Yakut (/jəˈkuːt/ yə-KOOT),[2] also known as Yakutian, Sakha, SaqaorSaxa (Yakut: саха тыла), is a Turkic language belonging to Siberian Turkic branch and spoken by around 450,000 native speakers, primarily the ethnic Yakuts and one of the official languages of Sakha (Yakutia), a federal republic in the Russian Federation.
| Yakut | |
|---|---|
| Sakha | |
| Саха тыла, saxa tıla | |
| Pronunciation | [saχa tɯla] |
| Native to | Russia |
| Region | Yakutia, Magadan Oblast, Amur Oblast, Krasnoyarsk Krai (Evenkiysky District) |
| Ethnicity | Yakuts |
Native speakers | c. 480,000[1] |
| |
| Cyrillic (formerly Latin and Cyrillic-based) | |
| Official status | |
Official language in |  Russia
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-2 | sah |
| ISO 639-3 | sah |
| Glottolog | yaku1245 |
| ELP | Yakut |
Sakha language | |
Yakut is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger | |
| This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. | |
The Yakut language differs from all other Turkic languages in the presence of a layer of vocabulary of unclear origin (possibly Paleo-Siberian). There is also a large number of words of Mongolian origin related to ancient borrowings, as well as numerous recent borrowings from Russian. Like other Turkic languages and their ancestor Proto-Turkic, Yakut is an agglutinative language and features vowel harmony.
Yakut is a member of the Northeastern Common Turkic family of languages, which also includes Shor, Tuvan and Dolgan. Like most Turkic languages, Yakut has vowel harmony, is agglutinative and has no grammatical gender. Word order is usually subject–object–verb. Yakut has been influenced by Tungusic and Mongolian languages.[3]
Historically, Yakut left the community of Common Turkic speakers relatively early.[4] Due to this, it diverges in many ways from other Turkic languages and mutual intelligibility between Yakut and other Turkic languages is low[5] and many cognate words are hard to notify when heard. Nevertheless, Yakut contains many features which are important for the reconstruction of Proto-Turkic, such as the preservation of long vowels.[6]
Yakut is spoken mainly in the Sakha Republic. It is also used by ethnic Yakuts in Khabarovsk Region and a small diaspora in other parts of the Russian Federation, Turkey, and other parts of the world. Dolgan, a close relative of Yakut, which formerly was considered by some a dialect of Yakut,[7] is spoken by DolgansinKrasnoyarsk Region. Yakut is widely used as a lingua franca by other ethnic minorities in the Sakha Republic – more Dolgans, Evenks, Evens and Yukagirs speak Yakut than their own languages. About 8% of the people of other ethnicities than Yakut living in Sakha claimed knowledge of the Yakut language during the 2002 census.[8]
Yakut has the following consonants phonemes,[9] where the IPA value is provided in slashes '//' and the native script value is provided in bold followed by the romanization in parentheses.
| Bilabial | Dental/ alveolar |
Palatal | Velar/ uvular |
Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | /m/ м (m) |
/n/ н (n) |
/ɲ/ нь (ń) |
/ŋ/ ҥ (ŋ) |
||
| Plosive / Affricate |
voiceless | /p/ п (p) |
/t/ т (t) |
/t͡ʃ/ ч (č) |
/k/ к (k) |
|
| voiced | /b/ б (b) |
/d/ д (d) |
/d͡ʑ/ дь (ǰ) |
/ɡ/ г (g) |
||
| Fricative | voiceless | /s/ с (s) |
/χ/ х (x) |
/h/ һ (h) | ||
| voiced | /ʁ/ ҕ (ɣ) |
|||||
| Approximant | plain | /l/ л (l) |
/j/ й (y) |
|||
| nasalized | /ȷ̃/ й (ỹ) |
|||||
| Flap | /ɾ/ р (r) |
|||||
Yakut is in many ways phonologically unique among the Turkic languages. Yakut and the closely related Dolgan language are the only Turkic languages without hushing sibilants. Additionally, no known Turkic languages other than Yakut and Khorasani Turkic have the palatal nasal /ɲ/.
