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{{About year|1785}} |
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=== January–March === |
=== January–March === |
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* [[January 1]] |
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** The Burmese Konbaung Dynasty annexes the [[Mrauk U Kingdom]] of [[Arakan]]. |
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⚫ | ** The first issue of the ''[[Daily Universal Register]]'', later known as ''[[The Times]]'', is published in London. |
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* [[January 7]] – Frenchman [[Jean-Pierre Blanchard]] and American [[John Jeffries]] travel from [[Dover]], England to [[Calais]], France in a hydrogen gas [[balloon (aeronautics)|balloon]], becoming the first to cross the [[English Channel]] by air. |
* [[January 7]] – Frenchman [[Jean-Pierre Blanchard]] and American [[John Jeffries]] travel from [[Dover]], England to [[Calais]], France in a hydrogen gas [[balloon (aeronautics)|balloon]], becoming the first to cross the [[English Channel]] by air. |
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* [[January 11]] – [[Richard Henry Lee]] is elected as President of the U.S. Congress of the Confederation.<ref name="Harper1785">''Harper's Encyclopaedia of United States History from 458 A. D. to 1909'', ed. by Benson John Lossing and, Woodrow Wilson (Harper & Brothers, 1910) p167</ref> |
* [[January 11]] – [[Richard Henry Lee]] is elected as President of the U.S. Congress of the Confederation.<ref name="Harper1785">''Harper's Encyclopaedia of United States History from 458 A. D. to 1909'', ed. by Benson John Lossing and, Woodrow Wilson (Harper & Brothers, 1910) p167</ref> |
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=== April–June === |
=== April–June === |
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* [[April 19]] – The Commonwealth of [[Massachusetts]] [[state cessions|cedes all of its claims]] to territory west of New York State to the United States Confederation Congress. |
* [[April 19]] – The Commonwealth of [[Massachusetts]] [[state cessions|cedes all of its claims]] to territory west of New York State to the United States Confederation Congress. The area will become the southern portions of Michigan and Wisconsin.<ref>''The United States: Its Beginnings, Progress and Modern Development'', Volume 3, ed. by Edwin Wiley and Irving E. Rines (American Educational Alliance, 1912) p384</ref><ref name="Harper1785"/> |
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* [[April 21]] – The Empress [[Catherine the Great]] of the [[Russian Empire]] issues the Charter to the Towns, providing for "a coherent, unified system of administration" for new governments organized in Russia. |
* [[April 21]] – The Empress [[Catherine the Great]] of the [[Russian Empire]] issues the Charter to the Towns, providing for "a coherent, unified system of administration" for new governments organized in Russia. |
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* [[April 26]] – [[John Adams]] is appointed as the U.S. ambassador to the United Kingdom, and [[Thomas Jefferson]] as ambassador to France.<ref>Robert V. Remini, ''John Quincy Adams: 6th President, 1825-1829'' (Times Books, 2014) p17</ref> |
* [[April 26]] – [[John Adams]] is appointed as the U.S. ambassador to the United Kingdom, and [[Thomas Jefferson]] as ambassador to France.<ref>Robert V. Remini, ''John Quincy Adams: 6th President, 1825-1829'' (Times Books, 2014) p17</ref> |
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* [[April 28]] – Astronomer [[William Herschel]] begins his second series of surveys of the stars, published in 1789.<ref>Stephen James O'Meara, ''Deep-Sky Companions: The Caldwell Objects'' (Cambridge University Press, 2016) p534</ref> |
* [[April 28]] – Astronomer [[William Herschel]] begins his second series of surveys of the stars, published in 1789.<ref>Stephen James O'Meara, ''Deep-Sky Companions: The Caldwell Objects'' (Cambridge University Press, 2016) p534</ref> |
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* [[May 10]] – A [[hot air balloon]] crashes in [[Tullamore]], Ireland, causing a fire that burns down about 100 houses, making it the world's first [[Aviation accidents and incidents|aviation disaster]] (by 36 days).<ref>{{cite web|title=The Tullamore Balloon Fire - First Air Disaster in History |first=Michael |last=Byrne |date=2007-01-09 |work=Tullamore History |url=http://www.offalyhistory.com/articles/72/1/The-Tullamore-Balloon-Fire---First-Air-Disaster-in-History/Page1.html |publisher=Offaly Historical & Archaeological Society |access-date=2012-08-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326081536/https://www.offalyhistory.com/articles/72/1/The-Tullamore-Balloon-Fire---First-Air-Disaster-in-History/Page1.html |archive-date=March 26, 2012 |df=mdy }}</ref> |
