Antonio Luna: Difference between revisions

{{Family name hatnote|Luna|Novicio|lang=Spanish}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2024}}

| office = [[Chief of the Army (Philippines)|Commanding General]] of the [[Philippine Revolutionary Army]]

| president = [[Emilio Aguinaldo]]

| term_start = March 28, 1899

| birth_place = [[San Nicolas, Manila]], [[Captaincy General of the Philippines]], Spanish Empire

| rank = [[Image:PR Teniente General SE.svg|25px|General]] Captain General

| office1 = Assistant Secretary of War and Supreme Commander of the Republican Army

| office2 = Chief of War Operations

| termstart1 = September 28, 1898

| termend1 = March 1, 1899

| termend2 = September 28, 1898

| termstart2 = September 26, 1898

| president1 = [[Emilio Aguinaldo]]

| president2 = [[Emilio Aguinaldo]]

'''Antonio Narciso Luna de San Pedro y Novicio Ancheta''' ({{IPA-es|anˈtonjo ˈluna|lang}}; October 29, 1866 – June 5, 1899) was a [[Filipinos|Filipino]] pharmacist and army general who fought in the [[Philippine–American War]] before his assassination on June 5, 1899, at the age of 32.<ref>{{cite news |title=GENERAL LUNA IS MURDERED BY AGUINALDO |url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SFC18990614.2.2.4&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN-------- |access-date=June 5, 2023 |work=San Francisco Call}}</ref><ref name="Pantaleon Garcia" />

Despite his commitment to discipline the army and serve the Republic which attracted the admiration of the people, his temper and fiery outlashes caused some to abhor him, including people from Aguinaldo's [[List of cabinets of the Philippines#Emilio Aguinaldo (1899–1901)|cabinet]].<ref name="Agoncillo 8th" /> Nevertheless, Luna's efforts were recognized during his time, and he was awarded the [[List of medals for bravery|Philippine Republic Medal]] in 1899. He was also a member of the [[Revolutionary Government of the Philippines (1898–1899)#The Malolos Revolutionary Congress|Malolos Congress]].<ref name="Jose1972p450" /> Besides his military studies, Luna also studied [[pharmacology]], literature, and [[chemistry]].<ref name="Dumindin 2006" />

==Family background==

His older brother, [[Juan Luna|Juan]], was an accomplished painter who studied in the [[Madrid]] [[Escuela de Bellas Artes de San Fernando]]. His ''[[Spoliarium]]'' garnered one of the three gold medals awarded in the [[Madrid]] ''Exposición Nacional de Bellas Artes'' in 1884. Another brother, José, became a doctor.<ref name="PS 2008" /> Yet another brother, [[Joaquin Luna|Joaquín]], fought with Antonio in the [[Philippine–American War]],<ref name="Jose1972p372" /> and later served as governor of [[La Union]] from 1904 to 1907.<ref name="5sWQm" /> Joaquín would also serve as a senator from 1916 to 1919.<ref name="ROWuG" /> His three other siblings were Numeriana, Manuel, and Remedios.<ref name="historybehindmovie9" />

==Education==

===Scientific achievements===

==Propaganda Movement==

His more famous and controversial brother, Juan, who had been pardoned by the Spanish Queen Regent [[Maria Christina of Austria]] herself, left for Spain to use his influence to intercede for Antonio in August 1897. Antonio's case was dismissed by the Military Supreme Court and he was released.<ref name="PS 2008" /><ref name="historybehindmovie14" /> Upon his release in December 1897, Luna studied field fortifications, [[guerrilla warfare]], organization, and other aspects of military science under [[Gerard Leman]], who would later be the commanding general of the fortress at [[Liège]].<ref name="Dumindin 2006" /> He also read extensively about the discipline when he was at the [[Ateneo de Madrid]].<ref name="historybehindmovie14" /> The second phase of the revolution began with the return of [[Emilio Aguinaldo]] by the US Navy to [[Cavite]] in 1898 his establishment of the [[Dictatorial Government of the Philippines]].<ref name="Agoncillo 8th" /><ref name="intro" /> Upon arriving in Hong Kong, Luna was given a letter of recommendation to Aguinaldo and a [[revolver]] by [[Felipe Agoncillo]] and he returned to the Philippines in July 1898.<ref name="Jose1972p58" />

