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{{Short description|Species of plant}} |
{{Short description|Species of plant}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date= |
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}} |
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{{Speciesbox |
{{Speciesbox |
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|name = Common wheat |
|name = Common wheat |
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|image = Blé tendre (GRAPELLI) AO-5-cliche Jean Weber (5) (23975019962).jpg |
|image = Blé tendre (GRAPELLI) AO-5-cliche Jean Weber (5) (23975019962).jpg |
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|image_alt = [[Ear (botany)|Ear]]s |
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|image_caption = Ears of common wheat |
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|genus = Triticum |
|genus = Triticum |
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|species = aestivum |
|species = aestivum |
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|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] |
|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] |
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|synonyms_ref = |
|synonyms_ref = |
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|synonyms = *''Triticum sativum {{au|Lam.}} |
|synonyms = |
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* ''Triticum sativum'' {{au|Lam.}} |
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*''Triticum vulgare'' {{au|Vill.}} |
* ''Triticum vulgare'' {{au|Vill.}} |
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}} |
}} |
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[[File:Triticum aestivum subsp. aestivum MHNT.BOT.2015.2.31.jpg|thumb|'' |
[[File:Triticum aestivum subsp. aestivum MHNT.BOT.2015.2.31.jpg|thumb|ssp. ''aestivum'']] |
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'''Common wheat''' (''Triticum aestivum''), also known as '''bread wheat''', is a cultivated [[wheat]] species.<ref>{{Cite journal | pmid = 23192148| year = 2012| last1 = Brenchley| first1 = R| title = Analysis of the bread wheat genome using whole-genome shotgun sequencing| journal = Nature| volume = 491| issue = 7426| pages = 705–10| last2 = Spannagl| first2 = M.| last3 = Pfeifer| first3 = M.| last4 = Barker| first4 = G. L.| last5 = d'Amore| first5 = R.| last6 = Allen| first6 = A. M.| last7 = McKenzie| first7 = N.| last8 = Kramer| first8 = M.| last9 = Kerhornou| first9 = A.| last10 = Bolser| first10 = D.| last11 = Kay| first11 = S.| last12 = Waite| first12 = D.| last13 = Trick| first13 = M.| last14 = Bancroft| first14 = I.| last15 = Gu| first15 = Y.| last16 = Huo| first16 = N.| last17 = Luo| first17 = M. C.| last18 = Sehgal| first18 = S.| last19 = Gill| first19 = B.| last20 = Kianian| first20 = S.| last21 = Anderson| first21 = O.| last22 = Kersey| first22 = P.| last23 = Dvorak| first23 = J.| last24 = McCombie| first24 = W. R.| last25 = Hall| first25 = A.| last26 = Mayer| first26 = K. F.| last27 = Edwards| first27 = K. J.| last28 = Bevan| first28 = M. W.| author-link28 = Michael W. Bevan| last29 = Hall| first29 = N.| doi = 10.1038/nature11650| pmc = 3510651| bibcode = 2012Natur.491..705B}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | author=Bonjean, Alain P. and William J. Angus (eds) | year= 2001 | title=The world wheat book : a history of wheat breeding | location=Andover | publisher=Intercept | isbn=978-1-898298-72-4 | page= 1131}} Excellent resource for 20th century plant breeding.</ref><ref>{{Cite book | author=Caligari, P.D.S. and P.E. Brandham (eds) | year=2001 | title=Wheat taxonomy : the legacy of John Percival | location=London | publisher=Linnean Society |
'''Common wheat''' ('''''Triticum aestivum'''''), also known as '''bread wheat''', is a cultivated [[wheat]] species.