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{{Other uses|Ben Badis (disambiguation){{!}}Ben Badis}} |
{{Other uses|Ben Badis (disambiguation){{!}}Ben Badis}} |
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{{Infobox religious biography |
{{Infobox religious biography |
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| religion = [[Islam]] |
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]] |
||
| name = Abdelhamid ibn Mustafa ibn Makki ibn Badis |
| name = Abdelhamid ibn Mustafa ibn Makki ibn Badis |
||
| native_name = |
| native_name = عبد الحميد بن مصطفى بن تاجو باديس |
||
| image = عبد-الحميد-إبن-باديس.jpg |
| image = عبد-الحميد-إبن-باديس.jpg |
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| birth_name = |
| birth_name = |
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| Line 10: | Line 10: | ||
| birth_place = [[Constantine, Algeria|Constantine]], [[French Algeria|Algeria]] |
| birth_place = [[Constantine, Algeria|Constantine]], [[French Algeria|Algeria]] |
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| nationality = Algerian |
| nationality = Algerian |
||
| death_date = April |
| death_date = April 16, 1940 |
||
(aged 50) |
(aged 50) |
||
| death_place = Constantine, Algeria |
| death_place = Constantine, Algeria |
||
| movement = |
| movement = [[Salafism]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=L. Esposito|first=John|title=Islam : the straight path|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1998|isbn=0-19-511234-2|location=New York|page=193 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis|last=Lauziere|first=Henri|url=http://hdl.handle.net/10822/558204|title=THE EVOLUTION OF THE SALAFIYYA IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY THROUGH THE LIFE AND THOUGHT OF TAQI AL-DIN AL-HILALI|publisher=Georgetown University|year=2008|location=Washington, DC|page=126 |hdl=10822/558204|type=thesis}}</ref><br/>[[Wahhabism]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lanasri |first=Ahmed |url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=2n5cAAAAMAAJ |title=La littérature algérienne de l'entre-deux-guerres: genèse et fonctionnement |date=1995 |publisher=Publisud |isbn=978-2-86600-747-8 |pages=430-432 |language=fr}}</ref> |
||
| influences = [[Muhammad Rashid Rida]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lauzière|first=Henri|title=THE EVOLUTION OF THE SALAFIYYA IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY THROUGH THE LIFE AND THOUGHT OF TAQI AL-DIN AL-HILALI|publisher=Georgetown University|year=2008|location=Washington, DC|pages=136 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Green, Viaene|first=Abigail, Vincent|title=Religious Internationals in the Modern World: Globalization and Faith Communities since 1750|last2=K. Bennison|first2=Amira|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2012|isbn=978-0-230-50746-3|location=New York|pages=175|chapter=Chapter 7: Muslim Internationalism between Empire and Nation-State }}</ref> |
| influences = [[Muhammad Rashid Rida]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lauzière|first=Henri|title=THE EVOLUTION OF THE SALAFIYYA IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY THROUGH THE LIFE AND THOUGHT OF TAQI AL-DIN AL-HILALI|publisher=Georgetown University|year=2008|location=Washington, DC|pages=136 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Green, Viaene|first=Abigail, Vincent|title=Religious Internationals in the Modern World: Globalization and Faith Communities since 1750|last2=K. Bennison|first2=Amira|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2012|isbn=978-0-230-50746-3|location=New York|pages=175|chapter=Chapter 7: Muslim Internationalism between Empire and Nation-State }}</ref> |
||
| creed = Athari |
| creed = [[Atharism|Athari]] |
||
| jurisprudence = Maliki |
| jurisprudence = [[Maliki school|Maliki]] |
||
| native_name_lang = ar |
|||
}} |
}} |
||
'''Abd al-Hamīd ibn Mustafa ibn Makki ibn Badis''' ({{lang-ar|عبد الحميد بن مصطفى بن المكي بن باديس}}), better known as ''' |
'''Abd al-Hamīd ibn Mustafa ibn Makki ibn Badis''' ({{lang-ar|عبد الحميد بن مصطفى بن المكي بن باديس}}), better known as '''Ibn Badis''' ({{Lang-ar|بن باديس}}) was an [[Algeria|Algerian]] [[Salafi movement|Salafi]] educator, exegete, Islamic reformer, scholar and figurehead of cultural nationalism.<ref>{{Cite web |title=?Abd Al-Hamid Ibn Badis (1889-1940) {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/abd-al-hamid-ibn-badis-1889-1940 |access-date=2023-12-17 |website=www.encyclopedia.com |archive-date=2021-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231001209/https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/abd-al-hamid-ibn-badis-1889-1940 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1931, Ben Badis founded the [[Association of Algerian Muslim Ulema]], which was a national grouping of many Islamic scholars in Algeria from many different and sometimes opposing perspectives and viewpoints. The Association would have later a great influence on Algerian Muslim politics up to the Algerian War of Independence. In the same period, it set up many institutions where thousands of Algerian children of Muslim parents were educated. The Association also published a monthly journal, the Al-Chihab and Souheil Ben Badis contributed regularly to it between 1925 and his death in 1940. The journal informed its readers about the Association's ideas and thoughts on religious reform and spoke on other religious and political issues.