 23:26, 12 December 2017 (UTC) - interested in restoration, and the midwest U.S.[reply]
Beleriandcrises (talk) 10:07, 17 September 2017 (UTC) - interested in permaculture, restoration ecology and applied ecology.[reply]
Adityavagarwal (talk) 18:15, 21 February 2017 (UTC)[reply]
Wildernest42 (talk) Jan 2017
Dan-Erik Lindberg Dec 2016
Mahat mar (talk) 13:50, 21 October 2016 (UTC)[reply]
DerekELee (talk) 08:50, 16 September 2016 (UTC)[reply]
00090R (talk) 23:55, 27 August 2016 (UTC)[reply]
NoseyMoose (talk) 22:47, 12 June 2016 (UTC) Field biology, botany, geology[reply]
Kku (talk) 13:40, 18 March 2016 (UTC) Systems biology, environment, ecology, neurobiology, biocybernetics[reply]
Mccullermi (talk) 20:13, 23 January 2016 (UTC) Marine ecology, community ecology, benthic ecology, introduced species[reply]
Lightningmist Lightningmist (talk) 23:50, 11 January 2016 (UTC)[reply]
Evancahill Evancahill (talk) 21:04, 10 January 2016 (UTC)[reply]
StormLion67 Stormlion67 (talk) 17:58, 24 December 2015 (UTC) interested in intersection of ecology and spirituality, community ecology, plant ecology, climate change, current ecological crisis[reply]
IceAgeDoc (talk) 13:24, 10 December 2015 (UTC) paleoecology, community ecology, plant ecology, biotic interactions, climate change[reply]
Propose to help develop "Seasonal tropical forest" Roy Bateman (talk) 21:13, 7 September 2015 (UTC)[reply]
aGastya ✉ Dicere Aliquid :) 22:14, 24 April 2015 (UTC)[reply]
Tylototriton (talk) 10:48, 14 February 2015 (UTC)[reply]
siphonophora (talk) 08:05, 8 August 2014 (UTC)[reply]
Qxukhgiels (talk) 17:35, 11 June 2014 (UTC)[reply]
OhValencia (talk) 11:56, 6 June 2014 (UTC)[reply]
Elintripido (talk)24 November 2013
PhyloDom (talk)
ForzaItalia91 (talk) 05:50, 11 November 2013 (UTC)[reply]
STSC (talk) 04:23, 24 July 2013 (UTC)[reply]
Fileunderwater (talk) 14:38, 19 June 2013 (UTC)[reply]
Ecoevo (talk) 01:26, 6 May 2013 (UTC)[reply]
Esox id^t•contribs 15:21, 1 April 2013 (UTC) Marine ecology, benthic ecology, some freshwater ecology[reply]
Begnome (talk) 03:33, 13 January 2013 (UTC)[reply]
EmericanBuddha
Gulivar (talk) 05:37, 07 June 2012 (UTC)[reply]
Cricetus (talk) 16:07, 28 January 2012 (UTC)[reply]
Araucana (talk) 23:36, 26 October 2011 (UTC) history of ecology, biography of ecologists[reply]
Pmrich 11:22, 11 August 2011 (UTC)[reply]
Yakushima (talk) 11:08, 10 August 2011 (UTC)[reply]
Noamross (talk) 05:57, 24 February 2011 (UTC)[reply]
Christian Damgaard Oct 2010
--Epipelagic (talk) 03:05, 23 October 2010 (UTC)[reply]
anc001 Jan 2010. Restoration ecology in temperate terrestrial systems; revegetation, natural regeneration, pollination, seed dispersal, nutrient cycling, soil microhabitats, myrmecology.
Difu Wu (talk) 01:30, 6 December 2009 (UTC)[reply]
Thompsma Thompsma (talk) 18:52, 9 September 2009 (UTC)[reply]
KnowledgeRequire (talk) 15:10, 3 September 2009 (UTC)[reply]
melliwhitaker
Shyamal
DiverDave
Sinusoidal (talk) 03:09, 30 April 2009 (UTC)[reply]
Eliezg (talk) 18:21, 20 April 2009 (UTC) - Indeed it does![reply]
Earthdirt (talk) 23:01, 19 March 2009 (UTC) - wow this project needs serious work.[reply]
TedPavlic (talk) — Control Systems engineer doing work surrounding behavioral ecology
eug (talk) 14:02, 7 November 2008 (UTC)[reply]
Ian Cheesman interested and knowledgeable in many different areas of biology, more so in the areas of genetics, evolution, ecology, mammals, and fungi.
Mustafa Ahmed (talk)--Mustafaahmedhussien (talk) 22:59, 21 July 2008 (UTC)[reply]
JeanSolPartre ^{Talk page} 22:17, 11 May 2008 (UTC)][reply]
Macdonald-ross (talk)
Shrumster 07:00, 15 September 2007 (UTC)[reply]
Richard001 06:19, 11 May 2007 (UTC)[reply]
OBriain 04:36, 18 November 2006 (UTC)[reply]
bcasterline • talk 04:37, 1 June 2006 (UTC)[reply]
Shyamal 03:44, 5 May 2006 (UTC)[reply]
Bantab 22:45, 21 April 2006 (UTC)[reply]
Alan Liefting 08:27, 16 October 2005 (UTC)[reply]
Jmeppley 16:43, 23 Nov 2004 (UTC)
Pengo 11:08, 3 Aug 2004 (UTC)
Rberchie

