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{{Short description|World regions where people are claimed to have unusual longevity}} |
{{Short description|World regions where people are claimed to have unusual longevity}} |
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{{About||the band|Blue Zone (band)|the parking zone regulations|Disc parking|parts of the United States which vote majority Democrat|Red states and blue states}} |
{{About||the band|Blue Zone (band)|the parking zone regulations|Disc parking|parts of the United States which vote majority Democrat|Red states and blue states}} |
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A '''blue zone''' is a region in the world where people are claimed to have exceptionally [[Life expectancy|long lives]] beyond the age of 80 due to a lifestyle combining physical activity, low stress, rich social interactions, a local whole-foods diet, and low disease incidence.<ref name="Poulain">{{cite journal|vauthors=Poulain M, Herm A, Pes G|url=http://austriaca.at/0xc1aa500e_0x00307bb6.pdf|title=The Blue Zones: areas of exceptional longevity around the world|journal=Vienna Yearbook of Population Research|volume=11|year=2013|pages=87–108|doi=10.1553/populationyearbook2013s87|archive-date=2 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302043123/http://austriaca.at/0xc1aa500e_0x00307bb6.pdf| quote=These populations succeeded in maintaining a traditional lifestyle implying an intense physical activity that extends beyond the age of 80, a reduced level of stress and intensive family and community support for their oldest olds as well as the consumption of locally produced food.}}</ref> Examples of blue zones include [[Okinawa Prefecture]], Japan; [[Province of Nuoro|Nuoro Province]], Sardinia, Italy; the [[Nicoya Peninsula]], Costa Rica; and [[Icaria]], Greece.<ref name="Poulain" /> The name "blue zones" derived simply during the original survey by scientists, who "used a blue pen on a map to mark the villages with long-lived population."<ref name=Poulain/> |
A '''blue zone''' is a region in the world where people are claimed to have exceptionally [[Life expectancy|long lives]] beyond the age of 80 due to a lifestyle combining physical activity, low stress, rich social interactions, a local whole-foods diet, and low disease incidence.<ref name="Poulain">{{cite journal|vauthors=Poulain M, Herm A, Pes G|url=http://austriaca.at/0xc1aa500e_0x00307bb6.pdf|title=The Blue Zones: areas of exceptional longevity around the world|journal=Vienna Yearbook of Population Research|volume=11|year=2013|pages=87–108|doi=10.1553/populationyearbook2013s87|archive-date=2 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302043123/http://austriaca.at/0xc1aa500e_0x00307bb6.pdf| quote=These populations succeeded in maintaining a traditional lifestyle implying an intense physical activity that extends beyond the age of 80, a reduced level of stress and intensive family and community support for their oldest olds as well as the consumption of locally produced food.}}</ref> Examples of blue zones include [[Okinawa Prefecture]], Japan; [[Province of Nuoro|Nuoro Province]], [[Sardinia]], Italy; the [[Nicoya Peninsula]], Costa Rica; and [[Icaria]], Greece.<ref name="Poulain" /> The name "blue zones" derived simply during the original survey by scientists, who "used a blue pen on a map to mark the villages with long-lived population."<ref name=Poulain/> |
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The term, ''Blue Zones'', is also used in marketing to promote a healthy lifestyle during aging. The concept of blue zones with longevity, however, has been challenged by the absence of scientific proof,<ref name=hall/> and by the substantial decline of life expectancy during the [[21st century]] in one of the first proposed blue zones, Okinawa.<ref name=hokama/> |
The term, ''Blue Zones'', is also used in marketing to promote a healthy lifestyle during aging. The concept of blue zones with longevity, however, has been challenged by the absence of scientific proof,<ref name=hall/> and by the substantial decline of life expectancy during the [[21st century]] in one of the first proposed blue zones, Okinawa.<ref name=hokama/> |
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[[File:Old Sardinian Man.jpg|thumbnail|right|An elderly [[Sardinians|Sardinian]] man]] |
[[File:Old Sardinian Man.jpg|thumbnail|right|An elderly [[Sardinians|Sardinian]] man]] |