==Personal life==

==Philippine–American War==

===Prior to the war===

Since June 1898, Manila had been surrounded by the revolutionary troops. Colonel Luciano San Miguel occupied Mandaluyong, General [[Pío del Pilar]] advanced through Sampaloc and attacked [[Puente Colgante (Manila)|Puente Colgante]], causing the enemy to fall back, General [[Mariano Noriel]], [[Parañaque]], Colonel Enrique Pacheco, [[Navotas]], Tambobong and [[Caloocan]]. General [[Gregorio del Pilar]] took charge of Pantaleon Garcia's force when the latter was wounded, taking Pritil, [[Tondo, Manila|Tondo]], [[Divisoria]], and Paseo de Azcárraga, Noriel cleared Singalong and [[Paco, Manila|Paco]], and held [[Ermita]] and [[Malate, Manila|Malate]].<ref name="Manila" /><ref name="True Version of the Philippine Revolution">{{Citation|last=Aguinaldo|first=Don Emilio y Famy|author-link=Emilio Aguinaldo|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/12996/12996-h/12996-h.htm|title=True Version of the Philippine Revolution|publisher=Project Gutenberg|access-date=November 20, 2023|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708225540/https://www.gutenberg.org/files/12996/12996-h/12996-h.htm|archive-date=July 8, 2023}}

</ref> Aguinaldo demanded joint occupation of [[Intramuros]], which the Americans heeded. After one month of joint occupation, Aguinaldo withdrew his forces when he received a telegram from General Elwell Otis that he would be obliged to resort to forcible action if Aguinaldo did not pull his forces back, and Commodore (later Admiral) [[George Dewey]]'s fleet had moored in [[Manila Bay]] after being warned of an unwanted conflict between Filipinos and Americans. When Luna was in the [[trench]]es, he ordered his troops to fire on the Americans. After the chaos following the American occupation, at a meeting in Ermita, Luna tried to complain to American officers about the disorderly conduct of their soldiers.<ref name="PS 2008" />

Seeing the need for a military school, in October 1898, Luna established a military academy at [[Malolos]], known as the ''Academia Militar''. He appointed Colonel Manuel Bernal Sityar, a [[mestizo]] who was formerly a lieutenant serving the [[Civil Guard (Philippines)|Civil Guard]], as superintendent. He recruited other mestizos and Spaniards who had fought in the Spanish Army during the [[Philippine Revolution|1896 Revolution]] for training. However, the academy had to be suspended indefinitely by March 1899 due to the outbreak of the Philippine–American War.<ref name="PS 2008" />

A score of veteran officers became teachers at his military school. Luna devised two courses of instruction, planned the reorganization, with a [[battalion]] of ''tiradores'' and a [[squadron (army)|cavalry squadron]], set up an inventory of guns and ammunition, arsenals, using convents and town halls, [[quartermaster]]s, [[lookout]]s and communication systems. He built trenches with the help of his chief engineer, General [[Jose Alejandrino]], and had his brother [[Juan Luna|Juan]] design the school's uniforms (the Filipino [[rayadillo]]). He also insisted on strict discipline over and above clan armies and regional loyalties, which prevented coordination between various military units.<ref name="Jose1972p206" /> Envisioning one united army for the Republic, clan armies and regional loyalties presented a lack of national consciousness.<ref name="Evqk6" />

When the [[Treaty of Paris (1898)|Treaty of Paris]], under which Spain was to cede the Philippines to the United States, was made public in December 1898, Luna quickly decided to take military action. He proposed a strategy that was designed to trap the Americans in Manila before more of their troops could land by executing surprise attacks ([[guerrilla warfare]]) while building up strength in the north. If the American forces penetrated his lines, Luna determined that he would wage a series of delaying battles and prepare a [[fortress]] in northern [[Luzon]], the [[Cordillera Central, Luzon|Cordillera]]. This, however, was turned down by high command, which still believed that the Americans would grant full independence.<ref name="Jose1972p172" />