Inactive

edit

Obli 19:21, 27 December 2005 (UTC)[reply]
Mija 9:24, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

User:Birdsaregood

Userboxes

edit

Code

Result

This user is interested in
ecology.

Usage

This user is a professional
ecologist.

Usage

This user is a memberof
WikiProject Ecology.

Usage

This user is a member of
WikiProject Ecology.

Usage

Tasks and things you can do

edit

A list of articles needing cleanup associated with this project is available. See also the tool's wiki page and the index of WikiProjects.

WikiProject

edit

Contribute to the discussion to guide the direction and process of this project, or ask questions
Add more tasks to these lists
Add your name to the list of participants

To-do list for Wikipedia:WikiProject Ecology: edit · history · watch · refresh · Updated 2023-11-09

New article requests

edit

Please add requests for new articles here, including missing articles updated by the bot below in the "Pages needing attention" section. The goal is to have no broken links from articles on sustainability, environment, or ecology. This list is indiscriminate. If there are specific items on this list you are interested in, add them to the approriate area in Requested articles (probably science)

Article requests:

Apparent competition

Autobesity (Wikidata)

Chapelin (Food chain)

Chemlawn philosophy (Pollinator decline)

Combustion emissions (Dead zone)

Competition-colonization trade-offs (Competitive exclusion principle)

Dieoff (Ecocide)

Ecosystem function

Ecological unit (Ecosystem)

Erosion of biodiversity (Biodiversity)

Fair agreement on benefit sharing (Biodiversity)

Fair agreement (Bioprospecting)

Fatal Light Awareness Program (Light pollution)

Fluvial deposits (Desert)

Global Mining Initiative (Sustainability)

Nuclear Waste Repository Act (and about 30 other environmental acts, Environmental Protection Agency)

Nutrient flow (Synecology)

Pleistocene Horned Gopher (Ecological selection)

Resource competition (Competitive exclusion principle)

Rogers Lake Playa at Edwards Air Force Base, California (Desert)

Seed crop (Pollinator decline)

Small-subunit ribosomal RNA (Biodiversity)

Temperate Deserts (Biome)

Expand articles

edit

Expand any of the articles listed in Ecology stubs, tagged with the {{ecology-stub}} template.

Access and Benefit Sharing Agreements (ABAs)

Sean Nee (Biodiversity)

Renewable resource

Resource (biology)

Cleanup

edit

Articles needing cleanup:

Verify

edit

Verify new articles by adding reliable references.