Consonants at morpheme boundaries undergo extensive assimilation, both progressive and regressive.[14][15] All suffixes possess numerous allomorphs. For suffixes which begin with a consonant, the surface form of the consonant is conditioned on the stem-final segment. There are four such archiphonemic consonants: G, B, T, and L. Examples of each are provided in the following table for the suffixes -GIt (second-person plural possessive suffix, oɣoɣut 'your [pl.] child'), -BIt (first-person plural possessive suffix, oɣobut, 'our child'), -TA (partitive case suffix, tiiste 'some teeth'), -LArA (third-person plural possessive suffix, oɣoloro 'their child'). Note that the alternation in the vowels is governed by vowel harmony (see the main article and the below section).
| Consonant archiphoneme |
Immediately preceding sound (example) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High vowel i, u, ï, ü (kihi) |
Low vowel a, e, o, ö (oɣo) |
/l/ (uol) |
/j,ɾ/ (kötör) |
Voiceless consonants (tiis) |
/χ/ (ïnaχ) |
Nasal (oron) | |
| G -GIt |
[g] kihigit |
[ɣ] oɣoɣut |
[g] uolgut |
[g] kötörgüt |
[k] tiiskit |
[χ] ïnaχχït |
[ŋ] oroŋŋut[a] |
| B -BIt |
[b] kihibit |
[b] oɣobut |
[b] uolbut |
[b] kötörbüt |
[p] tiispit |
[p] ïnaχpït |
[m] orommut[b] |
| T -TA |
[t] kihite |
[t] oɣoto |
[l] uolla |
[d] kötördö |
[t] tiiste |
[t] ïnaχta |
[n] oronnut |
| L -LArA |
[l] kihilere |
[l] oɣoloro |
[l] uollara |
[d] kötördörö |
[t] tiistere |
[t] ïnaχtara |
[n] oronnoro |
| 'person' | 'child' | 'boy' | 'bird' | 'tooth' | 'cow' | 'bed' | |
There is an additional regular morphophonological pattern for [t]-final stems: they assimilate in place of articulation with an immediately following labial or velar. For example at 'horse' > akkït 'your [pl.] horse', > appït 'our horse'.
Yakut initial s- corresponds to initial h- in Dolgan and played an important operative rule in the development of proto-Yakut, ultimately resulting in initial Ø- < *h- < *s- (example: Dolgan huoq and Yakut suox, both meaning "not").[clarification needed] The historical change of *s > h, known as debuccalization, is a common sound-change across the world's languages, being characteristic of such languages as Greek and Indo-Iranian in their development from Proto-Indo-European, as well as such Turkic languages as Bashkir, e.g. höt 'milk' < *süt.[16] Debuccalization of /s/ to /h/ is also found as a diachronic change from Proto-CeltictoBrittonic, and has actually become a synchronic grammaticalised feature called lenition in the related Goidelic languages (Irish, Scottish, and Manx).
Debuccalization is also an active phonological process in modern Yakut. Intervocalically the phoneme /s/ becomes [h]. For example the /s/ in кыыс (kïïs) 'girl' becomes [h] between vowels:[17]
a.
kïïs
girl
>
>
kïïh-ïm
girl-POSS.1SG
kïïs > kïïh-ïm
girl > girl-POSS.1SG
'girl; daughter' > 'my daughter'
Yakut has twenty phonemic vowels: eight short vowels, eight long vowels,[a] and four diphthongs. The following table give broad transcriptions for each vowel phoneme,[b] as well as the native script bold and romanization in italics:
| Front | Back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded | rounded | unrounded | rounded | ||
| Close | short | /i/ и (i) |
/y/ ү (ü) |
/ɯ/ ы (ï[c]) |
/u/ у (u) |
| long[d] | /iː/ ии (ii) |
/yː/ үү (üü) |
/ɯː/ ыы (ïï) |
/uː/ уу (uu) | |
| Diphthong | /ie/ иэ (ie) |
/yø/ үө (üö) |
/ɯa/ ыа (ïa) |
/uɔ/ уо (uo) | |
| Open | short | /e/ э (e) |
/ø/ ө (ö) |
/a/ а (a) |
/ɔ/ о (o) |
| long | /eː/ ээ (ee) |
/øː/ өө (öö) |
/aː/ аа (aa) |
/ɔː/ оо (oo) | |
Like other Turkic languages, a characteristic feature of Yakut is progressive vowel harmony. Most root words obey vowel harmony, for example in кэлин (kelin) 'back', all the vowels are front and unrounded. Yakut's vowel harmony in suffixes is the most complex system in the Turkic family.[24] Vowel harmony is an assimilation process where vowels in one syllable take on certain features of vowels in the preceding syllable. In Yakut, subsequent vowels all take on frontness and all non-low vowels take on lip rounding of preceding syllables' vowels.[25] There are two main rules of vowel harmony:
The quality of the diphthongs /ie, ïa, uo, üö/ for the purposes of vowel harmony is determined by the first segment in the diphthong. Taken together, these rules mean that the pattern of subsequent syllables in Yakut is entirely predictable, and all words will follow the following pattern:[26] Like the consonant assimilation rules above, suffixes display numerous allomorphs determined by the stem they attach to. There are two archiphoneme vowels I (an underlyingly high vowel) and A (an underlyingly low vowel).