===Outbreak of the war===

The Americans gained the opportunity to start hostilities with the Filipinos at the place and time of their choice. On the night of February 4, 1899, when most of the Filipino generals were at a ball in Malolos to celebrate the success of the [[American Anti-Imperialist League|American anti-imperialists]] delaying the ratification of the Treaty of Paris, the Americans staged an incident along the concrete blockhouses in [[Santa Mesa]] near the Balsahan Bridge.<ref name="Malolos crisis" /> An American patrol fired on Filipino troops, claiming afterward that the Filipinos had started shooting first. The whole Filipino line from [[Pasay]] to Caloocan returned fire and [[Battle of Manila (1899)|the first battle of the Filipino-American War]] ensued. Two days later, in response to the incident, the US Senate voted for [[annexation]]. In doing so, the conflict became the war of conquest, occupation, and annexation that Luna, [[Apolinario Mabini|Mabini]], and others had predicted and about which they had warned Aguinaldo and his generals previously.<ref name="Jose1972p178" />

Luna, after receiving orders from Aguinaldo, rushed to the front lines from his headquarters at Polo (present-day [[Valenzuela, Philippines|Valenzuela City]]) and led three companies to La Loma to engage General [[Arthur MacArthur, Jr.|Arthur MacArthur]]'s forces. Fighting took place at [[Marikina]], [[Caloocan]], [[Santa Ana, Manila|Santa Ana]], and [[Paco, Manila|Paco]]. The Filipinos were subjected to a carefully planned attack with [[naval artillery]], with Admiral [[George Dewey]]'s US fleet firing from [[Manila Bay]]. Filipino casualties were high, amounting to around 2,000 killed and wounded.<ref name="Malolos crisis" /> Luna personally had to carry wounded officers and men to safety; of these, the most dramatic rescue was that of Commander [[José Torres Bugallón]]. After being hit by an American bullet, Bugallón had managed to advance another fifty meters before he was seen by Luna collapsing by the side of the road. As the Americans continued their fire on the road, Luna gathered an escort of around 25 men to save Bugallón, who Luna stated was equivalent to 500 men. Surviving the encounter, Luna encouraged Bugallón to live by giving him an instant promotion to lieutenant colonel. However, Bugallón succumbed to his wounds.<ref name="Jose1972p186" />

With their superior firepower and newly arrived reinforcements, the Americans had not expected such resistance. They were so surprised that an urgent cable was sent to General [[Henry Ware Lawton|Henry Lawton]] who was in Colombo, Ceylon (now [[Sri Lanka]]), with his troops. The [[Telegraphy#Telegraph services|telegram]] stated, "Situation critical in Manila. Your early arrival great importance."<ref name="Jose1972p13" />

===Luna Sharpshooters and the Black Guard===

{{Main|Luna Sharpshooters}}

The [[Luna Sharpshooters]] was a short-lived unit formed by Luna to serve under the [[Philippine Revolutionary Army]]. On February 11, eight [[infantrymen]], formerly under Captains Márquez and Jaro, were sent by then-Secretary of War [[Baldomero Aguinaldo]] to Luna, then-Assistant Secretary of War. The infantrymen were disarmed by the Americans, and journeyed to be [[Commission (document)|commissioned]] in the regular Filipino army. Seeing their desire to serve in the army, Luna took them in and from there the group grew and emerged as the Luna Sharpshooters.<ref name="Jose1972p220"/> The sharpshooters became famous for their fierce fighting and proved their worth by spearheading every major battle in the [[Philippine–American War]]. After the [[Battle of Calumpit]] on April 25–27, 1899, only seven or eight remained in the regular Filipino army.<ref name="Jose1972p220" /> In the [[Battle of Paye]] on December 18, 1899, a Filipino [[sharpshooter]], Private Bonifacio Mariano, under the command of General [[Licerio Gerónimo]] killed General [[Henry Ware Lawton]], making the latter the highest-ranking casualty during the course of the war.<ref name="a37Cd" />

Luna also formed other units similar to the sharpshooters. One was the unit commanded by Rosendo Simón de Pajarillo, which would later be named after Bugallón. The unit emerged from a group of ten men wanting to volunteer in the regular Filipino army. Luna, still thinking of the defeat at the [[Battle of Caloocan]], sent the men away at first. However, he soon changed his mind and decided to give the men an initiation.<ref name="Jose1972p220" /> After taking breakfast, he ordered a subordinate, Colonel Queri, to prepare arms and ammunition for the ten men. Then, the men boarded a train destined towards Malinta, which was American-held territory. After giving orders to the men, he let them go and watched them with his telescope. The men succeeded in their mission and eventually returned unharmed. Admiring their bravery, he organized them into a guerrilla unit of around 50 members. This unit would see action in the [[Second Battle of Caloocan]].<ref name="Jose1972p220" />