* [[May 10]] – A [[hot air balloon]] crashes in [[Tullamore]], Ireland, causing a fire that burns down about 100 houses, making it the world's first [[Aviation accidents and incidents|aviation disaster]] (by 36 days).<ref>{{cite web|title=The Tullamore Balloon Fire - First Air Disaster in History |first=Michael |last=Byrne |date=2007-01-09 |work=Tullamore History |url=http://www.offalyhistory.com/articles/72/1/The-Tullamore-Balloon-Fire---First-Air-Disaster-in-History/Page1.html |publisher=Offaly Historical & Archaeological Society |access-date=2012-08-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326081536/https://www.offalyhistory.com/articles/72/1/The-Tullamore-Balloon-Fire---First-Air-Disaster-in-History/Page1.html |archive-date=March 26, 2012 |df=mdy }}</ref> |
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* [[May 20]] – The [[Northwest Ordinance of 1785]], setting the rules for dividing the U.S. [[Northwest Territory]] (later Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin and Michigan) into townships of 36 square miles apiece, is passed by the Confederation Congress. |
* [[May 20]] – The [[Northwest Ordinance of 1785]], setting the rules for dividing the U.S. [[Northwest Territory]] (later Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin and Michigan) into townships of 36 square miles apiece, is passed by the Confederation Congress. Walter G. Robillard and Lane J. Bouman, ''Clark on Surveying and Boundaries'' (LexisNexis, 1997) The survey system will later be applied to the continent west of the Mississippi River.<ref name="Harper1785"/> |
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* [[June 3]] – The [[Continental Navy]] is disbanded. |
* [[June 3]] – The [[Continental Navy]] is disbanded. |
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* [[June 15]] – After several attempts, [[Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier]] and his companion, Pierre Romain, set off in a balloon from [[Boulogne-sur-Mer]], but the balloon suddenly deflates (without the envelope catching fire) and crashes near [[Wimereux]] in the Pas-de-Calais, killing both men, making it the first fatal aviation disaster. |
* [[June 15]] – After several attempts, [[Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier]] and his companion, Pierre Romain, set off in a balloon from [[Boulogne-sur-Mer]], but the balloon suddenly deflates (without the envelope catching fire) and crashes near [[Wimereux]] in the Pas-de-Calais, killing both men, making it the first fatal aviation disaster. |
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=== July–September === |
=== July–September === |
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* [[July 2]] – Don [[Diego de Gardoqui]] arrives in New York City as Spain's first minister to the United States.<ref name="Harper1785"/> |
* [[July 2]] – Don [[Diego de Gardoqui]] arrives in New York City as Spain's first minister to the United States.<ref name="Harper1785"/> |
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* [[July 6]] – |
* [[July 6]] – The [[dollar]] (and a decimal currency system) is unanimously chosen as the money unit for the United States by the Congress of the Confederation.<ref>David C. Harper, ed., ''2011 North American Coins and Prices'' (Krause Publications, 2010) p9</ref> |
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* [[July 16]] – The [[Piper-Heidsieck]] [[Champagne house]] is founded by [[Florens-Louis Heidsieck]] in [[Reims]], France. |
* [[July 16]] – The [[Piper-Heidsieck]] [[Champagne house]] is founded by [[Florens-Louis Heidsieck]] in [[Reims]], France. |
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* [[August 1]] – The fleet of French explorer [[Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse]] leaves Paris for the [[circumnavigation]] of the globe. |
* [[August 1]] – The fleet of French explorer [[Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse]] leaves Paris for the [[circumnavigation]] of the globe. |
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* [[August 15]] – [[Cardinal de Rohan]] is arrested in Paris; the [[Affair of the Diamond Necklace|Necklace Affair]] comes into the open. |
* [[August 15]] – [[Cardinal de Rohan]] is arrested in Paris; the [[Affair of the Diamond Necklace|Necklace Affair]] comes into the open. |
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* [[September 10]] – The [[United States]] and the Kingdom of [[Prussia]] sign a Treaty of Amity and Commerce.<ref>"The Role of Political Revolution in the Theory of International Law", by Theodor Schweisfurth, in ''The Structure and Process of International Law: Essays in Legal Philosophy, Doctrine and Theory'', ed. by R. St.J. Macdonald and Douglas M. Johnston (Martinus Nijhoff, 1986) p913</ref> |
