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Names | ||||
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Preferred IUPAC name
Chloro(difluoro)methane | ||||
Other names
Chlorodifluoromethane | ||||
Identifiers | ||||
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3D model (JSmol) |
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ChEMBL | ||||
ChemSpider |
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ECHA InfoCard | 100.000.793 ![]() | |||
EC Number |
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KEGG |
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PubChem CID |
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RTECS number |
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CompTox Dashboard (EPA) |
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Properties | ||||
CHClF2 | ||||
Molar mass | 86.47 g/mol | |||
Appearance | Colorless gas | |||
Odor | sweetish[1] | |||
Density | 3.66 kg/m3 at 15 °C, gas | |||
Melting point | −175.42 °C (−283.76 °F; 97.73 K) | |||
Boiling point | −40.7 °C (−41.3 °F; 232.5 K) | |||
0.7799 vol/vol at 25 °C; 3.628 g/L | ||||
log P | 1.08 | |||
Vapor pressure | 908 kPa at 20 °C | |||
Henry's law |
0.033 mol.kg−1.bar−1 | |||
-38.6·10−6cm3/mol | ||||
Structure | ||||
Tetrahedral | ||||
Hazards | ||||
Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH): | ||||
Main hazards |
Dangerous for the environment (N), Central nervous system depressant, Carc. Cat. 3 | |||
GHS labelling: | ||||
class="wikitable collapsible" style="min-width: 50em;" | ||||
Pictogram | Code | Symbol description | Image link | |
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GHS01 | {{GHS exploding bomb}} | Image:GHS-pictogram-explos.svg | Explosive |
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GHS02 | {{GHS flame}} | Image:GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg | |
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GHS03 | {{GHS flame over circle}} | Image:GHS-pictogram-rondflam.svg | |
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GHS04 | {{GHS gas cylinder}} | Image:GHS-pictogram-bottle.svg | |
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GHS05 | {{GHS corrosion}} | Image:GHS-pictogram-acid.svg | Corrosive |
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GHS06 | {{GHS skull and crossbones}} | Image:GHS-pictogram-skull.svg | Accute Toxic |
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GHS07 | {{GHS exclamation mark}} | Image:GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg | Irritant |
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GHS08 | {{GHS health hazard}} | Image:GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg | Health Hazard |
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GHS09 | {{GHS environment}} | Image:GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg | Environment |
See also
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| Warning
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|-
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| H280, H420
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| P202, P262, P271, P403
|- | NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
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|- | Flash point | nonflammable [1]
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| 632 °C (1,170 °F; 905 K)
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| colspan=2 style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;" | NIOSH (US health exposure limits): |-
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PEL (Permissible)
| none[1]
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REL (Recommended)
| TWA 1000 ppm (3500 mg/m3) ST 1250 ppm (4375 mg/m3)[1]
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IDLH (Immediate danger)
| N.D.[1]
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| colspan=2 style="text-align:left; background:#f8eaba; border:1px solid #a2a9b1;" |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Chlorodifluoromethaneordifluoromonochloromethane is a hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC). This colorless gas is better known as HCFC-22, or R-22. It is commonly used as a propellant and refrigerant. These applications are being phased out in developed countries due to the compound's ozone depletion potential (ODP) and high global warming potential (GWP), although global use of R-22 continues to increase because of high demand in developing countries.[3] R-22 is a versatile intermediate in industrial organofluorine chemistry, e.g. as a precursor to tetrafluoroethylene. R-22 cylinders are colored light green.[4]
Worldwide production of R-22 in 2008 was about 800 Gg per year, up from about 450 Gg per year in 1998, with most production in developing countries.[3] R-22 use is increasing in developing countries, largely for air conditioning applications. Air conditioning sales are growing 20% annually in India and China.
R-22 is prepared from chloroform:
An important application of R-22 is as a precursor to tetrafluoroethylene. This conversion involves pyrolysis to give difluorocarbene, which dimerizes:[5]
The compound also yields difluorocarbene upon treatment with strong base and is used in the laboratory as a source of this reactive intermediate.
The pyrolysis of R-22 in the presence of chlorofluoromethane gives hexafluorobenzene.
R-22 is often used as an alternative to the highly ozone-depleting CFC-11 and CFC-12, because of its relatively low ozone depletion potential of 0.055,[6] among the lowest for chlorine-containing haloalkanes. However, even this lower ozone depletion potential is no longer considered acceptable.
As an additional environmental concern, R-22 is a powerful greenhouse gas with a global warming potential equal to 1810 (which indicates 1810 times as powerful as carbon dioxide).[4] Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) are often substituted for R-22 because of their lower Ozone Depleting Potential, but these refrigerants also have high larger global warming potential. R-410A, for example, is often substituted, but has a Global Warming Potential of 1725. Another substitute is R404A with a Global Warming Potential of 3900. Other substitute refrigerants are available with low Global Warming Potential. Ammonia (R717), popular in the early years of refrigeration, has a Global Warming Potential of <1 and remains a popular substitute on fishing vessels. Ammonia’s toxicity and flammability limit its safe application. Propane (R-290), is another example, and has a Global Warming Potential of 3. Propane was the de facto refrigerant in systems smaller than industrial scale before the introduction of CFCs. Propane refrigerators' reputation as a fire hazard kept delivered ice and the ice box the overwhelming consumer choice despite its inconvenience and higher cost until safe CFC systems overcame the negative perceptions of refrigerators. Illegal to use as a refrigerant for decades, propane is now permitted for use in limited mass suitable for small refrigerators. It is not lawful to use in air conditioners, or larger refrigerators because of its flammability and potential for explosion.