Another elite unit was the Black Guard, a 25-man guerrilla unit under a certain Lieutenant García. García, one of Luna's favorites, was a modest but brave soldier. His unit was tasked to approach the enemy by surprise and quickly return to camp. Luna had admired García's unit so much that he wanted to increase their size. However, García declined the offer, believing that a larger force might undermine the efficiency of their work.<ref name="Jose1972p220" /> [[Jose Alejandrino]], the chief army engineer and one of Luna's aides, stated that he never heard of García and his unit again after Luna's resignation on February 28.<ref name="la senda" />

===Further operations during the war===

A [[Second Battle of Caloocan|Filipino counterattack]] began at dawn on February 23. The plan was to employ a [[pincer movement]], using the battalions from the North and South, with the sharpshooters (the only professionally trained troops) at crucial points. The [[sandatahan|sandatahanes]]or''bolomen'' inside Manila would start a great fire to signal the start of the assault.<ref name="Jose1972p225" /> Troops directly under Luna's command were divided into three: the West Brigade under General Pantaleon García, the Center Brigade under General [[Mariano Llanera]], and the East Brigade under General [[Licerio Gerónimo]].<ref name="Jose1972p229" /> Luna also requested the battle-hardened [[Tinio Brigade]] from [[Northern Luzon]], under the command of General [[Manuel Tinio]]. It had more than 1,900 soldiers. However, Aguinaldo gave only ambiguous answers and the Tinio Brigade was unable to participate in the battle.<ref name="Jose1972p229" /> The battle was only partly successful because of two main reasons. Firstly, some of the successful Filipino sectors ran low on ammunition and food and were thus forced to withdraw to Polo. Secondly, Luna failed to relieve the [[Pampanga Battalion|Kapampangan militia]], already past their prime, when the battalion from [[Kawit]], [[Cavite]], refused to replace the former, saying that they had orders to obey only instructions directly from Aguinaldo. Such [[insubordination]] had become quite common among the Filipino forces at that time as most of the troops owed their loyalty to the officers from their provinces, towns, or districts and not to the central command. As a result, the counterattack soon collapsed, and Luna placated himself by personally disarming the Kawit Battalion.<ref name="Jose1972p241" />

Luna, however, proved to be a strict disciplinarian and his temper alienated many in the ranks of the common soldiers. An example of this occurred during the [[Battle of Calumpit]], wherein Luna ordered General [[Tomás Mascardo]] to send troops from [[Guagua, Pampanga|Guagua]] to strengthen the former's defenses. However, Mascardo ignored orders by Luna insisting that he was going to [[Arayat, Pampanga|Arayat]] to undertake an "inspection of troops". Another version of Mascardo's reasoning emerged and claimed that Mascardo had left to visit his girlfriend, which was probably the version which reached Luna. Luna, infuriated by Mascardo's actions, decided to detain him. Major Hernando, one of Luna's aides, tried to placate the general's anger and convinced Luna to push the case to President Aguinaldo. Aguinaldo complied and detained Mascardo for 24 hours. Upon returning to the field, however, the Americans had broken through his defenses at the Bagbag River, forcing Luna to withdraw despite his heroic efforts to defend the remaining sectors.<ref name="Dumindin 2006" />

Luna resigned on March 1, mainly resenting the rearmament of the Kawit Battalion as the Presidential Guard.<ref name="historybehindmovie16" /> Aguinaldo hesitantly accepted the resignation. As a result, Luna was absent from the field for three weeks, during which the Filipino forces suffered several defeats and setbacks. One such defeat would be at the [[Battle of Marilao River]] on March 27.<ref name="Dumindin Malolos" /> Receiving the depressing reports from the field through his ''La Independencia'' correspondents, Luna went to Aguinaldo and asked to be reinstated with more powers over all the military heads, and Aguinaldo promoted him to [[Lieutenant General]] and agreed to make him Commander-in-Chief of all the Filipino forces in Central Luzon ([[Bulacan]], [[Tarlac]], [[Pampanga]], [[Nueva Ecija]], [[Bataan]], and [[Zambales]]).<ref name="Jose1972p269" /><ref name="Jose1972p293" />