* [[September 10]] – The [[United States]] and the Kingdom of [[Prussia]] sign a Treaty of Amity and Commerce.<ref>"The Role of Political Revolution in the Theory of International Law", by Theodor Schweisfurth, in ''The Structure and Process of International Law: Essays in Legal Philosophy, Doctrine and Theory'', ed. by R. St.J. Macdonald and Douglas M. Johnston (Martinus Nijhoff, 1986) p913</ref> |
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* [[September 13]] |
* [[September 13]] |
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**The [[Bank of North America]], central bank for the Confederation Congress government, loses its charter.<ref>Lawrence Lewis, ''A History of the Bank of North America, the First Bank Chartered in the United States" (J.B. Lippincott & Company, 1882) p54''</ref> |
**The [[Bank of North America]], central bank for the Confederation Congress government, loses its charter.<ref>Lawrence Lewis, ''A History of the Bank of North America, the First Bank Chartered in the United States" (J.B. Lippincott & Company, 1882) p54''</ref> |
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**[[Benjamin Franklin]] returns to [[Philadelphia]] after seven years as the U.S. Ambassador to [[France]] and prepares to take office as the new [[Governor of Pennsylvania]].<ref name=Zall>Paul Zall, ''Benjamin Franklin's Humor'' (University Press of Kentucky, 2005) p153</ref> |
**[[Benjamin Franklin]] returns to [[Philadelphia]] after seven years as the U.S. Ambassador to [[France]] and prepares to take office as the new [[Governor of Pennsylvania]].<ref name=Zall>Paul Zall, ''Benjamin Franklin's Humor'' (University Press of Kentucky, 2005) p153</ref> |
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* [[October 5]] – [[Vincenzo Lunardi]] of Italy becomes the first person to pilot a balloon over [[Scotland]].<ref>"On Air Balloons" (''Mechanics Magazine'', June 17, 1826) p102 |
* [[October 5]] – [[Vincenzo Lunardi]] of Italy becomes the first person to pilot a balloon over [[Scotland]].<ref>"On Air Balloons" (''Mechanics Magazine'', June 17, 1826) p102 |
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</ref> |
</ref> |
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* [[October 13]] |
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** The first newspaper in British India, the English-language ''[[Madras Courier]]'', is published. It continues publication as a weekly until 1794.<ref>Henry Davison Love, ed., ''Indian Records Series: Vestiges of Old Madras, 1640-1800'' (Mittal Publications, p440</ref> |
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* |
** [[France]] mints new [[Louis d'or]] coins, with the image of [[Louis XVI of France|King Louis XVI]] on the obverse, and one-sixth less gold than the coins with King Louis XV's image.<ref>Jean-Baptise Say, ''A Treatise on Political Economy'' (Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2008) p254</ref> |
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* [[October 17]] – The Commonwealth of Virginia stops the importation of new African slaves by declaring that "No persons shall henceforth be slaves within this commonwealth, except such as were so on the seventeenth day of October, 1785, and the descendants of the females of them." <ref>W. E. B. Du Bois, ''The Suppression of the African Slave-Trade'' (Wilberforce University, 1896, reprinted by Oxford University Press, 2014) p xxv</ref> |
* [[October 17]] – The Commonwealth of Virginia stops the importation of new African slaves by declaring that "No persons shall henceforth be slaves within this commonwealth, except such as were so on the seventeenth day of October, 1785, and the descendants of the females of them." <ref>W. E. B. Du Bois, ''The Suppression of the African Slave-Trade'' (Wilberforce University, 1896, reprinted by Oxford University Press, 2014) p xxv</ref> |
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* [[October 18]] – [[Benjamin Franklin]] takes office as the new [[Governor of Pennsylvania|President of the Supreme Council of Pennsylvania]], at the time the equivalent of a republic as one of the 13 independent governments of the United States of America under the [[Articles of Confederation]].<ref name=Zall/> |
* [[October 18]] – [[Benjamin Franklin]] takes office as the new [[Governor of Pennsylvania|President of the Supreme Council of Pennsylvania]], at the time the equivalent of a republic as one of the 13 independent governments of the United States of America under the [[Articles of Confederation]].<ref name=Zall/> |
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* [[November 23]] – [[John Hancock]] of Massachusetts, the former President of the Continental Congress, is selected as the new President of the Congress of the Confederation, but is unable to take office because of illness.<ref name="Harper1785"/> |
* [[November 23]] – [[John Hancock]] of Massachusetts, the former President of the Continental Congress, is selected as the new President of the Congress of the Confederation, but is unable to take office because of illness.<ref name="Harper1785"/> |