<ref>{{Citation |last=salhi |first=zahia smail salhizahia smail |title=ʿAbd, al-Hamid ben Badis |date=2011-01-01 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001/acref-9780195382075-e-0011 |work=Dictionary of African Biography |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001/acref-9780195382075-e-0011 |isbn=978-0-19-538207-5 |access-date=2022-05-17 |archive-date=2022-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517200003/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001/acref-9780195382075-e-0011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sheikh ʿAbd al-Hamid Ben Badis {{!}} Algerian leader {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sheikh-Abd-al-Hamid-Ben-Badis |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=2020-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930163347/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sheikh-Abd-al-Hamid-Ben-Badis |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=McDougall |first=James |title=Ben Bādīs |date=2016-01-06 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/ben-badis-COM_25284 |work=Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE |publisher=Brill |language=en |access-date=2022-05-17 |archive-date=2021-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806224415/https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/ben-badis-COM_25284 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/concern/theses/z603r251g?locale=en |title=Abd al-Hamīd ibn Bādīs (1889-1940) : ideologist of Islamic reformism and leader of Algerian nationalism |publisher=McGill University |year=1971 |language=en |access-date=2022-05-17 |archive-date=2022-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517200004/https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/concern/theses/z603r251g?locale=en |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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==Early life== |
==Early life== |
||
Abdelhamid Ben Badis was born in [[Constantine, Algeria|Constantine]] in 1889. His family were a prestigious family of ''[[ulama]]'' and notables that descended from the |
Abdelhamid Ben Badis was born in [[Constantine, Algeria|Constantine]] in 1889. His family were a prestigious family of ''[[ulama]]'' and notables that descended from the [[Zirid dynasty]], 11th century rulers of [[Ifriqiya]]. Ben Badis' grandfather Si Makki ben Badis (d. 1889), was a ''[[qadi]]''. His father, Muḥammad Mustafa (b. 1868), was an adjunct judge anda member the {{Interlanguage link|financial delegations|lt=|fr|Délégations financières|WD=}}, the colonial parliament.<ref name=":0">{{cite encyclopedia|last=McDougall|first=James|editor1-last=Fleet|editor1-first=Kate|editor2-last=Krämer|editor2-first=Gudrun|editor3-last=Matringe|editor3-first=Denis|editor4-last=Nawas|editor4-first=John|editor5-last=Rowson|editor5-first=Everett|editor1-link=|editor2-link=Gudrun Krämer|editor3-link=|editor4-link=|editor5-link=|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]|title=Ben Bādīs|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/ben-badis-COM_25284|access-date=|edition=3rd|date=|year=2016|publisher=E. J. Brill|location=|isbn=|doi=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612041041/https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/ben-badis-COM_25284|archive-date=2020-06-12|authorlink=James McDougall (academic)|url-status=live}}</ref> Ben Badis grew up in a scholarly and religious household and as a result memorized the [[Quran]] at the age of thirteen. |
||
He was still very young when he was placed under the tutorship of Hamdan Lounissi. Lounissi had a significant influence on the youth of Ben Badis. Ben Badis never forgot Lounissi's counsel. Lounissi remarked to him "learn knowledge for the sake of knowledge, not because of duty." Lounissi was a stalwart defender of the rights of the Muslim inhabitants of Constantine. Lounissi extracted from young Ben Badis a promise to never enter into the service of France (the Colonial power in Algeria). |
He was still very young when he was placed under the tutorship of Hamdan Lounissi. Lounissi had a significant influence on the youth of Ben Badis. Ben Badis never forgot Lounissi's counsel. Lounissi remarked to him "learn knowledge for the sake of knowledge, not because of duty." Lounissi was a stalwart defender of the rights of the Muslim inhabitants of Constantine. Lounissi extracted from young Ben Badis a promise to never enter into the service of France (the Colonial power in Algeria). |