The Luna Defense Line was planned to create a series of delaying battles from [[Caloocan]] to [[Angeles, Pampanga]],<ref name="FM"/>{{page needed|date=September 2022}} as the Republic was constructing a guerrilla base in the [[Mountain Province]]. The base was planned to be the last stand headquarters of the Republic in case the Americans broke through the Defense Line.<ref name="Jose1972p280"/> American military observers were astonished by the Defense Line, which they described as consisting of numerous bamboo trenches stretching from town to town. The series of trenches allowed the Filipinos to withdraw gradually, firing from cover at the advancing Americans. As the American troops occupied each new position, they were subjected to a series of traps that had been set in the trenches, including bamboo spikes and poisonous reptiles.<ref name="Jose1972p318" />

Earlier in May 1899, Luna almost fell in the field at the [[Battle of Santo Tomas]]. Mounted on his horse, Luna charged into the battlefield leading his main force in a counterattack. As they advanced, the American forces began firing upon them. Luna's horse was hit and he fell to the ground. As he recovered, Luna realized that he had been shot in the stomach, and he attempted to kill himself with his revolver to avoid capture.<ref name="Jose1972p314"/> He was saved, though, by the actions of a Filipino colonel named Alejandro Avecilla who, seeing Luna fall, rode towards the general to save him. Despite being heavily wounded in one of his legs and an arm, with his remaining strength Avecilla carried Luna away from the battle to the Filipino rear. Upon reaching safety, Luna realized that his wound was not very deep as most of the bullet's impact had been taken by a silk belt full of gold coins that his parents had given him.<ref name="Jose1972p314"/> As he left the field to have his wounds tended, Luna turned over the command to General [[Venacio Concepción]], the Filipino commander of the nearby town of Angeles.<ref name="Dumindin 2006"/> In recognition of his work, Luna was awarded the Philippine Republic Medal.<ref name="Jose1972p314"/> By the end of May 1899, Colonel Joaquín Luna, one of Antonio's brothers, warned him that a plot had been concocted by "old elements" or the autonomists of the Republic (who were bent on accepting American sovereignty over the country) and a clique of army officers whom Luna had disarmed, arrested, and/or insulted. Luna shrugged off all these threats, reiterating his trust for Aguinaldo, and continued building defenses at Pangasinan where the Americans were planning a landing.<ref name="Jose1972p372" />

On June 2, 1899, Luna received two telegrams (initially four, but he never received the last two) – one asked for help in launching a counterattack in [[San Fernando, Pampanga]]; and the other, sent by Aguinaldo himself,<ref name="nolisoli.ph" /> ordered him to go to the new capital at [[Cabanatuan]], [[Nueva Ecija]] to form a new [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet]].<ref name="Jose1972p377" /> In his jubilation, Luna wrote [[Arcadio Maxilom]], military commander of [[Cebu]], to stand firm in the war.<ref name="Jose1972p377" /> Luna set off from [[Bayambang]], first by train, then on horseback, and eventually in three carriages to Nueva Ecija with 25 of his men.<ref name="Dumindin 2006" /><ref name="Malolos crisis" /> During the journey, two of the carriages broke down, so he proceeded with just one carriage with [[Paco Roman|Colonel Francisco Román]] and Captain Eduardo Rusca, having earlier shed his cavalry escort.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}} On June 4, Luna sent a telegram to Aguinaldo confirming his arrival. Upon arriving at Cabanatuan on June 5, Luna proceeded aloneto the [[Cabanatuan Cathedral|church in Cabanatuan]], where the headquarters was located,<ref name="PlazaLucero">{{Cite news |last=Galang |first=Armand |date=June 11, 2019 |title=In Nueva Ecija, Antonio Luna remembered sans fanfare |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1128788/in-nueva-ecija-antonio-luna-remembered-sans-fanfare |access-date=January 29, 2024 |work=[[The Philippine Star]]}}</ref> to communicate with the President. As he went up the stairs, he ran into an officer whom he had previously disarmed for insubordination: Captain Pedro Janolino, commander of the Kawit Battalion, and an old enemy whom he had once threatened with arrest for favoring American autonomy. Captain Janolino was accompanied by [[Felipe Buencamino]], the [[Secretary of Foreign Affairs (Philippines)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]], and a member of the Cabinet. He was told that Aguinaldo had left for [[San Isidro, Nueva Ecija|San Isidro]] in [[Nueva Ecija]] (he actually went to [[Bamban, Tarlac]]). Enraged, Luna asked why he had not been told that the meeting was canceled.<ref name="Jose1972p429" />

