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{{Short description|Franco-Brazilian border dispute of 1895}} |
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The '''Amapá Question,''' known in French as the '''Franco-Brazilian Dispute''' ([[French language|French:]] ''Contesté franco-brésilien'') was a border dispute involving [[France]] and [[Brazil]], in the end of the [[19th century]], culminating in the [[French intrusion in Amapá]] skirmishes in 1895.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rodrigues |first=Edgar |title=O Contestado Franco-Brasileiro |url=http://www4.ap.gov.br/Portal_Gea/historia/dadosestado-contestado.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201100402/http://www4.ap.gov.br/Portal_Gea/historia/dadosestado-contestado.htm |archive-date=1 December 2008 |language=PT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Campos |first=Luciano Rodrigues |date=21 April 2007 |title=O Arbitramento No Amapá |url=http://www.webartigos.com/articles/4873/1/o-arbitramento-no-amapa/pagina1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080622143446/http://www.webartigos.com/articles/4873/1/o-arbitramento-no-amapa/pagina1.html |archive-date=22 June 2008}}</ref> |
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{{Infobox military conflict |
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France did not recognize the [[Oyapock |
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|image=Amapa 1895.jpg |
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|image_size = 300px |
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|caption = Death of Captain Charles-Louis Lunier during the invasion of Amapá, illustration published in 1912 |
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|date = 15 May 1895 |
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|place = [[Amapá (municipality)|Amapá]], [[Brazil]] |
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|result = Brazilian victory |
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|combatant1 = {{flagicon|Brazil|1889}} [[First Brazilian Republic|Brazil]] |
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|combatant2 = {{flagicon|French Third Republic}} [[French Third Republic|France]] |
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|commander1 = {{flagicon|Brazil|1889}} Francisco Xavier da Veiga Cabral |
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|commander2 = |
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{{plainlist | |
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* {{flagicon|French Third Republic}} Charles-Louis Lunier{{KIA}} |
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* {{flagicon|French Third Republic}} Lieutenant Destoup |
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}} |
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|strength1 = 200 soldiers and civil militia |
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|strength2 = 300 soldiers <br /> 1 [[gunboat]]<ref name=Donato87 />{{rp|204}} |
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| casualties1 = 62 |
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| casualties2 = 82 |
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}} |
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The '''Amapá Question,''' known in France as the '''Franco-Brazilian Dispute''' ([[French language|French:]] ''Contesté franco-brésilien'') was a 1895 border dispute involving France and Brazil. The '''French intrusion into Amapá''' resulted in skirmishes between the two sides.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rodrigues |first=Edgar |title=O Contestado Franco-Brasileiro |url=http://www4.ap.gov.br/Portal_Gea/historia/dadosestado-contestado.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201100402/http://www4.ap.gov.br/Portal_Gea/historia/dadosestado-contestado.htm |archive-date=1 December 2008 |language=PT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Campos |first=Luciano Rodrigues |date=21 April 2007 |title=O Arbitramento No Amapá |url=http://www.webartigos.com/articles/4873/1/o-arbitramento-no-amapa/pagina1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080622143446/http://www.webartigos.com/articles/4873/1/o-arbitramento-no-amapa/pagina1.html |archive-date=22 June 2008}}</ref> |
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== |
==Border dispute== |
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⚫ | France did not recognize the [[Oyapock]] river as the border between [[French Guiana]] and the Brazilian province of [[Amapá]], also known as "Brazilian Guyana", claiming for itself part of the territory of the province to the south of the river; a region occupied by French colonists. However, the [[Peace of Utrecht]], signed in 1713 between France and [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]], established the Oyapock as the border between both kingdoms in South America. Brazil alleged it had the right to exercise sovereignty over the region as "heir of the Portuguese Empire". |
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==Intrusion== |