Biologist

Ecological pyramid

Ecological selection

Ecological succession

Ecotone

Freshwater environmental quality parameters

Wikify

edit

Add internal links to articles:

Add {{Portal|Ecology}} to the See also sections of ecology-related articles. This places the following portal link in articles:

Categorization

edit

Categorize ecology-related articles:

Tag new articles in Category:Ecology, Category:Natural environment and Category:Sustainability as such (within those categories).
Reclassify article categories: change categories in articles to more appropriate and relevant categories, or provide multiple categories where appropriate
Identify pages needing attention
Add ecologists and other notable scientists into List of ecologists

Create templates

edit

Create useful templates for use in Wikipedia articles:

Create a template to link soil types, and write articles on each soil type (e.g. FAO soil classification)
Create a template to link ecozones and ecoregions, and label countries or regions with their ecozone
Create a template to link ecotope articles
Create a template to link various -spheres such as biosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere
Create a template to link Endangered species + add them all to Category:Endangered_species

Note: Subcategories, rather than templates, would often be appropriate

See also: WikiProject Ecoregions is tackling ecoregions, ecozones, etc.

Completed templates

~~Create a template to link biological interaction articles. e.g. Parasitism, Symbiosis~~ (done)

External pages

edit

Discuss with organizations the possibility of licensing their information under GNU FDL or a compatible license

Automation

edit

Create tools to automate and generate a "requested articles" list.

Article assessment

edit

Add the {{Ecology}} project template on talk pages to enable article assessment, then assess per assessment criterion.

In the process, determine how many articles fit within this topic. Develop or use bots to mark articles to quantify ecology-related articles and to encourage editors to assess them.

Ecology articles by quality and importance
Quality	Importance
Quality	Top	High	Mid	Low	NA	???	Total
FA		2	2	1			5
FL			1				1
GA	1	10	20	13			44
B	5	33	62	68		22	190
C	10	63	142	317		133	665
Start	3	48	157	540		323	1,071
Stub		9	40	414		131	594
List		4	11	111		18	144
NA		5	12	23	805		845
Assessed	19	174	447	1,487	805	627	3,559
Total	19	174	447	1,487	805	627	3,559
WikiWork factors (?)		ω = 12,237			Ω = 4.76

Pages needing attention

edit

Wikipedia:Pages needing attention listings are no longer being updated. For by-topic listings of articles that need attention, see:

To flag an article for attention, add a cleanup template to the article or talk page. See Wikipedia:Template index/Cleanup for a listing. All previously listed articles have either been fixed or tagged.

See also the page history of Wikipedia:Votes for rewrite which ran from May 2002-June 2003 then was redirected to here.

Articles nominated for deletion

edit

Fix this image

edit

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg Don't have a lot of time to do things right, and I don't know how to fix images. --FUNKAMATIC ~talk 14:07, 1 October 2015 (UTC)[reply]

Templates

edit

Project banner

edit

Template:Ecology — {{WikiProject Ecology}}, {{Ecology}}

This is meant to be affixed to the talk page of articles that fall within the scope of this WikiProject.

Ecology Unassessed

	Ecology portal This article is within the scope of the WikiProject Ecology, an effort to create, expand, organize, and improve ecology-related articles.EcologyWikipedia:WikiProject EcologyTemplate:WikiProject EcologyEcology articles
???	This article has not yet received a rating on Wikipedia's content assessment scale.

Inter-species biological interactions navigation bar

edit

Template:Biological interaction-footer — {{Biological interaction-footer}}

A navigational template to be affixed to the bottom of selected articles.