||
Ibn Badis was also influenced by the thoughts and outlook of the pan-Islamic reformers [[Jamal al-Din al-Afghani]] and [[Muhammad Abduh]]. He was a regular reader of [[Rashid Rida|Sayyid Rashid Rida]]'s monthly ''[[Al-Manār (magazine)|Al-Manar]]'', and would publish the journal '' |
Ibn Badis was also influenced by the thoughts and outlook of the pan-Islamic reformers [[Jamal al-Din al-Afghani]] and [[Muhammad Abduh]]. He was a regular reader of [[Rashid Rida|Sayyid Rashid Rida]]'s monthly ''[[Al-Manār (magazine)|Al-Manar]]'', and would publish the journal ''Al Shihab'' in Algeria, modelled on it. He is regarded as an heir to the thought of Rashid Rida and his reformist efforts were part of the wider [[Salafi movement|Salafist]] and [[Wahhabism|Wahhabi]] movements across [[North Africa]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=L. Esposito|first=John|title=Islam : the straight path|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1998|isbn=0-19-511234-2|location=New York|pages=193}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Green, Viaene|first=Abigail, Vincent|title=Religious Internationals in the Modern World: Globalization and Faith Communities since 1750|last2=K. Bennison|first2=Amira|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2012|isbn=978-0-230-50746-3|location=New York|pages=175|chapter=Chapter 7: Muslim Internationalism between Empire and Nation-State }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Lauzière|first=Henri|title=THE EVOLUTION OF THE SALAFIYYA IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY THROUGH THE LIFE AND THOUGHT OF TAQI AL-DIN AL-HILALI|publisher=Georgetown University|year=2008|location=Washington, DC|pages=126, 136 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lanasri |first=Ahmed |url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=2n5cAAAAMAAJ |title=La littérature algérienne de l'entre-deux-guerres: genèse et fonctionnement |date=1995 |publisher=Publisud |isbn=978-2-86600-747-8 |pages=430-432 |language=fr}}</ref> |
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== Pilgrimages and study == |
== Pilgrimages and study == |
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| Line 32: | Line 33: | ||
=== At the Zeitouna University === |
=== At the Zeitouna University === |
||
{{unreferenced section|date=May 2022}} |
{{unreferenced section|date=May 2022}} |
||
In 1908, Ben Badis, decided to begin his first trip in order to advance his learning. He traveled to Tunis and enrolled at the Zeitouna University, which was, at the time, a great center of learning and knowledge, particularly in the Islamic fields of studies. |
In 1908, Ben Badis, decided to begin his first trip in order to advance his learning. He traveled to Tunis and enrolled at the [[University of Ez-Zitouna|Zeitouna University]], which was, at the time, a great center of learning and knowledge, particularly in the Islamic fields of studies. |
||
At the Zeitouna University, Ben Badis horizons widened. He learned a great deal of the Islamic Sciences and Arabic Language. He met many scholars who left an indelible mark on his personality and his knowledge of Islam. The teachings of Sheik Mohammed Al-Nakhli convinced him on the need to purge Muslim communities of deviant or incorrect religious practices such as the cult of saints. Sheik Muhammed Al-Taher Ben Achour influenced Ben Badis in finding his appreciation of the splendor of the Arabic language. With Sheik Al-Bachir Safer, Ben Badis developed an interest in contemporary and past problems of Muslim communities, including finding a response to Western colonialism and dealing with its socioeconomic after-effects. |
At the [[University of Ez-Zitouna|Zeitouna University]], Ben Badis horizons widened. He learned a great deal of the Islamic Sciences and Arabic Language. He met many scholars who left an indelible mark on his personality and his knowledge of Islam. The teachings of Sheik Mohammed Al-Nakhli convinced him on the need to purge Muslim communities of deviant or incorrect religious practices such as the cult of saints. Sheik Muhammed Al-Taher Ben Achour influenced Ben Badis in finding his appreciation of the splendor of the Arabic language. With Sheik Al-Bachir Safer, Ben Badis developed an interest in contemporary and past problems of Muslim communities, including finding a response to Western colonialism and dealing with its socioeconomic after-effects. |
||
In 1912, he was awarded a degree. He spent another year at the Zeituna University as a teacher. |
In 1912, he was awarded a degree. He spent another year at the [[University of Ez-Zitouna|Zeituna University]] as a teacher. |
||
=== Return to Algeria === |
=== Return to Algeria === |
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In 1936, Ben Badis played a role in the founding of the "Algerian Muslim Congress" (CMA). This congress was disbanded the following year in the summer of 1937 and shortly after Ben Badis established and led another organization: the Association of Algerian Muslim [[Ulema]]. |
