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{{Short description|King of Seleucid Empire from 138 to 129 BC}} |
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{{Expand German|Antiochos VII.|date=October 2018}} |
{{Expand German|topic=bio|Antiochos VII.|date=October 2018}} |
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{{Infobox royalty |
{{Infobox royalty |
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|name = Antiochus VII Euergetes |
|name = Antiochus VII Euergetes |
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|title = Antiochus VII Sidetes |
|title = Antiochus VII Sidetes |
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|image = Coin of Antiochus VII Euergetes.jpg |
|image = Coin of Antiochus VII Euergetes.jpg |
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|image_size = 300 |
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|caption = |
|caption = |
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|succession = [[Basileus]] of the [[Seleucid Empire]] |
|succession = [[Basileus]] of the [[Seleucid Empire]] |
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|moretext = |
|moretext = |
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|reign = July/August 138 – 129 BC |
|reign = July/August 138 – 129 BC |
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|coronation = |
|coronation = |
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|full name = |
|full name = |
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|predecessor = [[Diodotus Tryphon]] |
|predecessor = [[Diodotus Tryphon]] |
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|mother = possibly [[Laodice V]] |
|mother = possibly [[Laodice V]] |
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|birth_date = c. 164 / 160 BC |
|birth_date = c. 164 / 160 BC |
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|birth_place = |
|birth_place = |
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|death_date = 129 BC |
|death_date = 129 BC (aged about 30) |
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|death_place = [[Ecbatana]], [[Iran]] during the [[Battle of Ecbatana]] |
|death_place = [[Ecbatana]], [[Iran]] during the [[Battle of Ecbatana]] |
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|date of burial = |
|date of burial = |
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|place of burial= |
|place of burial= |
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}} |
}} |
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'''Antiochus VII Euergetes''' ({{lang-el|Ἀντίοχος |
'''Antiochus VII Euergetes''' ({{lang-el|Ἀντίοχος Ευεργέτης}}; c. 164/160 BC<ref>A birth year of Antiochus can be deduced from a statement in the "Chronicle" of Eusebius of Caesarea , which refers to a historical work of the Neoplatonic philosopher Porphyry as a source. It states that the king was 35 years old when he died.</ref>{{spnd}}129 BC), nicknamed '''Sidetes''' ({{lang-el|Σιδήτης}}) (from [[Side, Turkey|Side]], a city in Asia Minor), also known as '''Antiochus the Pious''',<ref>[[Josephus]], ''[[Antiquities of the Jews|Antiquities]]'' 13.8.2; ([https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0146%3Abook%3D13%3Asection%3D236 13.236])</ref> was ruler of the [[Hellenistic]] [[Seleucid Empire]] from July/August 138 to 129 BC.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livius.org/articles/person/antiochus-vii-sidetes/?|title=Antiochus VII Sidetes|work=Livius.org}}</ref> He was the last Seleucid king of any stature. After Antiochus was killed in battle, the Seleucid realm was restricted to [[Syria]]. |
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== Biography == |
== Biography == |
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He was one of the sons of [[Demetrius I Soter]], the brother of [[Demetrius II Nicator]] and his mother may have been [[Laodice V]]. Antiochus was elevated after Demetrius was captured by the [[Parthia]]ns. He married [[Cleopatra Thea]], who had been the wife of Demetrius. Their offspring was [[Antiochus IX Cyzicenus|Antiochus IX]], who thus became both half-brother and cousin to [[Seleucus V Philometor|Seleucus V]] and [[Antiochus VIII Grypus|Antiochus VIII]]. |
He was one of the sons of [[Demetrius I Soter]], the brother of [[Demetrius II Nicator]] and his mother may have been [[Laodice V]]. Antiochus was elevated after Demetrius was captured by the [[Parthia]]ns. He married [[Cleopatra Thea]], who had been the wife of Demetrius. Their offspring was [[Antiochus IX Cyzicenus|Antiochus IX]], who thus became both half-brother and cousin to [[Seleucus V Philometor|Seleucus V]] and [[Antiochus VIII Grypus|Antiochus VIII]]. |
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In his nine-year reign, Antiochus made some effort to undo the massive territorial and authority losses of recent decades. Antiochus defeated the usurper [[Diodotus Tryphon]] at [[Tel Dor|Dora]]<ref>Josephus, The Jewish War (1:52)</ref> and laid siege to [[Jerusalem]] in |