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A 1999 study of elderly people living on Sardinia foundaprevalenceof13 [[centenarian]]s per 100,000 population, indicating unusual longevity.<ref name="deiana">{{cite journal|display-authors=3 |vauthors=Deiana L, Ferrucci L, Pes GM, Carru C, Delitala G, Ganau A, Mariotti S, Nieddu A, Pettinato S, Putzu P, Franceschi C, Baggio G |title=AKEntAnnos. The Sardinia Study of Extreme Longevity |journal=Aging |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=142–9 |date=June 1999 |pmid=10476308}}</ref> A 2004 followup report showed that longevity was concentrated in the Nuoro provinceofSardinia, specificallyinits mountain regions where locally-born men lived longer than those in the rest of Sardinia, although reasons for the longevity were unknown.<ref name="poulain04">{{cite journal|display-authors=3|vauthors=PoulainM, Pes GM, Grasland C, Carru C, Ferrucci L, Baggio G, Franceschi C, Deiana L |title=Identification of a geographic area characterized by extreme longevity in the Sardinia island: the AKEA study |journal=Experimental Gerontology |volume=39 |issue=9 |pages=1423–9 |date=September 2004 |pmid=15489066 |doi=10.1016/j.exger.2004.06.016}}</ref> |
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study. Experimental Gerontology, 2004, 39 (9), pp.1423-1429. https://shs.hal.science/halshs-00175541/file/2004%20POULAIN%20BZ%20EXP%20GERONT.pdf</ref> <ref name="Poulain" /> This seminal work that developed the concept of blue zones grabbed global attention when first presented at the International Union for the Scientific Study of the Population conference in 2000 where a short paper by Poulain was presented about the [https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-1-4020-4848-7_7 validation of exceptional male longevity in Sardinia] and then again with the full article on the [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0531556504002141 Identification of a geographic area characterized by extreme longevity in the Sardinia island: the AKEA study] (AKEA being an acronym for AKEntAnnos) in the journal of Experimental Gerontology in 2004.<ref name=":0" /> The work identified [[Sardinia]]'s [[Nuoro province]] as the region with the highest concentration of male [[centenarian]]s, referring to the area as the "blue zone" (a term chosen simply because the authors happened to use blue ink to mark a map of the regions with many centenarians).<ref name="Poulain" /><ref name=":0" /> Author [[Dan Buettner]] added to this work with his article for [[National Geographic]] in 2005 that really popularised the concept outside of the academic realm <ref>Buettner, D. (2005). The secrets of longevity. National Geographic, November 5–26. ngm.nationalgeographic.com/features/world/europe/italy/longevity-text</ref> |
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Beginning in 2005 with author, [[Dan Buettner]], the list of blue zone regions was extended from Sardinia to include Okinawa, Nicoya in Costa Rica, and Ikaria in Greece.<ref name=poulain04/> |
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== Zones == |
== Zones == |
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The proposed blue zones identified by [[Michel Poulain]] and colleagues include: |
The proposed blue zones identified by [[Michel Poulain]] and colleagues include: |
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*[[Province of Nuoro|Nuoro Province]], Sardinia, Italy |
*[[Province of Nuoro|Nuoro Province]], Sardinia, Italy |
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*[[Okinawa Prefecture]], Japan <ref>Poulain, M., Naito, K. (2004). L’évolution de la longévité à Okinawa, 1921-2000 (2004). Cahiers québécois de démographie, 33,1 29–49 https://doi.org/10.7202/010851ar</ref> |
*[[Okinawa Prefecture]], Japan <ref>Poulain, M., Naito, K. (2004). L’évolution de la longévité à Okinawa, 1921-2000 (2004). Cahiers québécois de démographie, 33,1 29–49 https://doi.org/10.7202/010851ar</ref> |
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*[[Nicoya Peninsula]], Costa Rica <ref name="Poulain" /> |
*[[Nicoya Peninsula]], Costa Rica <ref name="Poulain" /> |
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Ablue zone is a region in the world where people are claimed to have exceptionally long lives beyond the age of 80 due to a lifestyle combining physical activity, low stress, rich social interactions, a local whole-foods diet, and low disease incidence.[1] Examples of blue zones include Okinawa Prefecture, Japan; Nuoro Province, Sardinia, Italy; the Nicoya Peninsula, Costa Rica; and Icaria, Greece.[1] The name "blue zones" derived simply during the original survey by scientists, who "used a blue pen on a map to mark the villages with long-lived population."[1]