Both exchanged heated words as he was about to depart. At [[Plaza Lucero]], fronting the [[Cabanatuan Cathedral|church of Cabanatuan]],<ref name="inqluna">{{cite news |title=In Nueva Ecija, Antonio Luna remembered sans fanfare |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1128788/in-nueva-ecija-antonio-luna-remembered-sans-fanfare |access-date=June 26, 2021 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=June 11, 2019 |archive-date=June 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626125530/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1128788/in-nueva-ecija-antonio-luna-remembered-sans-fanfare |url-status=live }}</ref> a rifle shot rang out. Still outraged and furious, Luna rushed down the stairs and met Janolino, accompanied by some elements of the Kawit Battalion. Janolino swung his [[Bolo knife|bolo]] at Luna, wounding him in the head. Janolino's men fired at Luna, while others started stabbing him, even as he tried to fire his revolver at one of his attackers.<ref name="Jose1972p429" /> He staggered out into the plaza where Román and Rusca were rushing to his aid, but as he lay dying, they too were set upon and shot, with Román being killed and Rusca being severely wounded. Luna received more than 30 wounds,<ref name="Jose1972p436" /> and uttered "Cowards! Assassins!"<ref name="Jose1972p429" /> He was hurriedly buried in the [[churchyard]], after which Aguinaldo [[Relief (military)|relieved]] Luna's officers and men from the field, including General [[Venacio Concepción]], whose headquarters in [[Angeles, Pampanga]] was besieged by Aguinaldo on the same day Luna was assassinated.

Subsequently, Aguinaldo suffered successive, disastrous losses in the field, as he retreated northwards. On November 13, 1899, Aguinaldo decided to disperse his army and begin conducting a [[Guerrilla warfare|guerrilla war]].<ref name="Linn2000p16" /> General [[José Alejandrino]], one of Luna's remaining aides, stated in his memoirs that if Luna had been able to finish the planned military camp in the [[Mountain Province]] and had shifted to guerrilla warfare earlier as Luna had suggested, Aguinaldo might have avoided having to run for his life in the [[Cordillera Central (Luzon)|Cordillera Mountains]].<ref name="la senda" /><ref name="Jose1972p409" /> For historian [[Teodoro Agoncillo]], however, Luna's death did not directly contribute to the resulting fall of the Republic. In his book, ''Malolos: The Crisis of the Republic'', Agoncillo stated that the loss of Luna showed the existence of a lack of discipline among the regular Filipino soldiers and it was a major weakness that was never remedied during the course of the war. Also, soldiers connected with Luna were demoralized and as a result eventually surrendered to the Americans.<ref name="Malolos crisis" /> Despite Aguinaldo denying the allegation of his being involved in Luna's death multiple times, an original copy of the telegram that was sent to Luna was discovered in 2018 showing the order for Luna to visit Cabanatuan, yet in recent studies and research about the telegram only gives more questions rather than answer that led to Luna's death.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://interaksyon.philstar.com/trends-spotlights/2018/11/26/139110/unearthed-emilio-aguinaldos-telegram-to-meet-antonio-luna-before-his-killing/ |title=Unearthed: Emilio Aguinaldo's telegram to meet Antonio Luna before his killing |date=November 26, 2018 |access-date=October 14, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://lifestyle.inquirer.net/315855/the-luna-telegram-not-so-deadly-after-all/ | title=The Luna telegram: Not so 'deadly' after all | date=December 2018 }}</ref>

* "General Luna"is a march by [[Julián Felipe]] in honor of General Luna.