| Category | Final vowel in stem |
Suffix vowels |
|---|---|---|
| Unrounded, back | a, aa, ï, ïï, ïa | a, aa, ï, ïï, ïa |
| Unrounded, front | e, ee, i, ii, ie | e, ee, i, ii, ie |
| Rounded back | u, uu, uo | a, aa, u, uu, uo |
| Rounded, front, close | ü, üü, üö | e, ee, ü, üü, üö |
| Rounded, back | o, oo | o, oo, u, uu, uo |
| Rounded, open, low | ö, öö | ö, öö, ü, üü, üö |
| Archiphonemic vowel |
Preceding vowel | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Front | Back | |||||
| unrounded (i, ii, ie, e, ee) |
rounded | unrounded (ï, ïï, ïa, a, aa) |
rounded | |||
| high (ü, üü, üö) |
low (ö, öö) |
high (u, uu, uo) |
low (o, oo) | |||
| I | i | ü | ï | u | ||
| A | e | ö | a | o | ||
Examples of I can be seen in the first-person singular possessive agreement suffix -(I)m:[27] as in (a):
|
a.
aat-ïm name-POSS.1SG aat-ïm name-POSS.1SG 'my name'
|
et-im meat-POSS.1SG et-im meat-POSS.1SG 'my meat'
|
uol-um son-POSS.1SG uol-um son-POSS.1SG 'my son'
|
üüt-üm milk-POSS.1SG üüt-üm milk-POSS.1SG 'my milk'
|
The underlyingly low vowel phoneme A is represented through the third-person singular agreement suffix -(t)A[28] in (b):
|
b.
aɣa-ta father-POSS.3SG aɣa-ta father-POSS.3SG 'his/her father'
|
iỹe-te mother-POSS.3SG iỹe-te mother-POSS.3SG 'his/her mother'
|
oɣo-to child-POSS.3SG oɣo-to child-POSS.3SG 'his/her child'
|
töbö-tö top-POSS.3SG töbö-tö top-POSS.3SG 'his/her top'
|
uol-a son-POSS.3SG uol-a son-POSS.3SG 'his/her son'
|
After three earlier phases of development, Yakut is currently written using the Cyrillic script: the modern Yakut alphabet, established in 1939 by the Soviet Union, consists of all the Russian characters with five additional letters for phonemes not present in Russian: Ҕҕ, Ҥҥ, Өө, Һһ, Үү, as follows:
| А а | Б б | В в | Г г | Ҕ ҕ | Д д | Дь дь | Е е | Ё ё |
| Ж ж | З з | И и | Й й | К к | Л л | М м | Н н | Ҥ ҥ |
| Нь нь | О о | Ө ө | П п | Р р | С с | Һ һ | Т т | У у |
| Ү ү | Ф ф | Х х | Ц ц | Ч ч | Ш ш | Щ щ | Ъ ъ | Ы ы |
| Ь ь | Э э | Ю ю | Я я |
| Letter | А | Б | В | Г | Ҕ | Д | Дь | Е | Ё | Ж | З | И | Й | К | Л | М | Н | Ҥ | Нь | О | Ө | П | Р | С | Һ | Т | У | Ү | Ф | Х | Ц | Ч | Ш | Щ | Ъ | Ы | Ь | Э | Ю | Я |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name | а | бэ | вэ | гэ | ҕэ | дэ | дьэ | е | ё | жэ | зэ | и | ый | кы | эл | эм | эн | ҥэ | ньэ | о | ө | пэ | эр | эс | һэ | тэ | у | ү | эф | хэ | цэ | че | ша | ща | [a] | ы | [b] | э | ю | я |
| IPA | /a/ | /b/ | /v/ | /g/ | /ɣ/ | /d/ | /d͡ʒ/ | /(j)e/ | /jo/ | /ʒ/ | /z/ | /i/ | /j/, /ȷ̃/ | /k/ | /l/ | /m/ | /n/ | /ŋ/ | /ɲ/ | /ɔ/ | /ø/ | /p/ | /ɾ/ | /s/ | /h/ | /t/ | /u/ | /y/ | /f/ | /χ/ | /t͡s/ | /t͡ʃ/ | /ʃ/ | /ɕː/ | /◌.j/ | /ɯ/ | /◌ʲ/ | /e/ | /ju/ | /ja/ |