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* [[November 28]] – The [[Treaty of Hopewell]] is signed between the United States of America and the [[Cherokee Nation]]. |
* [[November 28]] – The [[Treaty of Hopewell]] is signed between the United States of America and the [[Cherokee Nation]]. |
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* [[December 11]] – |
* [[December 11]] – An edict is issued limiting [[Freemasonry|Masonic lodges]] throughout the [[Holy Roman Empire]] by [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Joseph II]]. With the exception of [[Vienna]], [[Budapest]] and [[Prague]], no Empire province may have more than one lodge.<ref>Jasper Ridley, ''The Freemasons: A History of the World's Most Powerful Secret Society'' (Skyhorse Publishing, 2011)</ref> |
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=== Date unknown === |
=== Date unknown === |
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* The [[University of New Brunswick]] is founded in [[Fredericton, New Brunswick|Fredericton]], [[New Brunswick]]. |
* The [[University of New Brunswick]] is founded in [[Fredericton, New Brunswick|Fredericton]], [[New Brunswick]]. |
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* [[Coal gas]] is first used for [[lighting|illumination]]. |
* [[Coal gas]] is first used for [[lighting|illumination]]. |
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* [[Louis XVI of France]] signs |
* [[Louis XVI of France]] signs a law that a [[handkerchief]] must be square. |
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* The British government establishes a permanent land force in the Eastern Caribbean, based in [[Barbados]]. |
* The British government establishes a permanent land force in the Eastern Caribbean, based in [[Barbados]]. |
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* [[Belfast Academy]] (later [[Belfast Royal Academy]]) is founded by Rev. |
* [[Belfast Academy]] (later [[Belfast Royal Academy]]) is founded by Rev. [[James Crombie (minister)|James Crombie]] in [[Belfast]], [[Northern Ireland]]. |
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* [[Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi]] publishes ''Letters on the Teachings of Spinoza'', and starts the [[Pantheism controversy]]. |
* [[Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi]] publishes ''Letters on the Teachings of Spinoza'', and starts the [[Pantheism controversy]]. |
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* [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] becomes a [[lieutenant]] in the French artillery. |
* [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] becomes a [[lieutenant]] in the French artillery. |
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* [[Mozart]]'s ''"Haydn" String Quartets'' are published, as is his collaboration with Salieri and Cornetti, ''[[Per la ricuperata salute di Ofelia]]''. |
* [[Mozart]]'s ''"Haydn" String Quartets'' are published, as is his collaboration with Salieri and Cornetti, ''[[Per la ricuperata salute di Ofelia]]''. |
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</onlyinclude> |
</onlyinclude> |
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*Charles Adams, John Adams’ son and John Quincy Adams's brother enters Harvard in August, at age 15. A few months later, he starts to drink often and would get into trouble, and was almost expelled from Harvard when he was caught running naked through the Campus while drunk with other boys. |
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== Births == |
== Births == |
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== Deaths == |
== Deaths == |
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[[File:Baldassare Galuppi, Venetian School of the 1750s.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Baldassare Galuppi]]]] |
[[File:Baldassare Galuppi, Venetian School of the 1750s.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Baldassare Galuppi]]]] |
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* [[January 3]] – [[Baldassare Galuppi]], Italian composer (b. [[1706]]) |
* [[January 3]] – [[Baldassare Galuppi]], Italian composer (b. [[1706]])<ref>Arnold, Denis. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/962457 "Galuppi's Religious Music"], ''[[The Musical Times]]'', 1 January 1985, pp. 45–47 and 49–50 {{subscription required}}</ref> |
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* [[January 6]] – [[Haym Salomon]], Polish-Jewish American financier of the [[American Revolution]] (b. [[1740]]) |
* [[January 6]] – [[Haym Salomon]], Polish-Jewish American financier of the [[American Revolution]] (b. [[1740]]) |
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* [[January 19]] – [[Jonathan Toup]], English classical scholar, critic (b. [[1713]]) |
* [[January 19]] – [[Jonathan Toup]], English classical scholar, critic (b. [[1713]]) |