The term, Blue Zones, is also used in marketing to promote a healthy lifestyle during aging. The concept of blue zones with longevity, however, has been challenged by the absence of scientific proof,[2] and by the substantial decline of life expectancy during the 21st century in one of the first proposed blue zones, Okinawa.[3]
A 1999 study of elderly people living on Sardinia found a prevalence of 13 centenarians per 100,000 population, indicating unusual longevity.[4] A 2004 followup report showed that longevity was concentrated in the Nuoro province of Sardinia, specifically in its mountain regions where locally-born men lived longer than those in the rest of Sardinia, although reasons for the longevity were unknown.[5]
Beginning in 2005 with author, Dan Buettner, the list of blue zone regions was extended from Sardinia to include Okinawa, Nicoya in Costa Rica, and Ikaria in Greece.[5]
Sardinia
Nicoya
Icaria
Loma Linda
Okinawa
The proposed blue zones identified by Michel Poulain and colleagues include:
In the original study of centenarians living in 14 mountain villages of Sardinia (the first proposed blue zone), the research team developed an Extreme Longevity Index (ELI) representing the ratio between the number of eventual centenarians born between 1880 and 1900, and the total number of births recorded during the same time interval for the region.[1] The ELI was defined as the number of centenarians per 10,000 newborns, and was equated to the probability for any person born in that municipality to reach 100 years old and remain functional.[1]
During the period of births between 1880 and 1900 in the Sardinia blue zone, 47 men and 44 women eventually reached age 100, giving an average ELI value per 100,000 births of 508 for the blue zone location, whereas the rest of Sardinia had ELI values 2–4 times lower (less longevity).[1]
Another longevity index applied was the Centenarian rate (CR) for the 1900 birth group (number of persons surviving to 100 years old per 10,000 people alive at age 60) in December 2000.[1] The Sardinia and Okinawa blue zones had CR values for men substantially higher compared to several other countries, whereas values for women were mostly above those in other countries, while comparable to others.[1]
Several possible errors or limitations exist for these estimates, such as unreliability or absence of birth records.[1]
Life expectancy in blue zones is proposed to be as much as a decade or longer, compared to the average world life expectancy of 73 years in 2019.[8][9][medical citation needed]
As summarised by Michel Poulain[10]:
Dan Buettner's extensive exploration, writings and collaborations led to founding the marketing company, Blue Zones® LLC, with Poulmais and trademarking the term. Buettner also added Loma Linda, California, to Poulain's list of blue zones. Buettner describes the Seventh-Day Adventist community there as having unusual longevity due putatively to a healthy lifestyle and plant-based diet.[8][9] In 2020, Blue Zones® was acquired by the Seventh-Day Adventist health care system, Adventist Health.[11]
The concept of blue zones having exceptional longevity has been challenged by the absence of the scientific method being used to produce evidence-based information[2] and by the substantial decline of life expectancy during the 21st century in one of the blue zones, Okinawa.[3]
Harriet Hall, writing for Science-Based Medicine, stated that there are no controlled studies of elderly people in the blue zones, and that blue zone diets are based on speculation, not evidence through a rigorous scientific method.[2]
A study validate the claims of longevity in Okinawa was unable to verify whether residents were as old as they reported due to many records not surviving World War II.[12] When analyzed in the 21st century, life expectancy in Okinawa was deemed to no longer be exceptional when compared to the rest of Japan, as "male longevity is now ranked 26th among the 47 prefectures of Japan."[3]
These populations succeeded in maintaining a traditional lifestyle implying an intense physical activity that extends beyond the age of 80, a reduced level of stress and intensive family and community support for their oldest olds as well as the consumption of locally produced food.
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