Long vowels are represented through the doubling of vowels, e.g. үүт (üüt) /yːt/ 'milk,' a practice that many scholars follow in Romanizations of the language.[29][30][31]
The full Yakut alphabet contains letters for consonant phonemes not present in native words (and thus not indicated in the phonology tables above): the letters В /v/, Е /(j)e/, Ё /jo|/, Ж /ʒ/, З /z/, Ф /f/, Ц /t͡s/, Ш /ʃ/, Щ /ɕː/, Ъ, Ю /ju/, Я /ja/ are used exclusively in Russian loanwords. In addition, in native Yakut words, the soft sign ⟨Ь⟩ is used exclusively in the digraphs ⟨дь⟩ and ⟨нь⟩.
There are numerous conventions for the Romanization of Yakut. Bibliographic sources and libraries typically use the ALA-LC Romanization tables for non-Slavic languages in Cyrillic script.[32] Linguists often employ Turkological standards for transliteration,[33] or a mixture of Turkological standards and the IPA.[22] In addition, others employ Turkish orthography.[34] Comparison of some of these systems can be seen in the following:
(a)
дьон
/d͡ʒon/
people
дьон
/d͡ʒon/
people
'people'[35]
(b)
айыы
/ajɯː/
creation
айыы
/ajɯː/
creation
'creation'[36]
(c)
бу
/bu
DEM
ыт
ɯt
dog
аттааҕар
at.taːɣar
horse-COMP
түргэнник
tyrgɛn.nɪk
fast-ADV
сүүрэр
syːrɛr/
run-PRES
бу ыт аттааҕар түргэнник сүүрэр
/bu ɯt at.taːɣar tyrgɛn.nɪk syːrɛr/
DEM dog horse-COMP fast-ADV run-PRES
'This dog runs faster than a horse'[37]
(d)
эһэ
/ɛhɛ
bear
бөрөтөөҕөр
bøɾøtøːɣør
wolf-COMP
күүстээх
kyːstɛːχ/
strong-have
эһэ бөрөтөөҕөр күүстээх
/ɛhɛ bøɾøtøːɣør kyːstɛːχ/
bear wolf-COMP strong-have
'A bear is stronger than a wolf'[37]
| дьон | айыы | бу | ыт | аттааҕар | түргэнник | сүүрэр | эһэ | бөрөтөөҕөр | күүстээх | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IPA | /d͡ʒon/ | /ajɯː/ | /bu/ | /ɯt/ | /at.taːɣar/ | /tyrgɛn.nɪk/ | /syːrɛr/ | /ɛhɛ/ | /bøɾøtøːɣør/ | /kyːstɛːχ/ | |
| Turkological | Krueger | ǰon | ajıı | bu | ıt | attaaɣar | türgennik | süürer | ehe | böröötööɣör | küüsteeχ |
| Johanson | ǰon | ayï: | bu | ït | atta:ɣar | türgännik | sü:rär | ähä | börötö:ɣör | kü:stä:χ | |
| Robbeets & Savalyev |
ʤon | ïyïː | bu | ït | attaːɣar | türgennik | süːrer | ehe | börötöːɣör | kü:steːχ | |
| ALA-LC[32] | d'on | aĭyy | bu | yt | attaaghar | tu̇rgennik | su̇u̇rer | eḣe | bȯrȯtȯȯghȯr | ku̇u̇steekh | |
| KNAB[38] | djon | ajy: | bu | yt | atta:ǧar | türgennik | sü:rer | eḩe | börötö:ǧör | kü:ste:h | |
| Turkish orthography | con | ayıı | bu | ıt | attaağar | türgennik | süürer | ehe | börötööğör | küüsteex | |
The typical word order can be summarized as subject – adverb – object – verb; possessor – possessed; adjective – noun.