In his nine-year reign, Antiochus made some effort to undo the massive territorial and authority losses of recent decades. Antiochus defeated the usurper [[Diodotus Tryphon]] at [[Tel Dor|Dora]]<ref>Josephus, The Jewish War (1:52)</ref> and laid siege to [[Jerusalem]] in 134 BC. During the siege he allowed a seven-day truce for the Jews to celebrate a religious festival, impressing the Jewish leadership.<ref>Josephus ''Antiquities of the Jews'' Book XIII, 8''</ref> According to [[Josephus]]<ref>Josephus The Jewish Wars (1:60)</ref> the [[Hasmonean]] leader [[John Hyrcanus]] opened King [[David]]'s sepulchre and removed three thousand talents, which he then paid Antiochus to spare the city. Nevertheless, King Antiochus' respectful treatment of the Jews, and respect for their religion, earned him their gratitude and added name ''Euergetes'' ("the Benefactor"). With no Jewish sources of that time (the Book of Maccabees ends a few years before his time), it is unclear if the siege of Jerusalem ended with a decisive Seleucid victory or simply a peace treaty. Furthermore, Jewish forces later assisted Antiochus in his wars, and for nearly 20 years after his death, John Hyrcanus refrained from attacking areas under Seleucid control. |
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===Later territory disputes and defeat=== |
===Later territory disputes and defeat=== |
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[[File:Jerusalem Besieged by Antiochus Sidetes.jpg|thumb|Jerusalem besieged by Antiochus Sidetes.]] |
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Antiochus spent the final years of his life attempting to reclaim the lost eastern territories, overrun by the [[Parthian Empire|Parthians]] under their "Great King", [[Mithridates I of Parthia|Mithridates I]]. Marching east, with what would prove to be the last great Seleucid royal army (including a unit of Judean troops under [[John Hyrcanus]]), he defeated Mithridates in two battles |
Antiochus spent the final years of his life attempting to reclaim the lost eastern territories, overrun by the [[Parthian Empire|Parthians]] under their "Great King", [[Mithridates I of Parthia|Mithridates I]]. Marching east, with what would prove to be the last great Seleucid royal army (including a unit of Judean troops under [[John Hyrcanus]]), he defeated Mithridates in two battles. He restored [[Mesopotamia]], [[Babylonia]] and [[Median Empire|Media]] to the Seleucid empire, before dispersing his army into winter quarters. |
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The Seleucid king and army spent the winter feasting, hunting and drinking (the Seleucids maintained the Macedonian tradition of heavy drinking). As with any time an army is quartered upon a population, tensions soon grew between the locals and the Syrian troops. |
The Seleucid king and army spent the winter feasting, hunting and drinking (the Seleucids maintained the Macedonian tradition of heavy drinking). As with any time an army is quartered upon a population, tensions soon grew between the locals and the Syrian troops. |
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The new Parthian ruler, [[Phraates II]], had not been idle. He raised a new army while stirring up rebellion in the Seleucid occupied towns of Media. Hoping to further sow dissension amongst his foes, Phraates also released his long-held prisoner, [[Demetrius II Nicator|Demetrius II]], Antiochus' older brother, who returned to Syria to reclaim the throne. |
The new Parthian ruler, [[Phraates II]], had not been idle. He raised a new army while stirring up rebellion in the Seleucid occupied towns of Media. Hoping to further sow dissension amongst his foes, Phraates also released his long-held prisoner, [[Demetrius II Nicator|Demetrius II]], Antiochus' older brother, who returned to Syria to reclaim the throne. |
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That winter (130–129 BC), several Median towns rose in rebellion and attacked their Seleucid garrisons. Antiochus marched to support one such isolated garrison with only a small force (probably only his Royal Guards). In a barren valley, he was ambushed and killed in the [[Battle of Ecbatana]] by Phraates II and a large force of Parthians, who had entered the country without being detected. |
That winter (130–129 BC), several Median towns rose in rebellion and attacked their Seleucid garrisons. Antiochus marched to support one such isolated garrison with only a small force (probably only his Royal Guards). In a barren valley, he was ambushed and killed in the [[Battle of Ecbatana]] by Phraates II and a large force of Parthians, who had entered the country without being detected. Most Greco-Roman historians state that Antiochus died in battle; the victorious Parthians claimed that he killed himself because of fear, an assertion also made by [[Appian]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livius.org/sources/content/appian/appian-the-syrian-wars/appian-the-syrian-wars-14/|title=Appian, The Syrian Wars 14 - Livius|website=www.livius.org}}</ref> |