Inter-species biological interactionsinecology

Completed article requests

edit

Many of these article can still be expanded and improved.

achenes (Biological dispersal)

Achromobacterium (Soil life)

agroforestry (Permaculture)

Amensalism (Biological interaction)

aquatic ecosystem (Ecosystem)

Arctic Char (Food chain)

Arid climate (Climate)

Arroyo (watercourse) (Desert)

Azotobacter (Soil life)

Big Desert, Australia (Desert)

biospherics (Biosphere)

Bonneville Speedway (Desert)

Bortle scale (Light pollution)

bush pilot (Hugh Lamprey)

calcrete (Desert)

Caliche (Desert)

Consumers (food chain) (Trophic level)

cottony cushion scale, Icerya purchasi (Invasive species)

Cultivated land (Trophic level)

Dry Valleys of Antarctica (Desert)

Ecotope (Biome)

Endangered Species Conservation Act (Environmental Protection Agency)

ferrous ammonium sulfate (FAS) (Chemical oxygen demand)

Ford Doolittle ((Gaia theory (science))

foundational species (Trophic level)

fruiting body, of fungi (Soil life)

Geoffrey West, physicist (metabolic theory of ecology)

hardpan (Desert)

Henry Chandler Cowles (Ecological succession)

Human Planetary Tolerances

industrial melanism (Peppered moth)

industrial water (Chemical oxygen demand)

ion exchange (Soil)

James Brown, ecologist (metabolic theory of ecology)

Judean Desert in Israel/Palestine (Desert)

K-selected (Carrying capacity)

keyline (Permaculture)

Lotka-Volterra inter-specific competition equations (Lotka-Volterra equations)

marine ecoregion (Ecoregion)

marine ecoregions (Terrestrial ecoregion)

Marine Mammal Protection Act (Environmental Protection Agency)

mercuric sulfate (Chemical oxygen demand)

metapopulation (Landscape ecology)

micronutrient (Soil life)

mineralisation (Soil)

Miss Waldron's Red Colobus (Ape extinction)

montmorillonite (Soil)

Moreton Pinkney (Gilbert White)

mutual dependence (Symbiosis)

Nebraska Sand Hills (Terrestrial ecoregion)

negentropic (Ecocide)

Niles Eldredge, Palaeontologist (Speciation)

Nitrobacter (Nitrogen cycle)

Nitrosomonas (Nitrogen cycle)

nuclear radiation (Ecological selection)

Omega Gaia ((Gaia theory (science))

Overharvest (Natural resource)

paradox of the plankton(Competitive exclusion principle)

planula (Biological dispersal)

population biology (Ecocide, Pollinator decline, Population)

Potassium dichromate (Chemical oxygen demand)

power generator (Dead zone)

primary producer (Trophic level)

Producers (food chain) (Trophic level)

r-selected (Carrying capacity)

Rajasthan Desert of India (Desert)

Rotliegendes, a hydrocarbon reservoir in the North Sea (Desert)

Roy Clapham (Ecosystem)

sand seas (Desert)

sand sheets (Desert)

Searles Lake, California (Desert)

shrimp farming (ecocide)

soil fertility (Biodiversity)

Sturt's Stony Desert, Australia (Desert)

Sulfamic acid (Chemical oxygen demand)

Tanami Desert, Australia (Desert)

Temperate forest (Trophic level)

Tengger Desert of China (Desert)

Tropical Grasslands (Biome)

Tropical Rain Forest (Desert, Trophic level)

Wildlife biologists (Trophic level)

Scientific Peer Review

edit

Peer review at this project is no longer active and scientific articles should be directed to the general Wikipedia peer review. Reviews of articles that were completed are archived here.

Comments

edit

As noted at Talk:Environmental chemistry please do any work in consensus with other editors. Removing large sections leaving bare headings is not the right way to proceed. Velella ^{Velella Talk} 08:50, 12 June 2013 (UTC)[reply]

A refereed journal on Wikiversity

edit

I think I posted this on an archived discussion and will look for a better place to post--Guy vandegrift (talk) 09:49, 14 January 2016 (UTC)[reply]

According to this survey, the prime disincentive against making scholarly contributions to Wikipedia is that it will not advance careers. Wikiversity:First Journal of Science will be a peer-reviewed journal that should alleviate this problem for recent college graduates who are not expected to have published in the established scholarly journals.