Personal pronouns in Yakut distinguish between first, second, and third persons and singular and plural number.
| Singular | Plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person | мин (min) | биһиги (bihigi) | |
| 2nd person | эн (en) | эһиги (ehigi) | |
| 3rd person | human | кини[a] (kini) | кинилэр (kiniler) |
| non-human | ол (ol) | олор (olor) | |
Although nouns have no gender, the pronoun system distinguishes between human and non-human in the third person, using кини (kini, 'he/she') to refer to human beings and ол (ol, 'it') to refer to all other things.[39]
Nouns have plural and singular forms. The plural is formed with the suffix /-LAr/, which may surface as -лар (-lar), -лэр (-ler), -лөр (-lör), -лор (-lor), -тар (-tar), -тэр (-ter), -төр (-tör), -тор (-tor), -дар (-dar), -дэр (-der), -дөр (-dör), -дор (-dor), -нар (-nar), -нэр (-ner), -нөр (-nör), or -нор (-nor), depending on the preceding consonants and vowels. The plural is used only when referring to a number of things collectively, not when specifying an amount. Nouns have no gender.
| Final sound basics | Plural affix options | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Vowels, /l/ | -lar, -ler, -lor, -lör | kïïllar 'beasts', eheler 'bears', oɣolor 'children', börölör 'wolves' |
| /k, p, s, t, χ/ | -tar, -ter, -tor, -tör | attar 'horses', külükter 'shadows', ottor, 'herbs', bölöxtör 'groups' |
| /y, r/ | -dar, -der, -dor, -dör | baaydar 'rich people', ederder 'young people'[a] xotoydor 'eagles', kötördör 'birds' |
| /m, n, ŋ/ | -nar, -ner, -nor, -nör | kïïmnar 'sparks', ilimner 'fishing nets', oronnor 'beds', bödöŋnör 'large ones' |
There is a handful of irregular plural nouns, e.g.
The word кыргыттар, disregarding the composite -(ы)ттар plural suffix, has cognates in numerous Turkic languages, such as Uzbek (qirqin 'bondwoman'), Bashkir, Tatar, Kyrgyz (кыз-кыркын 'girls'), Chuvash (хӑрхӑм), Turkmen (gyrnak) and extinct Qarakhanid, Khwarezmian and Chaghatay.
Only Sakha (Yakut) has a rich case system that differs markedly from all the other Siberian Turkic languages. It has retained the ancient comitative case from Old Turkic (due to strong influence from Mongolian) while in other Turkic languages, the old comitative has become an instrumental case. However, in Sakha language the Old Turkic locative case has come to denote partitive case, thus leaving no case form for the function of locative. Instead, locative, dative and allative cases are realized through Common Turkic dative suffix. Furthermore, (in addition to locative,) genitive and equative cases are lost as well. Yakut has eight grammatical cases: nominative (unmarked), accusative -(n)I, dative -GA, partitive -TA, ablative -(t)tan, instrumental -(I)nAn, comitative -LIIn, and comparative -TAAɣAr.[40] Examples of these are shown in the following table for a vowel-final stem eye (of Mongolian origin) 'peace' and a consonant-final stem uot 'fire':
| eye 'peace' | uot 'fire' | |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | eye | uot |
| Accusative | eyeni | uotu |
| Dative | eyeɣe | uokka |
| Partitive[a] | eyete | uotta |
| Ablative[b] | eyetten | uottan |
| Instrumental | eyenen | uotunan |
| Comitative | eyeliin | uottuun |
| Comparative[c] | eyeteeɣer | uottaaɣar |
The partitive object case indicates that just a part of an object is affected, e.g.:
Uː-ta
water-PTV
is!
drink-IMP.2SG
Uː-ta is!
water-PTV drink-IMP.2SG
Drink some water!
The corresponding expression below with the object in the accusative denotes wholeness:
Uː-nu
water-ACC.
is!
drink-IMP.2SG
Uː-nu is!
water-ACC. drink-IMP.2SG
Drink [all] the water!
The partitive is only used in imperative or necessitative expressions, e.g.
Uː-ta
water-PT
a-γal-ϊaχ-χa
bring-PRO-DAT
naːda.
necessary.
