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==Biochemistry== |
==Biochemistry== |
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''Cleome gynandra'' uses [[Malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating)|NAD-malic enzyme]] type [[C4 carbon fixation|{{C4}} photosynthesis]] and has the characteristic traits associated with this, including changes in leaf [[biochemistry]], [[cell biology]] and [[morphogenesis|development]]. The family Cleomaceae is relatively close to [[Brassicaceae]] with ''[[Arabidopsis thaliana]]'' (a [[C3 carbon fixation|{{C3}} photosynthetic]] plant) and therefore offers comparison with this well studied [[model organism]].<ref name="MarshallMuhaidat2007">{{cite journal |last1=Marshall |first1=D.M. |last2=Muhaidat |first2=R. |last3=Brown |first3=N.J. |last4=Liu |first4=Z. |last5=Stanley |first5=S. |last6=Griffiths |first6=H. |last7=Sage |first7=R.F. |last8=Hibberd |first8=J.M. |title=''Cleome'', a genus closely related to ''Arabidopsis'', contains species spanning a developmental progression from {{C3}} to {{C4}} photosynthesis|journal=The Plant Journal |volume=51 |issue=5 |year=2007 |pages=886–896 |issn=09607412 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-313X.2007.03188.x}} {{open access}}</ref> The {{C4}} pathway in this species evolved independently from two other {{C4}} ''Cleome'' species, ''[[Cleome angustifolia|C. angustifolia]]'' and ''[[Cleome oxalidea|C. oxalidea]]''.<ref name="FeodorovaVoznesenskaya2010">{{cite journal |last1=Feodorova |first1=T.A. |last2=Voznesenskaya |first2=E.V. |last3=Edwards |first3=G.E. |last4=Roalson |first4=E.H. |title=Biogeographic patterns of diversification and the origins of {{C4}} in ''Cleome'' (Cleomaceae) |journal=Systematic Botany |volume=35 |issue=4 |year=2010 |pages=811–826 |issn=03636445 |doi=10.1600/036364410X539880 |url=http://msu-botany.ru/gallery/feodorova-5-&2010.pdf |accessdate=16 June 2016}}</ref> |
''Cleome gynandra'' uses [[Malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating)|NAD-malic enzyme]] type [[C4 carbon fixation|{{C4}} photosynthesis]] and has the characteristic traits associated with this, including changes in leaf [[biochemistry]], [[cell biology]] and [[morphogenesis|development]]. The family Cleomaceae is relatively close to [[Brassicaceae]] with ''[[Arabidopsis thaliana]]'' (a [[C3 carbon fixation|{{C3}} photosynthetic]] plant) and therefore offers comparison with this well studied [[model organism]].<ref name="MarshallMuhaidat2007">{{cite journal |last1=Marshall |first1=D.M. |last2=Muhaidat |first2=R. |last3=Brown |first3=N.J. |last4=Liu |first4=Z. |last5=Stanley |first5=S. |last6=Griffiths |first6=H. |last7=Sage |first7=R.F. |last8=Hibberd |first8=J.M. |title=''Cleome'', a genus closely related to ''Arabidopsis'', contains species spanning a developmental progression from {{C3}} to {{C4}} photosynthesis|journal=The Plant Journal |volume=51 |issue=5 |year=2007 |pages=886–896 |issn=09607412 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-313X.2007.03188.x|pmid=17692080 }} {{open access}}</ref> The {{C4}} pathway in this species evolved independently from two other {{C4}} ''Cleome'' species, ''[[Cleome angustifolia|C. angustifolia]]'' and ''[[Cleome oxalidea|C. oxalidea]]''.<ref name="FeodorovaVoznesenskaya2010">{{cite journal |last1=Feodorova |first1=T.A. |last2=Voznesenskaya |first2=E.V. |last3=Edwards |first3=G.E. |last4=Roalson |first4=E.H. |title=Biogeographic patterns of diversification and the origins of {{C4}} in ''Cleome'' (Cleomaceae) |journal=Systematic Botany |volume=35 |issue=4 |year=2010 |pages=811–826 |issn=03636445 |doi=10.1600/036364410X539880 |s2cid=84983697 |url=http://msu-botany.ru/gallery/feodorova-5-&2010.pdf |accessdate=16 June 2016}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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| Cleome gynandra | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Brassicales |
| Family: | Cleomaceae |
| Genus: | Cleome |
| Species: |
C. gynandra
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| Binomial name | |
| Cleome gynandra | |
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| world range[1] | |
| Synonyms[2] | |
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Cleome gynandra is a species of Cleome that is used as a green vegetable. It is known by many common names including Shona cabbage,[3] African cabbage, spiderwisp, cat's whiskers,[4] chinsaga and stinkweed.[5] It is an annual wildflower native to Africa but has become widespread in many tropical and sub-tropical parts of the world.[6] It is an erect, branching plant generally between 25 cm and 60 cm tall. Its sparse leaves are each made up of 3–5 oval-shaped leaflets. The flowers are white, sometimes changing to rose pink as they age.[7] The seed is a brown 1.5 mm diameter sphere. The leaves and flowers are both edible. The leaves have a strong bitter, sometimes peppery flavor similar to mustard greens.
Typically, the leaves and shoots are eaten boiled or in stews. The leaves are often eaten in Sub-Saharan Africa, where they are often dried for storage, then cooked with milk or butter to reduce its bitter taste.[8] In Uganda and Tanzania, the leaves are cooked with groundnut paste.
InThailand, the leaves are a popular food item fermented with rice water as a pickle known as phak sian dong.[9] The same pickle is also eaten in the northern states of Malaysia, and is known as jeruk maman.
Cleome gynandra is high in beta-carotene, folic acid, ascorbic acid and calcium. It also contains vitamin E, iron, and oxalic acid. Generally, the leaves are about 4.0% protein. The leaves also have antioxidative properties that can help with inflammatory diseases.[6] Because of its anti-inflammatory properties, it is sometimes used as a medicinal herb.[10]
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Cleome gynandra is known by many names in different languages and regions.
In Africa, it is often referred to as spinach or wild spinach (not to be confused with the common spinach). Names in native languages include munyevhe (Shona), murudi (Venda), ulude (Zulu), ombidi[what language is this?]oromboga[what language is this?] (Ovambo), echadoi (Teso), jobyoorejobyo (Luganda), eshogi (Runyankore), chinsaga (Gusii), dek (Luo), etchilachaou[what language is this?] (Nuni) and mgagani (Swahili).
In Asia, it is known to different cultures as shwetahudhude (Bengali), tilavan (Marathi), vamintaorvayinta (Telugu), phak sian (Thai), and maman (Malay).
In Europe, it is known as feuilles cayaormozambe (French), and volatin, masambey, or jasmin de rio (Spanish).
It is an annual wildflower native to Africa but has naturalized across tropic and sub-tropical regions across Asia.[6] It grows well in disturbed, well-drained soils, but is also drought-tolerant. It does not tolerate cold temperatures well, and is frost-tender.
Cleome gynandra is considered an invasive weed in many places in the U.S.[11] and elsewhere in the Pacific.[12]
Cleome gynandra uses NAD-malic enzyme type C4 photosynthesis and has the characteristic traits associated with this, including changes in leaf biochemistry, cell biology and development. The family Cleomaceae is relatively close to Brassicaceae with Arabidopsis thaliana (aC3 photosynthetic plant) and therefore offers comparison with this well studied model organism.[13] The C4 pathway in this species evolved independently from two other C4 Cleome species, C. angustifolia and C. oxalidea.[14]
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| Cleome gynandra |
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| Gynandropsis gynandra |
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