In 1936, Ben Badis played a role in the founding of the "Algerian Muslim Congress" (CMA). This congress was disbanded the following year in the summer of 1937 and shortly after Ben Badis established and led another organization: the Association of Algerian Muslim [[Ulema]]. |
||
In addition to working against deviations in the correct practice of Islam, Ben Badis and his fellow members of the Association strove to save the Algerian culture from being eclipsed by French values and morals.<ref name="cfr.org">[http://www.cfr.org/publication/7335/islamism_in_algeria.html?breadcrumb=%2Fbios%2F9599%2Fray_takeyh%3Fpage%3D5 Islamism in Algeria: A struggle between hope and agony – Council on Foreign Relations<!-- Bot-generated title -->] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210120435/http://www.cfr.org/publication/7335/islamism_in_algeria.html?breadcrumb=%2Fbios%2F9599%2Fray_takeyh%3Fpage%3D5|date=2009-02-10}} at https://www.cfr.org/</ref> Ben Badis and other Islamic scholars resisted the suppression of Algerian patriots; working as a journalist during those years he regularly denounced fascist propaganda and anti-Semitic intrigues of the French occupiers. |
In addition to working against deviations in the correct practice of Islam, Ben Badis and his fellow members of the Association strove to save the Algerian culture from being eclipsed by French values and morals.<ref name="cfr.org">[http://www.cfr.org/publication/7335/islamism_in_algeria.html?breadcrumb=%2Fbios%2F9599%2Fray_takeyh%3Fpage%3D5 Islamism in Algeria: A struggle between hope and agony – Council on Foreign Relations<!-- Bot-generated title -->] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210120435/http://www.cfr.org/publication/7335/islamism_in_algeria.html?breadcrumb=%2Fbios%2F9599%2Fray_takeyh%3Fpage%3D5 |date=2009-02-10 }} at https://www.cfr.org/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210703110628/https://www.cfr.org/ |date=2021-07-03 }}</ref> Ben Badis and other Islamic scholars resisted the suppression of Algerian patriots; working as a journalist during those years he regularly denounced fascist propaganda and anti-Semitic intrigues of the French occupiers. |
||
Ben Badis was one of the most prominent Algerian Islamic scholars. With the aid of his contemporaries and associates he criticized [[Marabout]]ic practices and had a great influence in the creation of an Islamic conservative subsection of Algerian society.<ref name="cfr.org" /> |
Ben Badis was one of the most prominent Algerian Islamic scholars. With the aid of his contemporaries and associates he criticized [[Marabout]]ic practices and had a great influence in the creation of an Islamic conservative subsection of Algerian society.<ref name="cfr.org" /> |
||
On 16 April 1940, Ben badis died after a long struggle with diabetes. He was buried in the presence of 8000 people, including 1000 women.<ref name=":0" /> |
On 16 April 1940, Ben badis died after a long struggle with [[diabetes]]. He was buried in the presence of 8000 people, including 1000 women.<ref name=":0" /> |
||
His life was the subject of [[Ahmed Menour]]'s 2019 novel ''For Both Their Sakes, I Lived''. |
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== References == |
== References == |
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[[Category:1889 births]] |
[[Category:1889 births]] |
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[[Category:1940 deaths]] |
[[Category:1940 deaths]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:20th-century educators]] |
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[[Category:20th-century Algerian people]] |
[[Category:20th-century Algerian people]] |
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[[Category:20th-century Muslim scholars of Islam]] |
[[Category:20th-century Muslim scholars of Islam]] |
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[[Category:Burials in Algeria]] |
[[Category:Burials in Algeria]] |
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[[Category:Disciples of Hussain Ahmad Madani]] |
[[Category:Disciples of Hussain Ahmad Madani]] |
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[[Category:People of French Algeria]] |
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[[Category:Salafi scholars]] |
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[[Category:Algerian Salafis|Abdel-Hamid ibn Badis]] |
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Abdelhamid ibn Mustafa ibn Makki ibn Badis
| |
|---|---|
عبد الحميد بن مصطفى بن تاجو باديس
| |
 | |
| Personal | |
| Born | December 4, 1889 |
| Died | April 16, 1940
(aged 50)
Constantine, Algeria
|
| Religion | Sunni Islam |
| Nationality | Algerian |
| Jurisprudence | Maliki |
| Creed | Athari |
| Movement | Salafism[1][2] Wahhabism[3] |
| Senior posting | |
Influenced by | |