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">

File:Death Place of General Antonio Luna NHC historical marker.jpg|Historical marker installed by the [[National Historical Commission of the Philippines|National Historical Commission]] in 1966 in front of Plaza Lucero to mark the place where Luna was assassinated

File:PHP50 English series bill.jpg|English series ₱50 bill

File:BRP Antonio Luna (FF-151).jpg|The future BRP ''Antonio Luna'' (FF-151)

File:Antonio Luna monument in Badoc.jpg|Antonio Luna monument in [[Badoc]]

</gallery>

===Citations===

<ref name="Agoncillo 8th">{{Cite book |last=Agoncillo |first=Teodoro A. |year=1990 |title=History of the Filipino People |url=https://archive.org/details/historyoffilipin00teod/mode/2up |edition=8th |location=Quezon City |publisher=R. P. Garcia Publishing Co. |isbn=971-1024-15-2 |oclc=29915943}}</ref>

<ref name="PS 2008">{{cite news|last1=Guerrero Nakpil|first1=Carmen|title=A PlottoKillaGeneral|url=http://www.philstar.com/arts-and-culture/410218/plot-kill-general|access-date=August 22, 2015|agency=Philippine Star|date=October 27, 2008|archive-date=September 24, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924145217/http://www.philstar.com/arts-and-culture/410218/plot-kill-general|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Malolos crisis">{{cite book|last=Agoncillo|first=Teodoro|title=Malolos: The Crisis of the Republic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LnxvAAAACAAJ|year=1960|publisher=University of the Philippines Press |isbn=978-971-542-096-9|access-date=May 26, 2016|archive-date=April 22, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422185209/http://books.google.com/books?id=LnxvAAAACAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

* {{Cite book |last=Agoncillo |first=Teodoro |year=1960 |title=Malolos: The Crisis of the Republic |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LnxvAAAACAAJ |publisher=University of the Philippines Press |isbn=978-971-542-096-9}}

* {{Cite book |last=Agoncillo |first=Teodoro |year=1974 |title=Introduction to Filipino History}}

* {{Cite book |last=Agoncillo |first=Teodoro A. |year=1990 |title=History of the Filipino People |url=https://archive.org/details/historyoffilipin00teod/mode/2up |edition=8th |location=Quezon City, Philippines |publisher=R. P. Garcia Publishing Co. |isbn=971-1024-15-2 |oclc=29915943}}

* {{Cite book |last=Jimenez |first=Ruby Rosa A. |date=2015 |title=Heneral<!-- Sic --> Luna: The History Behind the Movie |location=Mandaluyong, Philippines |publisher=Anvil Publishing}}

* {{Cite book |last=Jose |first=Vivencio R. |year=1972 |title=The Rise and Fall of Antonio Luna |publisher=University of the Philippines |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SjFQPgAACAAJ |isbn=978-971-17-0700-2}}

* {{Cite book |last=Kalaw |first=Maximo M. |year=1927 |title=The Development of Philippine Politics |url=http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=philamer;idno=AFJ2233.0001.001 |publisher=Oriental Commercial |access-date=March 22, 2008}}

* {{Cite book |last=Linn |first=Brian McAllister |author-link=Brian McAllister Linn |year=2000a |title=The Philippine War, 1899–1902 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PSJGPgAACAAJ |publisher=University Press of Kansas |isbn=978-0-7006-1225-3}}

* {{Cite book |last=Linn |first=Brian McAllister |year=2000b |title=The U.S. Army and Counterinsurgency in the Philippine War, 1899–1902 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-5WOrmt_VxcC |publisher=UNC Press Books |isbn=978-0-8078-4948-4}}

* {{Cite book |last=Ocampo |first=Ambeth |year=2010 |title=Looking Back |publisher=Anvil Publishing |isbn=978-971-27-2336-0}}

* {{Cite book |last1=Guerrero |first1=Angel |date=1933 |title=Biag ni General Antonio Luna |location=Manila |publisher=Service Press}}

* {{Cite book |last1=Ocampo |first1=Ambeth |date=2015 |title=Looking Back 10: Two Lunas, Two Mabinis |location=Pasig, Philippines |publisher=Anvil Press}}

* Ambeth Ocampo, [http://opinion.inquirer.net/88427/the-way-antonio-luna-died "The way Antonio Luna died"], Opinion, September 11, 2015, ''[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]''.

* {{cite news|title=History: General Antonio Luna, great soldier, scientist |url=http://www.mb.com.ph/history-general-antonio-luna-great-soldier-scientist/ |access-date=August 25, 2015 |work=[[Manila Bulletin]] |date=October 29, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160321173304/http://www.mb.com.ph/history-general-antonio-luna-great-soldier-scientist/ |archive-date=March 21, 2016 }}

[[Category:Filipino paramilitary personnel]]