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The French intrusion into Amapá took place on 15 May 1895, on the border between the Brazilian Amapá state and French Guiana, the culminating event of the territorial dispute known in Portuguese as the ''Questão do Amapá'' (Amapá Question). This event marked Captain Charles-Louis Lunier leading French troops in a invasion of Brazilian territory.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bertout de Solières |first=François |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6365829c |title=Les hauts faits de l'armée coloniale : ses héros : Annam, Côte d'Ivoire, Chine, Dahomey, Guyane, Madagascar, Maroc, Ouadaï, Sahara, Sénegal, Soudan, Tchad, Tonkin, Tunisie, etc. |year=1912 |location=[[Rouen]], France |language=FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=22 June 1895 |title="LE TERRITOIRE CONTESTÉ" |work=l'Étoile du sud |url=http://memoria.bn.br/pdf/259764/per259764_1895_00459.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Meira |first=Sílvio Augusto de Bastos |title=Fronteiras Sangrentas: heróis do Amapá |publisher=Conselho Estadual de Cultura. |year=1975 |location=Belém, Brazil}}</ref> French troops advanced to the [[Araguari River (Amapá)|Araguari River]], occupying approximately {{cvt|260000|km2}} of Brazilian territory. |
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The invasion was repelled by the honorary general of the Brazilian Army [[:pt:Francisco Xavier da Veiga Cabral|Francisco Xavier da Veiga Cabral]].<ref>Bento, Cláudio Moreira. (2003). Amazônia Brasileira: conquista, consolidação e manutenção. (História Militar Terrestre da Amazônia de 1616 a 2003). [S.l.]: Porto Alegre/RS: Genesis, Academia de História Militar Terrestre do Brasil.</ref> |
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==International response== |
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After the military confrontation, the territorial dispute was settled by an international court on 27 December 1897. The decision was favorable to Brazil, which maintained control over the disputed region.<ref name=Donato87>Donato, Hernâni (1987). ''Dicionário das Batalhas Brasileiras'' {{inlang|pt}}. São Paulo: Editora Ibrasa</ref>{{rp|204}} |
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[[Walter Hauser]], president of Switzerland, served as [[arbitrator]]. On 1 December 1900, Hauser issued a report favoring Brazil.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-09-17 |title=O Laudo Suíço |url=http://www4.ap.gov.br/Portal_Gea/historia/dadosestado-laudosuico.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110917091810/http://www4.ap.gov.br:80/Portal_Gea/historia/dadosestado-laudosuico.htm |archive-date=17 September 2011 |access-date=14 May 2022 |website=Governo do Estado do Amapá |language=PT}}</ref> |
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{{Portal bar|Amapá|França}} |
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==See also== |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Contestado Franco-Brasileiro}} |
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* [[Brazil–France border]] |
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{{Reflist}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Amapa Question}} |
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[[Category:Brazil–France border]] |
[[Category:Brazil–France border]] |
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[[Category:First Brazilian Republic]] |
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[[Category:Territorial disputes of Brazil]] |
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[[Category:Territorial disputes of France]] |
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[[Category:National questions]] |
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⚫ |
French intrusion into Amapá | |||||||
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![]() Death of Captain Charles-Louis Lunier during the invasion of Amapá, illustration published in 1912 | |||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||
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Commanders and leaders | |||||||
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Strength | |||||||
200 soldiers and civil militia |
300 soldiers 1gunboat[1]: 204 | ||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||
62 | 82 |
The Amapá Question, known in France as the Franco-Brazilian Dispute (French: Contesté franco-brésilien) was a 1895 border dispute involving France and Brazil. The French intrusion into Amapá resulted in skirmishes between the two sides.[2][3]
France did not recognize the Oyapock river as the border between French Guiana and the Brazilian province of Amapá, also known as "Brazilian Guyana", claiming for itself part of the territory of the province to the south of the river; a region occupied by French colonists. However, the Peace of Utrecht, signed in 1713 between France and Portugal, established the Oyapock as the border between both kingdoms in South America. Brazil alleged it had the right to exercise sovereignty over the region as "heir of the Portuguese Empire".
The French intrusion into Amapá took place on 15 May 1895, on the border between the Brazilian Amapá state and French Guiana, the culminating event of the territorial dispute known in Portuguese as the Questão do Amapá (Amapá Question). This event marked Captain Charles-Louis Lunier leading French troops in a invasion of Brazilian territory.[4][5][6] French troops advanced to the Araguari River, occupying approximately 260,000 km2 (100,000 sq mi) of Brazilian territory.
The invasion was repelled by the honorary general of the Brazilian Army Francisco Xavier da Veiga Cabral.[7]
After the military confrontation, the territorial dispute was settled by an international court on 27 December 1897. The decision was favorable to Brazil, which maintained control over the disputed region.[1]: 204
Walter Hauser, president of Switzerland, served as arbitrator. On 1 December 1900, Hauser issued a report favoring Brazil.[8]
{{cite book}}
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