Uː-ta a-γal-ϊaχ-χa naːda.
water-PT bring-PRO-DAT necessary.
One has to bring some water.
Note the word naːda is borrowed from Russian надо (must).
A notable detail about Yakut case is the absence of the genitive,[43] a feature which some argue is due to historical contact with Evenki (aTungusic language), the language with which Sakha (i.e. Yakut) was in most intensive contact.[44] Possessors are unmarked, with the possessive relationship only being realized on the possessed noun itself either through the possessive suffix[45] (if the subject is a pronoun) or through partitive case suffix (if the subject is any other nominal). For example, in (a) the first-person pronoun subjects are not marked for genitive case; neither do full nominal subjects (possessors) receive any marking, as shown in (b):
a.
min
1SG.NOM
oɣo-m
child-POSS.1SG
/
/
bihigi
1PL.NOM
oɣo-but
child-POSS.1PL
min oɣo-m / bihigi oɣo-but
1SG.NOM child-POSS.1SG / 1PL.NOM child-POSS.1PL
'my son' / 'our child'
b.
Masha
Masha.NOM
aɣa-ta
father-PTV.3SG
Masha aɣa-ta
Masha.NOM father-PTV.3SG
'Masha's father'
The Sakha yes–no question marker is enclitic duoordu:, whereas almost all other Turkic languages use markers of the type -mI, compare:
Күөрэгэй
kyœregej
lark-NOM
ырыатын
ïrïa-tï-n
song-3SG.POSS-ACC
истэҕин
ist-e-ɣin
hear-PRS-2SG
дуо?
=duo?
=Q
Күөрэгэй ырыатын истэҕин дуо?
kyœregej ïrïa-tï-n ist-e-ɣin =duo?
lark-NOM song-3SG.POSS-ACC hear-PRS-2SG =Q
Do you hear the song of larks?
and the same sentence in Uzbek (note the question suffix -mi in contrast to Sakha):
To’rg’ay jirini eshit(a)yapsanmi?
Question words in Yakut remain in-situ; they do not move to the front of the sentence. Sample question words include: туох (tuox) 'what', ким (kim) 'who', хайдах (xajdax) 'how', хас (xas) 'how much; how many', ханна (xanna) 'where', and ханнык (xannïk) 'which'.
Sakha has a large number of Mongolian loanwords, representing around 13% of its vocabulary (including terms pertaining to kinship and body parts). Despite the close contact with Evenki, Sakha has quite a small number of loanwords from that language.
| Yakut | Tuvan | Turkish | Uzbek | English | Classical Mongolian | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cyrillic | Latin | Cyrillic | Latin | ||||
| аччыктааһын | aččïktahïn | аштаар | aštaar | açlık | ochlik | hunger | ölüsgüleŋ ᠥᠯᠥᠰᠬᠦᠯᠡᠩ |
| аччык | aččïk | аш | aš | aç | och | hungry | |
| аат | aat | ат | at | at | ot | name | |
| балык | balïk | балык | balïk | balık | baliq | fish | |
| балыксыт | balïksït | балыкчы | balïkčï | balıkçı | baliqchi | fisherman | jiğasuçi ᠵᠢᠭᠠᠰᠤᠴᠢ |
| yy | uu | суг | sug | su | suv | water | usu ᠤᠰᠤ |
| тимир | timir | демир | demir | demir | temir | iron | temür ᠲᠡᠮᠦᠷ |
| күөл | küöl | хөл | khöl | göl | ko‘l | lake | na'ur ᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ |
| атах | atax | adaḳ | ayak | oyoq | foot | ||
| мурун | murun | думчук | dumčuk | burun | burun | nose | |
| баттах | battax | дүк | dük | saç | soch | hair | üsü ᠦᠰᠦ |
| илии | ilii | хол | khol | el | ilik, qo‘l | hand | |
| күн | kün | хүн | khün | gün | kun | day, sun | |
| муус | muus | дош | doš | buz | muz | ice | mösü ᠮᠥᠰᠥ |
| ыт | ït | ыт | ït | it | it | dog | |
| сүрэх | sürex | чүрек | čürek | yürek | yurak | heart | jirüke ᠵᠢᠷᠦᠬᠡ |