<ref> {{ Cite journal | pmid = 23192148 | year = 2012 | last1 = Brenchley | first1 = R. | title = Analysis of the bread wheat genome using whole-genome shotgun sequencing | journal = [[Nature (journal) |Nature]] | volume = 491 | issue = 7426 | pages = 705–10 | last2 = Spannagl | first2 = M. | last3 = Pfeifer | first3 = M. | last4 = Barker | first4 = G. L. | last5 = d'Amore | first5 = R. | last6 = Allen | first6 = A. M. | last7 = McKenzie | first7 = N. | last8 = Kramer | first8 = M. | last9 = Kerhornou | first9 = A. | last10 = Bolser | first10 = D. | last11 = Kay | first11 = S. | last12 = Waite | first12 = D. | last13 = Trick | first13 = M. | last14 = Bancroft | first14 = I. | last15 = Gu | first15 = Y. | last16 = Huo | first16 = N. | last17 = Luo | first17 = M. C. | last18 = Sehgal | first18 = S. | last19 = Gill | first19 = B. | last20 = Kianian | first20 = S. | last21 = Anderson | first21 = O. | last22 = Kersey | first22 = P. | last23 = Dvorak | first23 = J. | last24 = McCombie | first24 = W. R. | last25 = Hall | first25 = A. | last26 = Mayer | first26 = K. F. | last27 = Edwards | first27 = K. J. | last28 = Bevan | first28 = M. W. | author-link28 = Michael W. Bevan | last29 = Hall | first29 = N. | doi = 10.1038/nature11650 | pmc = 3510651 | bibcode = 2012Natur.491..705B }} </ref><ref>{{Cite book | author = Bonjean, Alain P. and William J. Angus (eds) | year = 2001 | title = The world wheat book : a history of wheat breeding | location = [[Andover, Massachusetts]], US | publisher = Intercept | isbn = 978-1-898298-72-4 | page = 1131 }} Excellent resource for 20th century plant breeding.</ref><ref> {{ Cite book | author = Caligari, P.D.S. and P.E. Brandham (eds) | year = 2001 | title = Wheat taxonomy : the legacy of John Percival | location = [[London]] | publisher = [[Linnean Society]] | issue = Special Issue 3 | page = 190 }} </ref><ref> {{Cite book | author = Heyne, E.G. (ed.) | year = 1987 | title = Wheat and wheat improvement | location = [[Madison, Wis.]], US | publisher = [[American Society of Agronomy]] | isbn = 978-0-89118-091-3 | page = 765 }} </ref><ref> {{ Cite book | last1 = Zohary | first1 = Daniel | author1-link = Daniel Zohary | first2 = Maria | last2 = Hopf | author2-link = Maria Hopf | year = 2000 | title = Domestication of Old World plants: the origin and spread of cultivated plants in West Asia | location = [[Oxford]] | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] (OUP) | isbn = 978-0-19-850356-9 | page = 316 }} Standard reference for evolution and early history.</ref> About 95% of wheat produced worldwide is common wheat;<ref name="10.1126/science.1251788"/> it is the most widely grown of all crops and the [[cereal]] with the highest monetary yield.<ref name="Kew">{{cite web|title= ''Triticum aestivum'' (bread wheat)|url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:332110-2|publisher= [[Kew Gardens]] |access-date=1 October 2016}}</ref> |
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== Taxonomy== |
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== Nomenclature and taxonomy of wheat and its cultivars== |
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{{Further |Taxonomy of wheat}} |
{{Further |Taxonomy of wheat}} |
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Numerous forms of wheat have evolved under human selection. This diversity has led to confusion in the naming of wheats, with names based on both genetic and morphological characteristics |
Numerous forms of wheat have evolved under human selection. This diversity has led to confusion in the naming of wheats, with names based on both genetic and morphological characteristics. |
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=== List of |
=== List of common cultivars === |
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* |
* Albimonte<ref name="ijtc">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2009.02.008| title = Occurrence of different inter-varietal and inter-organ defence strategies towards supra-optimal zinc concentrations in two cultivars of ''Triticum aestivum''L. | journal = [[Environmental and Experimental Botany]] | volume = 66| issue = 2| pages = 220| year = 2009| last1 = Sanità Di Toppi | first1 = L. | last2 = Castagna | first2 = A. | last3 = Andreozzi | first3 = E. | last4 = Careri | first4 = M. | last5 = Predieri | first5 = G. | last6 = Vurro | first6 = E. | last7 = Ranieri | first7 = A. | bibcode = 2009EnvEB..66..220S }}</ref> |
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* |
* Manital<ref name="ijtc"/> |
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* Shirley |
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* Hilliard |
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== |
=== Phylogeny === |
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Bread wheat is an [[ |