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* [[June 2]] |
* [[June 2]] |
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** [[Jean Paul de Gua de Malves]], French mathematician (b. [[1713]]) |
** [[Jean Paul de Gua de Malves]], French mathematician (b. [[1713]]) |
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** [[Gottfried August Homilius]], German composer, cantor and organist (b. [[1714]])<ref>{{cite book|title=The Harvard Biographical Dictionary of Music|year=1996|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge|page=[https://archive.org/details/harvardbiographi00rand/page/392 392]| isbn=9780674372993 |editor=Don Michael Randel|quote=Homilius, Gottfried August|url=https://archive.org/details/harvardbiographi00rand |url-access=registration}}</ref> |
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** [[Gottfried August Homilius]], German composer, cantor and organist (b. [[1714]]) |
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* [[June 30]] – [[James Oglethorpe]], English general, founder of the state of Georgia (b. [[1696]]) |
* [[June 30]] – [[James Oglethorpe]], English general, founder of the state of Georgia (b. [[1696]]) |
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* [[July 5]] – [[Anne Poulett]], British politician (b. [[1711]]) |
* [[July 5]] – [[Anne Poulett]], British politician (b. [[1711]]) |
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* [[November 25]] – [[Richard Glover (poet)|Richard Glover]], English poet (b. [[1712]]) |
* [[November 25]] – [[Richard Glover (poet)|Richard Glover]], English poet (b. [[1712]]) |
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[[File:Kitty Clive in Philida.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Kitty Clive]]]] |
[[File:Kitty Clive in Philida.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Kitty Clive]]]] |
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* [[December 6]] – [[Kitty Clive]], English actress, playwright (b. [[1711]]) |
* [[December 6]] – [[Kitty Clive]], English actress, playwright (b. [[1711]])<ref>{{cite book|author1=Kalman Burnim|author2=Edward A. Langhans|author3=Philip H. Highfill|title=A Biographical Dictionary of Actors, Actresses, Musicians, Dancers, Managers and Other Stage Personnel in London, 1660-1800.|publisher=Southern Illinois University Press|year=1975|page=357}}</ref> |
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* [[December 29]] – [[Johan Herman Wessel]], Norwegian author (b. [[1742]]) |
* [[December 29]] – [[Johan Herman Wessel]], Norwegian author (b. [[1742]]) |
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* ''date unknown'' |
* ''date unknown'' |
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** [[Faustina Pignatelli]], Italian mathematician (b. [[1705]]) |
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== References == |
== References == |
Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
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Centuries: |
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Decades: |
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Years: |
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1785 by topic |
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Arts and science |
Countries |
Lists of leaders |
Birth and death categories |
Establishments and disestablishments categories |
Works category |
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Gregorian calendar | 1785 MDCCLXXXV |
Ab urbe condita | 2538 |
Armenian calendar | 1234 ԹՎ ՌՄԼԴ |
Assyrian calendar | 6535 |
Balinese saka calendar | 1706–1707 |
Bengali calendar | 1192 |
Berber calendar | 2735 |
British Regnal year | 25 Geo. 3 – 26 Geo. 3 |
Buddhist calendar | 2329 |
Burmese calendar | 1147 |
Byzantine calendar | 7293–7294 |
Chinese calendar | 甲辰年 (Wood Dragon) 4482 or 4275 — to — 乙巳年 (Wood Snake) 4483 or 4276 |
Coptic calendar | 1501–1502 |
Discordian calendar | 2951 |
Ethiopian calendar | 1777–1778 |
Hebrew calendar | 5545–5546 |
Hindu calendars | |
- Vikram Samvat | 1841–1842 |
- Shaka Samvat | 1706–1707 |
- Kali Yuga | 4885–4886 |
Holocene calendar | 11785 |
Igbo calendar | 785–786 |
Iranian calendar | 1163–1164 |
Islamic calendar | 1199–1200 |
Japanese calendar | Tenmei5 (天明5年) |
Javanese calendar | 1711–1712 |
Julian calendar | Gregorian minus 11 days |
Korean calendar | 4118 |
Minguo calendar | 127 before ROC 民前127年 |
Nanakshahi calendar | 317 |
Thai solar calendar | 2327–2328 |
Tibetan calendar | 阳木龙年 (male Wood-Dragon) 1911 or 1530 or 758 — to — 阴木蛇年 (female Wood-Snake) 1912 or 1531 or 759 |
1785 (MDCCLXXXV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1785th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 785th year of the 2nd millennium, the 85th year of the 18th century, and the 6th year of the 1780s decade. As of the start of 1785, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
Homilius, Gottfried August