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(Top) 1 Early period 2 Egyptian period 3 Phoenician golden age 4 Assyrian period 5 Persian period 6 Roman period 7 See also 8 References

Kings of Byblos

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The Kings of Byblos were the rulers of Byblos, the ancient Phoenician city in what is now Lebanon.

Scholars have pieced together the fragmented list from various archaeological finds since the 19th century.^[1]

Early period

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Some kings of Byblos from an early period are known from Egyptian and local finds:^[2]^[3]

Ib-dadi, contemporary of Amar-Sin.
Abishemu I, probably contemporary of Amenemhat III.
Yapi-shemu-abi, contemporary of Amenemhat IV.
Yakin-ilu, contemporary of Sehetepibre I/II.
Yantin-ʿammu, contemporary of Zimri-Lim, probably identical to Yantin, contemporary of Neferhotep I.
Ilima-yapi? - a prince, not explicitly of Byblos.
Ḥasrurum son of Rum, a ruler of the land of Byblos, probably contemporary of Sihathor.
Abishemu II.
Yapaʿ-shemu-abi, son of Abishemu (probably the second).
ʿegel, son of Abishemu (probably the second), probably identical to ʿegliya (whose father name is unknown).

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Ashurnasirpal II received tributes from the kings of the sea coast, among them the king of Byblos.^[7]

Safatba‘al II (Sibitti-biʿil in Akkadian), mentioned among the kings of who brought payment to Tiglath-Pileser III in his 8th year (738 BC).^[8]
Urumilki (Ūru-milki in Akkadian), mentioned in a list of the kings of the land Amurru (the Levant) who brought tribute to Sennacherib in his campaign in the Levant.^[9]^[10]
Milkiashapa (Milki-ašapa in Akkadian), mentioned among the kings of the Levant and Cyprus who were summoned and ordered to send tribute to Esarhaddon, c.670 BC.^[11] Milki-Ashapa is also mentioned in the first campaign of Ashurbanipal.^[12]
c.650 BC Yehawmelek

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Based on coins:^[13]

c. 425 BC Elpaal (’LP‘L)
c. 400 BC ‘Ozbaal (‘ZB‘L; son of Batnoam and the priest Paltibaal)
c. 375 BC Urimilk III (’WRMLK)
332 BC ‘Aynel (‘YN’L; Enylus), who cooporated with Alexander the Great in the siege of Tyre.^[14]

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^ Kitchen, K. A. (1967). "Byblos, Egypt, and Mari in the Early Second Millennium B.C.". Orientalia. 36 (1): 39–54. JSTOR 43074138.

^ Kitchen, K. A. (1967). "Byblos, Egypt, and Mari in the Early Second Millennium B.C.". Orientalia. 36 (1): 40–42. JSTOR 43074138.

^ Knudtzon, Jørgen Alexander (1915). Die El-Amarna-Tafeln. Vol. 1. Hinrichs’schke Buchhandlung. letters EA 68–93, 95, 102–138 (and EA 96, sent to Rib-Hadda).

^ Knudtzon, Jørgen Alexander (1915). Die El-Amarna-Tafeln. Vol. 1. Hinrichs’schke Buchhandlung. letters EA 139, 140.

^ "Wenamen's Journey". Reshafim. Archived from the original on 2013-01-21.

^ Albert Kirk Grayson (1991). Assyrian Rulers of the Early First Millennium BC I (1114–859 BC). University of Toronto Press. pp. 218–219.

^ Kirk Grayson, A.; Novotny, Jamie (2012). The royal inscriptions of Sennacherib, king of Assyria (704-681 BC). Part 1. Eisenbrauns. pp. 64 (the passage repeats in pp. 114, 131, 175, 192).

^ Kirk Grayson, A.; Novotny, Jamie (2014). The royal inscriptions of Sennacherib, king of Assyria (704-681 BC). Part 2. Eisenbrauns. pp. 183, 188, 238.

^ Leichty, Erle (2011). The Royal Inscriptions of Esarhaddon, King of Assyria (680-669 BC). Eisenbrauns. pp. 23–24 (the passage repeats in pp. 46).

^ Novotny, Jamie; Jeffers, Joshua (2018). The Royal Inscriptions of Ashurbanipal (668–631 BC), Aššur-etel-ilāni (630–627 BC), and Sîn-šarra-iškun (626–612 BC), Kings of Assyria, Part 1. Eisenbrauns. pp. 116–117 (the passage repeats in pp. 141–142). This part of the first campaign is not described in the early versions of the pescription, as explained in p. 109.

^ Sader, Hélène (2019). The History and Archaeology of Phoenicia. Atlanta: SBL. pp. 85–86. ISBN 978-1-62837-255-7.

^ Slouschz, Nahoum (1942). Thesaurus of Phoenician Inscriptions (in Hebrew). Dvir. p. 14.