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== Early Christianity in Japan == |
== Early Christianity in Japan == |
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Christian missionaries arrived with [[Francis Xavier]] and the [[Jesuits]] in the 1540s and briefly flourished, with over 100,000 converts, including many ''[[daimyō]]s'' in [[Kyushu]]. The [[shogunate]] and imperial government at first supported the Catholic mission and the missionaries, thinking that they would reduce the power of the [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] monks, and help trade with [[Spain]] and [[Portugal]]. However, the Shogunate was also wary of colonialism, seeing that the Spanish had taken power in the [[Philippines]], after converting the population. It soon met resistance from the highest office holders of Japan.<ref name=SFX>{{cite book |last= Brodrick |author-link= James Patrick Broderick |first= James |date= 1952|title= Saint Francis Xavier (1506–1552) |
Christian missionaries arrived with [[Francis Xavier]] and the [[Jesuits]] in the 1540s and briefly flourished, with over 100,000 converts, including many ''[[daimyō]]s'' in [[Kyushu]]. The [[shogunate]] and imperial government at first supported the Catholic mission and the missionaries, thinking that they would reduce the power of the [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] monks, and help trade with [[Spain]] and [[Portugal]]. However, the Shogunate was also wary of colonialism, seeing that the Spanish had taken power in the [[Philippines]], after converting the population. It soon met resistance from the highest office holders of Japan.<ref name=SFX>{{cite book |last= Brodrick |author-link= James Patrick Broderick |first= James |date= 1952|title= Saint Francis Xavier (1506–1552) |location=London |publisher= Burns, Oates & Washbourne Ltd |pages= 558}}</ref> Emperor Ogimachi issued edicts to ban Catholicism in 1565 and 1568, but to little effect. Beginning in 1587 with imperial regent [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]]’s ban on [[Jesuit]] missionaries, Christianity was repressed as a threat to national unity.<ref name=JAN>{{cite book|title=The Making of Modern Japan|url=https://archive.org/details/makingofmodernja00jans|url-access=registration|author-link = Marius Jansen | first = Marius | last = Jansen |year=2000|publisher=Harvard University Press| isbn=9780674003347 |ref= Jansen}}</ref> After the [[Tokugawa shogunate]] banned Christianity in 1620, it ceased to exist publicly. Many Catholics went underground, becoming {{nihongo|[[Kakure Kirishitan|hidden Christians]]|隠れキリシタン|kakure kirishitan}}, while others lost their lives. Only after the [[Meiji Restoration]], was Christianity re-established in Japan. |
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The first group of martyrs, known as the [[Twenty-Six Martyrs of Japan]] (1597), were canonized by the [[Roman Catholic Church|Church]] in 1862 by [[Pope Pius IX]]. The same pope beatified the second group, known as the [[205 Martyrs of Japan]] (1598–1632), in 1867.<ref name=JA1>[http://newsaints.faithweb.com/martyrs/Japan01.htm Martyrs of Japan (1597–1637)] at Hagiography Circle</ref> |
The first group of martyrs, known as the [[Twenty-Six Martyrs of Japan]] (1597), were canonized by the [[Roman Catholic Church|Church]] in 1862 by [[Pope Pius IX]]. The same pope beatified the second group, known as the [[205 Martyrs of Japan]] (1598–1632), in 1867.<ref name=JA1>[http://newsaints.faithweb.com/martyrs/Japan01.htm Martyrs of Japan (1597–1637)] at Hagiography Circle</ref> |
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==16 Martyrs of Japan (1633–1637)== |
==16 Martyrs of Japan (1633–1637)== |
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Another group of martyrs were investigated by the Vatican Curia's Congregation for the Causes of Saints (CCS) in 1980 and were beatified on 18 February 1981.<ref>USCCB (Office of Media Relations) – [http://www.nccbuscc.org/comm/popejohnpaulii/beatify.shtml Beatifications During Pope John Paul II’s Pontificate]</ref> [[Pope John Paul II]] canonized these 16 Martyrs of Japan as saints on 18 October 1987. This group is also known as Lorenzo Ruiz, Dominic Ibáñez de Erquicia Pérez de Lete, Iacobus Tomonaga Gorōbyōe, and 13 companions.<ref name=Vatican87>{{cite web|title=Lawrence Ruiz, et al. |url=https://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/saints/ns_lit_doc_19871018_ruiz-compagni_en.html |author=Office of Papal Liturgical Celebrations |date=October 18, 1987 |website=vatican.va |access-date=September 29, 2017}}</ref><ref name=JA1/> |
Another group of martyrs were investigated by the Vatican Curia's Congregation for the Causes of Saints (CCS) in 1980 and were beatified on 18 February 1981.<ref>USCCB (Office of Media Relations) – [http://www.nccbuscc.org/comm/popejohnpaulii/beatify.shtml Beatifications During Pope John Paul II’s Pontificate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519161337/http://www.nccbuscc.org/comm/popejohnpaulii/beatify.shtml |date=2011-05-19 }}</ref> [[Pope John Paul II]] canonized these 16 Martyrs of Japan as saints on 18 October 1987. This group is also known as Lorenzo Ruiz, Dominic Ibáñez de Erquicia Pérez de Lete, Iacobus Tomonaga Gorōbyōe, and 13 companions.<ref name=Vatican87>{{cite web|title=Lawrence Ruiz, et al. |url=https://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/saints/ns_lit_doc_19871018_ruiz-compagni_en.html |author=Office of Papal Liturgical Celebrations |date=October 18, 1987 |website=vatican.va |access-date=September 29, 2017}}</ref><ref name=JA1/> |
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==Nakamachi Church== |
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{{main article|:jp:カトリック中町教会}} |