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=== Succession === |
=== Succession === |
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Antiochus's confirmed heir was [[Antiochus IX Cyzicenus]]. But a fragment from book 16 of [[Posidonius]]' "Histories", which survives in the [[Deipnosophistae]] written by [[Athenaeus]], mentions a king named Seleucus, who was captured in Media by king Arsaces and treated like royalty. The identity of this Seleucus have been a matter of debate; the possibility of Seleucus being a son of Antiochus VII captured after the death of his father is suggested by [[Felix Jacoby]] and, with reservations, by Ian G. Kidd.<ref>{{cite book|title=Between Geography and History: Hellenistic Constructions of the Roman World|author=Katherine Clarke|pages= 357, 358|year=1999|publisher=Clarendon Press, Oxford.|isbn=0-19-924003-5}}</ref> |
Antiochus's confirmed heir was [[Antiochus IX Cyzicenus]]. But a fragment from book 16 of [[Posidonius]]' "Histories", which survives in the [[Deipnosophistae]] written by [[Athenaeus]], mentions a king named Seleucus, who was captured in Media by king Arsaces and treated like royalty. The identity of this Seleucus have been a matter of debate; the possibility of Seleucus being a son of Antiochus VII captured after the death of his father is suggested by [[Felix Jacoby]] and, with reservations, by Ian G. Kidd.<ref>{{cite book|title=Between Geography and History: Hellenistic Constructions of the Roman World|url=https://archive.org/details/betweengeography00clar_083|url-access=limited|author=Katherine Clarke|pages= [https://archive.org/details/betweengeography00clar_083/page/n369 357], 358|year=1999|publisher=Clarendon Press, Oxford.|isbn=0-19-924003-5}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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{{Portal|Asia}} |
{{Portal|Asia}} |
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* [[List of Syrian monarchs]] |
* [[List of Syrian monarchs]] |
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* [[Siege of Jerusalem]], list of sieges for, and battles of, Jerusalem |
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* [[Timeline of Syrian history]] |
* [[Timeline of Syrian history]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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⚫ |
*{{cite book|url=https://www.academia.edu/1416157 |
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==Sources== |
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⚫ | *{{cite book|url=https://www.academia.edu/1416157|last1=Ceccarelli|first1=Paola|editor1-last=Erickson|editor1-first=Kyle|editor2-first=Gillian|editor2-last=Ramsey|year= 2011|title=Seleucid Dissolution. The Sinking of the Anchor|chapter=Kings, Philosophers and Drunkards: Athenaeus’ Information on the Seleucids|publisher=Harrassowitz Verlag|issn=1613-5628|isbn=978-3-447-06588-7|page=168}} |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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{{s-start}} |
{{s-start}} |
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{{s-hou|[[Seleucid Empire|Seleucid dynasty]]|| |
{{s-hou|[[Seleucid Empire|Seleucid dynasty]]||c. 164/160 BC||129 BC}} |
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{{s-bef|before=[[Diodotus Tryphon]]}} |
{{s-bef|before=[[Diodotus Tryphon]]}} |
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Seleucid Empire|Seleucid King]]<br /><small>([[King of Syria]])</small>|years=138–129 BC}} |
{{s-ttl|title=[[Seleucid Empire|Seleucid King]]<br /><small>([[King of Syria]])</small>|years=138–129 BC}} |
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{{Hellenistic rulers}} |
{{Hellenistic rulers}} |
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{{Rulers of the Ancient Near East}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
{{Authority control}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Antiochus 07 Sidetes}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Antiochus 07 Sidetes}} |
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[[Category:2nd-century BC Seleucid |
[[Category:2nd-century BC Seleucid monarchs]] |
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[[Category:Seleucid rulers]] |
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[[Category:Ptolemaic dynasty]] |
[[Category:Ptolemaic dynasty]] |
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[[Category:Monarchs killed in action]] |
[[Category:Monarchs killed in action]] |
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[[Category:2nd-century BC rulers]] |
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[[Category:160s BC births]] |
[[Category:160s BC births]] |
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[[Category:129 BC deaths]] |
[[Category:129 BC deaths]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Yearofbirth uncertain]] |
You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in German. (October 2018) Click [show] for important translation instructions.
Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at [[:de:Antiochos VII.]]; see its history for attribution. {{Translated|de|Antiochos VII.}} to the talk page. |
Antiochus VII Euergetes | |
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Antiochus VII Sidetes | |
Basileus of the Seleucid Empire | |
Reign | July/August 138 – 129 BC |
Predecessor | Diodotus Tryphon |
Successor | Alexander II Zabinas (false son) Demetrius II Nicator (elder brother) |
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Born | c. 164 / 160 BC |
Died | 129 BC (aged about 30) Ecbatana, Iran during the Battle of Ecbatana |
Consort | Cleopatra Thea |
Issue | Antiochus IX Cyzicenus Alexander II Zabinas (claimed) |
Dynasty | Seleucid dynasty |
Father | Demetrius I Soter |
Mother | possibly Laodice V |
Antiochus VII Euergetes (Greek: Ἀντίοχος Ευεργέτης; c. 164/160 BC[1] – 129 BC), nicknamed Sidetes (Greek: Σιδήτης) (from Side, a city in Asia Minor), also known as Antiochus the Pious,[2] was ruler of the Hellenistic Seleucid Empire from July/August 138 to 129 BC.[3] He was the last Seleucid king of any stature. After Antiochus was killed in battle, the Seleucid realm was restricted to Syria.
He was one of the sons of Demetrius I Soter, the brother of Demetrius II Nicator and his mother may have been Laodice V. Antiochus was elevated after Demetrius was captured by the Parthians. He married Cleopatra Thea, who had been the wife of Demetrius. Their offspring was Antiochus IX, who thus became both half-brother and cousin to Seleucus V and Antiochus VIII.
In his nine-year reign, Antiochus made some effort to undo the massive territorial and authority losses of recent decades. Antiochus defeated the usurper Diodotus TryphonatDora[4] and laid siege to Jerusalem in 134 BC. During the siege he allowed a seven-day truce for the Jews to celebrate a religious festival, impressing the Jewish leadership.[5] According to Josephus[6] the Hasmonean leader John Hyrcanus opened King David's sepulchre and removed three thousand talents, which he then paid Antiochus to spare the city. Nevertheless, King Antiochus' respectful treatment of the Jews, and respect for their religion, earned him their gratitude and added name Euergetes ("the Benefactor"). With no Jewish sources of that time (the Book of Maccabees ends a few years before his time), it is unclear if the siege of Jerusalem ended with a decisive Seleucid victory or simply a peace treaty. Furthermore, Jewish forces later assisted Antiochus in his wars, and for nearly 20 years after his death, John Hyrcanus refrained from attacking areas under Seleucid control.
Antiochus spent the final years of his life attempting to reclaim the lost eastern territories, overrun by the Parthians under their "Great King", Mithridates I. Marching east, with what would prove to be the last great Seleucid royal army (including a unit of Judean troops under John Hyrcanus), he defeated Mithridates in two battles. He restored Mesopotamia, Babylonia and Media to the Seleucid empire, before dispersing his army into winter quarters.
The Seleucid king and army spent the winter feasting, hunting and drinking (the Seleucids maintained the Macedonian tradition of heavy drinking). As with any time an army is quartered upon a population, tensions soon grew between the locals and the Syrian troops.
The new Parthian ruler, Phraates II, had not been idle. He raised a new army while stirring up rebellion in the Seleucid occupied towns of Media. Hoping to further sow dissension amongst his foes, Phraates also released his long-held prisoner, Demetrius II, Antiochus' older brother, who returned to Syria to reclaim the throne.
That winter (130–129 BC), several Median towns rose in rebellion and attacked their Seleucid garrisons. Antiochus marched to support one such isolated garrison with only a small force (probably only his Royal Guards). In a barren valley, he was ambushed and killed in the Battle of Ecbatana by Phraates II and a large force of Parthians, who had entered the country without being detected. Most Greco-Roman historians state that Antiochus died in battle; the victorious Parthians claimed that he killed himself because of fear, an assertion also made by Appian.[7]
Antiochus's confirmed heir was Antiochus IX Cyzicenus. But a fragment from book 16 of Posidonius' "Histories", which survives in the Deipnosophistae written by Athenaeus, mentions a king named Seleucus, who was captured in Media by king Arsaces and treated like royalty. The identity of this Seleucus have been a matter of debate; the possibility of Seleucus being a son of Antiochus VII captured after the death of his father is suggested by Felix Jacoby and, with reservations, by Ian G. Kidd.[8]
Antiochus VII Sidetes Born: c. 164/160 BC Died: 129 BC | ||
Preceded by | Seleucid King (King of Syria) 138–129 BC |
Succeeded by |
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