The word "First" in the title is intended to suggest that we need more journals like this. The Wikiversity:First Journal of Science was patterned after the Wikiversity Journal of Medicine, but will have a somewhat more informal flavor, consistent with this new journal's intent to focus on teaching at the undergraduate college level. Wikiversity:First Journal of Science will attribute with bylines that list usernames only, in contrast with the use of real names by the Wikiversity Journal of Medicine

Another unique feature of Wikiversity:First Journal of Science is that edited versions of Wikipedia articles are welcome, and are presented as Wikipedia articles on the Wikiversity journal via permalinks to the history of Wikipedia articles. This is currently accomplished in a rather awkward fashion, by moving the Wikipedia article into the editor's user space, and after proper attribution, deleting all that extraneous prose that Wikipedia articles tend to acquire. An example of this shown in one of the three "pseudo-articles" that were used to create a mockup issue. Of the three "pseudo-articles" in this mockup, I consider only one to be suitable for publication. It is Wikipedia's Introduction to quantum mechanics. Note how the logo was inserted into the "pseudo-accepted" version without permission of the article's current editors. In other words, all of Wikipedia's 5 million articles are candidates for publication in this journal, and in a manner of speaking, have already effectively submitted their manuscripts to Wikiversity:First Journal of Science for review--Guy vandegrift (talk) 05:24, 14 January 2016 (UTC)[reply]

Tools

edit

Main tool page: toolserver.org

reFill – Edits bare url references: adds title, dates, publisher, etc.
Checklinks - Edit and repair external links
Dab solver - Quickly resolve ambiguous links.
Peer reviewer - Provides hints and suggestion to improving articles.

Related Wikiprojects

edit

WikiProject Agriculture

WikiProject Ecoregions

WikiProject Environment

WikiProject Energy development

WikiProject Geography

Wikipedia:WikiProject Lights Camera Wiki/Parks

WikiProject Science

WikiProject Soil

Wikipedia:WikiProject Lights Camera Wiki/Wildlife

External links

edit

Wikiproject Watchlist - WikiProject Ecology

v t e WikiProject Council
WikiProject guides	WikiProject Council Talk Guidelines/Intro WikiProjects Task forces Technical notes Assessment FAQ Work via WikiProjects
Directories and summaries	Directory Proposals Deletion Signpost Shortcuts Popular pages Database reports Watchers
Culture and the arts	Arts Music Performing Plastic Visual Broadcasting Crafts and hobbies Entertainment Games and toys Food and drink Internet culture Language and literature Biography Linguistics Media Philosophy and religion Sports
Geographical	Bodies of water Cities Countries Africa Americas Asia Europe Oceania Landforms Maps Parks, conservation areas and historical sites
History and society	History and society Business and economics Education Military and warfare Politics and government Transportation
Science, technology and engineering	Science Biology Chemistry Economics Geosciences Information science Mathematics Medicine Meteorology Physics Space Technology Time
Wikipedia assistance and tasks	Contents systems Maintenance Files Article improvement and grading Classroom projects WikiProjects

Wikipedia key policies and guidelines

Five pillars
- Ignore all rules

Content

Conduct

Deletion

P	Deletion policy Proposed deletion Biographies Criteria for speedy deletion Attack page Oversight Revision deletion

Enforcement

P	Administrators Banning Blocking Page protection

Editing

Editing policy

Style

Classification

Project content

G	Project namespace WikiProjects User pages User boxes Shortcuts Subpages

WMF (?)

P	Terms of Use List of policies Friendly space policy Licensing and copyright Privacy policy

List of all policies and guidelines
- P: List of policies
- G: List of guidelines
Summaries of values and principles

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:WikiProject_Ecology&oldid=1099370488" Last edited on 20 July 2022, at 11:57

Languages

●Español ●Français ●Italiano ●Nederlands ●Português ●Українська ●中文

●This page was last edited on 20 July 2022, at 11:57 (UTC). ●Content is available under CC BY-SA 4.0 unless otherwise noted. ●Privacy policy ●About Wikipedia ●Disclaimers ●Contact Wikipedia ●Code of Conduct ●Developers ●Statistics ●Cookie statement ●Terms of Use ●Desktop