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Statues of the 16 Martyrs were placed in the garden of Nakamachi Church in Nagasaki.<ref>{{cite news |last=Jarque Loop |first=Honey |date=26 January 2019 |title=A pilgrim in Nagasaki |url=https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/modern-living/2019/01/26/1888102/pilgrim-nagasaki#:~:text=The%20Nakamachi%20Church%20was%20built,constructed%20in%20the%20church%20gardens. |work=The Philippine Star |location=Taguig City, Metro Manila, Philippines |access-date=18 March 2018}}<br/>{{cite web |url=https://www.japan.travel/en/ph/church/kyushu/nagasaki-area-churches/ |title=Nagasaki Area Churches |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website= |publisher=Japan National Tourism Organization |access-date=18 March 2024 |quote=}}</ref> |
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==Ordained Martyrs== |
==Ordained Martyrs== |
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====Foreign Missionaries ==== |
====Foreign Missionaries ==== |
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* [[Domingo Ibáñez de Erquicia|Dominic Ibáñez de Erquicia Pérez de Lete]] – 14 August 1633 |
* [[Domingo Ibáñez de Erquicia|Dominic Ibáñez de Erquicia Pérez de Lete]] – 14 August 1633 |
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* [[Antonio Gonzalez]] – 24 September 1637 |
* [[Antonio González (martyr)|Antonio Gonzalez]] – 24 September 1637 |
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* [[Giordano Ansaloni|Jordan Ansalone]] – 17 November 1634 |
* [[Giordano Ansaloni|Jordan Ansalone]] – 17 November 1634 |
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* [[Luke Alonso|Luke of the Holy Spirit Alonso Gorda]] – 19 October 1633 |
* [[Luke Alonso|Luke of the Holy Spirit Alonso Gorda]] – 19 October 1633 |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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*[http://www.26martyrs.com/ The 26 Martyrs Museum in Nagasaki City, Japan] |
*[http://www.26martyrs.com/ The 26 Martyrs Museum in Nagasaki City, Japan] |
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*[http://www.cbcj.catholic.jp/eng/ehistory/table01.htm Catholic Bishops Conference of Japan: ''Timeline of the Catholic Church in Japan''] |
*[http://www.cbcj.catholic.jp/eng/ehistory/table01.htm Catholic Bishops Conference of Japan: ''Timeline of the Catholic Church in Japan''] |
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*[https://www.amazon.com/dp/1463709706/ ''Kirish'tan: Heaven's Samurai, a historical novel that includes the story of the Twenty-six Martyrs''] |
*[https://www.amazon.com/dp/1463709706/ ''Kirish'tan: Heaven's Samurai, a historical novel that includes the story of the Twenty-six Martyrs''] |
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*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000023/http://pweb.sophia.ac.jp/britto/xavier/4jesuits2bbeatified.pdf Britto, Francis. ''All About Francis Xavier''] |
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000023/http://pweb.sophia.ac.jp/britto/xavier/4jesuits2bbeatified.pdf Britto, Francis. ''All About Francis Xavier''] |
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*[ |
*[https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/la/apost_letters/1987/documents/hf_jp-ii_apl_19871018_praedicatorum-fratrum.html Litterae Apostolicae ''Praedicatorum Fratrum''] |
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{{Catholic saints|state=collapsed}} |
{{Catholic saints|state=collapsed}} |
16 Martyrs of Japan | |
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Died | 1633 - 1637, Nagasaki, Japan |
Venerated in | Roman Catholic Church Anglican Church Lutheran Church |
Beatified | 18 February 1981, Manila, Philippines, byPope John Paul II |
Canonized | 18 October 1987, St. Peter's Square, Vatican City, byPope John Paul II |
Major shrine | Minor Basilica of the National Shrine of Saint Lorenzo Ruiz, Manila, Philippines |
The Martyrs of Japan (日本の殉教者, Nihon no junkyōsha) were Christians who were persecuted for their faith in Japan, mostly during the 17th century.
Christian missionaries arrived with Francis Xavier and the Jesuits in the 1540s and briefly flourished, with over 100,000 converts, including many daimyōsinKyushu. The shogunate and imperial government at first supported the Catholic mission and the missionaries, thinking that they would reduce the power of the Buddhist monks, and help trade with Spain and Portugal. However, the Shogunate was also wary of colonialism, seeing that the Spanish had taken power in the Philippines, after converting the population. It soon met resistance from the highest office holders of Japan.[1] Emperor Ogimachi issued edicts to ban Catholicism in 1565 and 1568, but to little effect. Beginning in 1587 with imperial regent Toyotomi Hideyoshi’s ban on Jesuit missionaries, Christianity was repressed as a threat to national unity.[2] After the Tokugawa shogunate banned Christianity in 1620, it ceased to exist publicly. Many Catholics went underground, becoming hidden Christians (隠れキリシタン, kakure kirishitan), while others lost their lives. Only after the Meiji Restoration, was Christianity re-established in Japan.
The first group of martyrs, known as the Twenty-Six Martyrs of Japan (1597), were canonized by the Church in 1862 by Pope Pius IX. The same pope beatified the second group, known as the 205 Martyrs of Japan (1598–1632), in 1867.[3]
Another group of martyrs were investigated by the Vatican Curia's Congregation for the Causes of Saints (CCS) in 1980 and were beatified on 18 February 1981.[4] Pope John Paul II canonized these 16 Martyrs of Japan as saints on 18 October 1987. This group is also known as Lorenzo Ruiz, Dominic Ibáñez de Erquicia Pérez de Lete, Iacobus Tomonaga Gorōbyōe, and 13 companions.[5][3]
Statues of the 16 Martyrs were placed in the garden of Nakamachi Church in Nagasaki.[6]