Since January 1, 2010, it has been illegal to use newly manufactured HCFCs to service refrigeration and air-conditioning equipment - only reclaimed and recycled HCFCs may be used. In practice this means that the gas has to be removed from the equipment before servicing and replaced afterwards, rather than refilling with new gas.
Since January 1, 2015, it has been illegal to use any HCFCs to service refrigeration and air-conditioning equipment; broken equipment that used HCFC refrigerants must be replaced with equipment that does not use them.[7]
R-22 has been mostly phased out in new equipment in the United States under the Montreal Protocol, and has been replaced by other refrigerants with lower ozone depletion potential such as propane (R-290), pentafluoroethane, R-134a (1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane), and blended mixtures of HFCs such as R-409A, R-410A, R-438A, and R-507A.[8][9] See refrigerant for specific components of the R-400 and R-500 HFC blends used to replace R-22.
R-407A is for use in low- and medium-temp refrigeration. Uses a polyolester (POE) oil.
R-407C is for use in air conditioning. Uses a minimum of 20 percent POE oil.
R-407F is for use in medium- and low-temperature refrigeration applications (supermarkets, cold storage, and process refrigeration); direct expansion system design only. Uses a POE oil.
R-407H is for use in medium- and low-temperature refrigeration applications (supermarkets, cold storage, and process refrigeration); direct expansion system design only. Uses a POE oil.
R-421A is for use in “air conditioning split systems, heat pumps, supermarket pak systems, dairy chillers, reach-in storage, bakery applications, refrigerated transport, self-contained display cabinets, and walk-in coolers.” Uses mineral oil (MO), Alkylbenzene (AB), and POE.
R-422B is for use in low-, medium-, and high-temperature applications. It is not recommended for use in flooded applications.
R-422C is for use in medium- and low-temperature applications. The TXV power element will need to be changed to a 404A/507A element and critical seals (elastomers) may need to be replaced.
R-422D is for use in low-temp applications, and is mineral oil compatible.
R-424A is for use in air conditioning as well as medium-temp refrigeration temperature ranges of 20 to 50˚F. It works with MO, alkylbenzenes (AB), and POE oils.
R-427A is for use in air conditioning and refrigeration applications. It does not require all the mineral oil to be removed. It works with MO, AB, and POE oils.
R-434A is for use in water cooled and process chillers for air conditioning and medium- and low-temperature applications. It works with MO, AB, and POE oils.
R-438A (MO-99) is for use in low-, medium-, and high-temperature applications. It is compatible with all lubricants. [10]
R-458A is for use in air conditioning and refrigeration applications, without capacity or efficiency loss. Works with MO, AB, and POE oils. [11]
R-32 or HFC-32 (difluoromethane) is for use in air conditioning and refrigeration applications. it has zero ozone depletion potential (ODP) [2] and a global warming potential (GWP) index 675 times that of carbon dioxide.
Property | Value |
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Density (ρ) at -69 °C (liquid) | 1.49 g.cm−3 |
Density (ρ) at -41 °C (liquid) | 1.413 g.cm−3 |
Density (ρ) at -41 °C (gas) | 4.706 kg.m−3 |
Density (ρ) at 15 °C (gas) | 3.66 kg.m−3 |
Specific gravity at 21 °C (gas) | 3.08 (air = 1) |
Specific volume (ν) at 21 °C (gas) | 0.275 m3.kg−1 |
Density (ρ) at 15 °C (gas) | 3.66 kg.m−3 |
Triple point temperature (Tt) | -157.39 °C (115.76 K) |
Critical temperature (Tc) | 96.2 °C (369.3 K) |
Critical pressure (pc) | 4.936 MPa (49.36 bar) |
Vapor pressure at 21.1 °C (pc) | 0.9384 MPa (9.384 bar)[12] |
Critical density (ρc) | 6.1 mol.l−1 |
Latent heat of vaporization (lv) at boiling point (-40.7 °C) | 233.95 kJ.kg−1 |
Heat capacity at constant pressure (Cp) at 30 °C (86 °F) | 0.057 kJ.mol−1.K−1 |
Heat capacity at constant volume (Cv) at 30 °C (86 °F) | 0.048 kJ.mol−1.K−1 |
Heat capacity ratio (γ) at 30 °C (86 °F) | 1.178253 |
Compressibility factor (Z) at 15 °C | 0.9831 |
Acentric factor (ω) | 0.22082 |
Molecular dipole moment | 1.458 D |
Viscosity (η) at 0 °C | 12.56 µPa.s (0.1256 cP) |
Ozone depletion potential (ODP) | 0.055 (CCl3F = 1) |
Global warming potential (GWP) | 1810 (CO2 = 1) |
It has two allotropes: crystalline II below 59 K and crystalline I above 59 K to 115.73 K.
Next diagram represents the pressure-enthalpy R22 properties, using Refprop 9.0 database, using the International Institute of Refrigeration reference.
EPA's analysis indicated the amount of existing inventory was between 22,700t and 45,400t.[13][14][when?]
YEAR | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015-2019 | 2020 |
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R-22 (t) Virgin | 49,900 | 45,400 | 25,100 | 25,600 | 20,200 | TBD | 0 |
R-22 (t) Recoupment | -- | -- | -- | 2,950 | 2,950 | -- | -- |
R-22 (t) TOTAL | 49,900 | 45,400 | 25,100 | 28,600 | 23,100 | -- | -- |
TBD = To be determined [15]
In 2012 the EPA reduced the amount of R-22 by 45%, causing the price to rise by more than 300%. For 2013, the EPA has reduced the amount of R-22 by 29%.[16]
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