| сарсын | sarsïn | даарта, эртен |
daarta, erten |
yarın | ertaga | tomorrow | |
| бүгүн | bügün | бөгүн | bögün | bugün | bugun | today | |
| былыт | bïlït | булут | bulut | bulut | bulut | cloud | |
| хаар | xaar | хар | khar | kar | qor | snow | |
| хаан | xaan | хан | khan | kan | qon | blood | |
| эт | et | эът | èt | et | et | meat | |
| тиис | tiis | диш | tiš | diş | tish | tooth | |
| ат | at | аът | àt | at | ot | horse | |
| таас | taas | даш | daš | taş | tosh | stone | |
| үүт | üüt | сүт | süt | süt | sut | milk | sün ᠰᠦᠨ |
| ынах | ïnax | инек | inek | inek | inak, sigir | cow | |
| хара | xara | кара | kara | kara | qora | black | qar-a ᠬᠠᠷᠠ |
| сыттык | sïttïk | сыртык | sïrtïk | yastık | yostiq | pillow | |
| быһах | bïhax | бижек | bižek | bıçak | pichoq | knife | |
| бытык | bïtïk | bıyık | miyiq, mo‘ylov | mustache | |||
| кыс, кыһын | kïs, kïhïn | кыш | kïš | kış, kışın | qish | winter | |
| туус | tuus | дус | dus | tuz | tuz | salt | |
| тыл | tïl | дыл | dïl | dil | til | tongue, language | kele ᠬᠡᠯᠡ |
| cаха тылa | saxa tïla | Саха дыл, Якут дыл |
Sakha dïl, Yakut dïl |
saha dili, sahaca |
yoqut tili, yoqutcha |
Yakut language | |
| кыыс | kïïs | кыс | kïs | kız | qiz | girl, daughter | |
| уол | uol | оол, оглу |
ool, oglu |
oğul, oğlan |
o‘g‘il | son, boy | |
| үөрэтээччи | üöreteečči | башкы | baškï | öğretici, öğretmen |
o‘qituvchi | teacher | |
| үөрэнээччи | üöreneečči | өөреникчи | öörenikči | öğrenci, talebe |
o‘quvchi, talaba |
student | |
| уһун | uhun | узун | uzun | uzun | uzun | long, tall | |
| кулгаах | kulgaax | кулак | kulak | kulak | quloq | ear | |
| сыл | sïl | чыл, хар |
čïl, khar |
yıl | yil | year | jil ᠵᠢᠯ |
| киһи | kihi | кижи | kiži | kişi | kishi | human, man | kümün ᠬᠥᠮᠦᠨ |
| суол | suol | орук | oruk | yol | yo‘l | road, way | |
| асчыт | asčït | белеткээр | beletkeer | aşçı | oshchi, oshpaz | cook | |
| тараах | taraax | дыргак | dïrgak | tarak | taroq | comb | |
| орто | orto | орта | orta | orta | o‘rta | middle | |
| күн ортото | kün ortoto | дүш, дүъш, дүъште |
düš, dǜš, dǜšte |
gün ortası | kun o‘rtasi, tush | midday, noon | |
| күл | kül | хүлүмзүрүүр | khülümzürüür | gülmek | kulmoq | to laugh; to smile | |
| өл | öl | өлүр | ölür | ölmek | o‘lmoq | to die | |
| ис | is | ижер | ižer | içmek | ichmoq | to drink | |
| бил | bil | билир | bilir | bilmek | bilmoq | to know | |
| көр | kör | көөр (көр-) | köör (kör-) | görmek | ko‘rmoq | to see | qara ᠬᠠᠷᠠ |
| үөрэн | üören | өөренир | öörenir | öğrenmek | o‘rganmoq | to learn | |
| үөрэт | üöret | өөредир | ööredir | öğretmek | o‘rgatmoq | to teach | |
| ытыр | ïtïr | ызырар | ïzïrar | ısırmak | tishlamoq | to bite | |
| хас | xas | казар | kazar | kazmak | qozmoq, qazmoq |
to dig | |
| тик | tik | даараар | daaraar | dikiş dikmek, dikmek |
tikmoq | to sew | |
| кэл | kel | келир | kelir | gelmek | kelmoq | to come | |
| салаа | salaa | чылгаар | čïlgaar | yalamak | yalamoq | to lick | |
| тараа | taraa | taramak | taramoq | to comb | |||
| биэр | bier | бээр | beer | vermek | bermoq | to give | |
| бул | bul | тывар | tïvar | bulmak | topmoq | to find | |
| диэ | die | дe-, дi- | de-, di- | demek | demoq, aytmoq |
to say | |
| киир | kiir | кирер | kirer | girmek | kirmoq | to enter | |