Abd al-Hamīd ibn Mustafa ibn Makki ibn Badis (Arabic: عبد الحميد بن مصطفى بن المكي بن باديس), better known as Ibn Badis (Arabic: بن باديس) was an Algerian Salafi educator, exegete, Islamic reformer, scholar and figurehead of cultural nationalism.[6] In 1931, Ben Badis founded the Association of Algerian Muslim Ulema, which was a national grouping of many Islamic scholars in Algeria from many different and sometimes opposing perspectives and viewpoints. The Association would have later a great influence on Algerian Muslim politics up to the Algerian War of Independence. In the same period, it set up many institutions where thousands of Algerian children of Muslim parents were educated. The Association also published a monthly journal, the Al-Chihab and Souheil Ben Badis contributed regularly to it between 1925 and his death in 1940. The journal informed its readers about the Association's ideas and thoughts on religious reform and spoke on other religious and political issues.[7][8][9][10]
Abdelhamid Ben Badis was born in Constantine in 1889. His family were a prestigious family of ulama and notables that descended from the Zirid dynasty, 11th century rulers of Ifriqiya. Ben Badis' grandfather Si Makki ben Badis (d. 1889), was a qadi. His father, Muḥammad Mustafa (b. 1868), was an adjunct judge and a member the financial delegations [fr], the colonial parliament.[11] Ben Badis grew up in a scholarly and religious household and as a result memorized the Quran at the age of thirteen.
He was still very young when he was placed under the tutorship of Hamdan Lounissi. Lounissi had a significant influence on the youth of Ben Badis. Ben Badis never forgot Lounissi's counsel. Lounissi remarked to him "learn knowledge for the sake of knowledge, not because of duty." Lounissi was a stalwart defender of the rights of the Muslim inhabitants of Constantine. Lounissi extracted from young Ben Badis a promise to never enter into the service of France (the Colonial power in Algeria).
Ibn Badis was also influenced by the thoughts and outlook of the pan-Islamic reformers Jamal al-Din al-Afghani and Muhammad Abduh. He was a regular reader of Sayyid Rashid Rida's monthly Al-Manar, and would publish the journal Al Shihab in Algeria, modelled on it. He is regarded as an heir to the thought of Rashid Rida and his reformist efforts were part of the wider Salafist and Wahhabi movements across North Africa.[12][13][14][15]
 |
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this sectionbyadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
|
In 1908, Ben Badis, decided to begin his first trip in order to advance his learning. He traveled to Tunis and enrolled at the Zeitouna University, which was, at the time, a great center of learning and knowledge, particularly in the Islamic fields of studies.
At the Zeitouna University, Ben Badis horizons widened. He learned a great deal of the Islamic Sciences and Arabic Language. He met many scholars who left an indelible mark on his personality and his knowledge of Islam. The teachings of Sheik Mohammed Al-Nakhli convinced him on the need to purge Muslim communities of deviant or incorrect religious practices such as the cult of saints. Sheik Muhammed Al-Taher Ben Achour influenced Ben Badis in finding his appreciation of the splendor of the Arabic language. With Sheik Al-Bachir Safer, Ben Badis developed an interest in contemporary and past problems of Muslim communities, including finding a response to Western colonialism and dealing with its socioeconomic after-effects.
In 1912, he was awarded a degree. He spent another year at the Zeituna University as a teacher.
In 1913, Ben Badis returned to Algeria and settled in Constantine. In the same city, he started teaching at al-jāmiʿ al-akhḍar (The Green mosque) in early 1914.[11]
In 1936, Ben Badis played a role in the founding of the "Algerian Muslim Congress" (CMA). This congress was disbanded the following year in the summer of 1937 and shortly after Ben Badis established and led another organization: the Association of Algerian Muslim Ulema.
In addition to working against deviations in the correct practice of Islam, Ben Badis and his fellow members of the Association strove to save the Algerian culture from being eclipsed by French values and morals.[16] Ben Badis and other Islamic scholars resisted the suppression of Algerian patriots; working as a journalist during those years he regularly denounced fascist propaganda and anti-Semitic intrigues of the French occupiers.
Ben Badis was one of the most prominent Algerian Islamic scholars. With the aid of his contemporaries and associates he criticized Maraboutic practices and had a great influence in the creation of an Islamic conservative subsection of Algerian society.[16]
On 16 April 1940, Ben badis died after a long struggle with diabetes. He was buried in the presence of 8000 people, including 1000 women.[11]
His life was the subject of Ahmed Menour's 2019 novel For Both Their Sakes, I Lived.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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