| иһит | ihit | дыңнаар | dïŋnaar | işitmek | eshitmoq, tinglamoq | to hear | |
| ас | as | ажар | ažar | açmak | ochmoq | to open | |
| тут | tut | тудар | tudar | tutmak | tutmoq | to hold | |
| ый | ïy | ай | ay | ay | oy | moon | |
| ыйытыы | ïyïtïï | айтырыг | aytïrïg | soru | savol | question | |
| кыайыы | kïayïï | тиилелге | tiilelge | zafer | g‘alaba | victory | |
| Old Turkic | Turkish | Uzbek | Tuvan | Yakut | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| bir | bir | bir | bir | biir | one |
| eki | iki | ikki | iyi | ikki | two |
| üç | üç | uch | üş | üs | three |
| tört | dört | tŏrt | dört | tüört | four |
| beş | beş | besh | beş | bies | five |
| altı | altı | olti | aldı | alta | six |
| yeti | yedi | yetti | çedi | sette | seven |
| sekiz | sekiz | sakkiz | ses | aɣïs | eight |
| tokuz | dokuz | tŏqqiz | tos | toɣus | nine |
| on | on | ŏn | on | uon | ten |
The Yakut have a tradition of oral epic in their language called Олоҥхо ("Olonkho"), traditionally performed by skilled performers. The subject matter is based on Yakut mythology and legends. Versions of many Olonkho poems have been written down and translated since the 19th century, but only a very few older performers of the oral Olonkho tradition are still alive. They have begun a program to teach young people to sing this in their language and revive it, though in a modified form.[46]
The first printing in Yakut was a part of a book by Nicolaas Witsen published in 1692 in Amsterdam.[47]
In 2005, Marianne Beerle-Moor, director of the Institute for Bible Translation, Russia/CIS, was awarded the Order of Civil Valour by the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) for the translation of the New Testament into Yakut.[48]
Probably the first-ever Islamic book written in Sakha language was published in 2012 entitled『Билсин: Ислам』("Get to know: Islam").[49]
Article 1 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights (with footnotes on etymologies of some words):
| Novgorodov's alphabet 1920–1929. (Latin alphabet/IPA) | зɔn barɯta beje sꭣltatɯgar ꭣnna bɯra:bɯgar teŋ bꭣlan tꭢry:ller. kiniler barɯ ꭢrkꭢ:n ꭢjdꭢ:q, sꭣbasta:q bꭣlan tꭢry:ller, ꭣnna beje bejeleriger tɯlga ki:riniges bɯhɯ:lara dɔʃɔrdɔhu: tɯ:nna:q bꭣlꭣqta:q. |
| Latin alphabet 1929–1939. (Yañalif) | Çon вarьta вeje suoltatьgar uonna вьraaвьgar teꞑ вuolan tɵryyller. Kiniler вarь ɵrkɵn ɵjdɵɵq, suoвastaaq вuolan tɵryyller, uonna вeje вejeleriger tьlga kiiriniges вьhььlara doƣordohuu tььnnaaq вuoluoqtaaq. |
| Modern Cyrillic 1939–present. | Дьон[a] барыта бэйэ суолтатыгар уонна быраабыгар[b] тэҥ буолан төрүүллэр. Кинилэр бары өркөн өйдөөх, суобастаах[c] буолан төрүүллэр, уонна бэйэ бэйэлэригэр тылга кииринигэс быһыылара доҕордоһуу[d] тыыннаах буолуохтаах. |
| Romanization | J̌on barïta beye suoltatïgar uonna bïraabïgar teŋ buolan törüüller. Kiniler barï örkön öydööx, suobastaax buolan törüüller, uonna beye beyeleriger tïlga kiiriniges bïsïïlara doɣordohuu tïïnnax buoluoxtaax. |
| English | All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. |
Definitions from Wiktionary
Media from Commons
Quotations from Wikiquote
Texts from Wikisource
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Phrasebook from Wikivoyage
Yakut edition of Wikipedia
Data from Wikidata