Bread wheat is an [[allohexaploid]] {{endash}} a combination of six sets of chromosomes from different species. Of the six sets of chromosomes, four come from [[emmer]] (''Triticum turgidum'', itself a [[tetraploid]]) and two from ''[[Aegilops tauschii]]'' (a wild [[diploid]] goatgrass). Wild emmer arose from an even earlier ploidy event, a tetraploidy between two diploids, wild [[einkorn]] (''T. urartu'') and ''[[Aegilops speltoides|A. speltoides]]'' (another wild goatgrass).<ref name = Harnessing > {{ Cite journal | year = 2016 | volume = 7 | page = 991 |vauthors=Mondal S, Rutkoski JE, Velu G, Singh PK, Crespo-Herrera LA, Guzmán C, Bhavani S, Lan C, He X, Singh RP | journal = [[Frontiers in Plant Science]] | title = Harnessing Diversity in Wheat to Enhance Grain Yield, Climate Resilience, Disease and Insect Pest Resistance and Nutrition Through Conventional and Modern Breeding Approaches | doi = 10.3389/fpls.2016.00991 | pmid = 27458472 | pmc = 4933717 | doi-access = free }} <!--- Published by Frontiers but cited by Guzman et al., 2016, etc. ---> </ref><ref name="10.1126/science.1251788">{{cite journal | doi = 10.1126/science.1251788 | pmid = 25035500 | title = A chromosome-based draft sequence of the hexaploid bread wheat (''Triticum aestivum'') genome | journal = [[Science (journal)|Science]] | date = 2014 | volume = 345 | issue = 6194 | pages = 1251788 | first = K. F. X. | last = Mayer| s2cid = 206555738 | url = https://escholarship.org/content/qt8rk2x6pj/qt8rk2x6pj.pdf?t=pv39mk }}</ref><ref> {{ Cite journal | doi = 10.1126/science.1250092 | pmid = 25035499 | title = Ancient hybridizations among the ancestral genomes of bread wheat | journal = [[Science (journal)|Science]] | date = 2014 | volume = 345 | issue = 6194 | pages = 1250092 | first = T. | last = Marcussen| s2cid = 206554636 }} </ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=De Oliveira |first1=Romain |last2=Rimbert |first2=Hélène |last3=Balfourier |first3=François |last4=Kitt |first4=Jonathan |last5=Dynomant |first5=Emeric |last6=Vrána |first6=Jan |last7=Doležel |first7=Jaroslav |last8=Cattonaro |first8=Federica |last9=Paux |first9=Etienne |last10=Choulet |first10=Frédéric |title=Structural Variations Affecting Genes and Transposable Elements of Chromosome 3B in Wheats |journal= [[Frontiers in Genetics]] |date=18 August 2020 |volume=11 |pages=891 |doi=10.3389/fgene.2020.00891|pmid=33014014 |pmc=7461782 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Matsuoka |first1=Yoshihiro |title=Evolution of Polyploid ''Triticum'' Wheats under Cultivation: The Role of Domestication, Natural Hybridization and Allopolyploid Speciation in their Diversification |journal= [[Plant and Cell Physiology]] |date=1 May 2011 |volume=52 |issue=5 |pages=750–764 |doi=10.1093/pcp/pcr018|pmid=21317146 |doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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Free-threshing [[wheat]] is closely related to [[spelt]]. As with spelt, genes contributed from '' |
Free-threshing [[wheat]] is closely related to [[spelt]]. As with spelt, genes contributed from ''Ae. tauschii'' give bread wheat greater cold hardiness than most wheats, and it is cultivated throughout the world's temperate regions.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} |
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== |
== Cultivation == |
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⚫ |
Common wheat was first domesticated in [[Western Asia]] during the early [[Holocene]], and spread from there to |
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=== History === |
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Wheat first reached [[North America]] with Spanish missions in the 16th century, but North America's role as a major exporter of grain dates from the colonization of the [[prairies]] in the 1870s. As grain exports from |
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⚫ | Common wheat was first domesticated in [[Western Asia]] during the early [[Holocene]], and spread from there to North Africa, Europe and East Asia in the prehistoric period.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}} Naked wheats (including ''Triticum aestivum'', ''[[Triticum durum|T. durum]]'', and ''[[Triticum turgidum|T. turgidum]]'') were found in Roman burial sites ranging from 100BCE to 300CE .<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rottoli|first1=Mauro|last2=Castiglioni|first2=Elisabetta|date=19 April 2011|title=Plant offerings from Roman cremations in northern Italy: a review|journal= [[Vegetation History and Archaeobotany]] |language=en|volume=20|issue=5|pages=495–506|doi=10.1007/s00334-011-0293-3|bibcode=2011VegHA..20..495R |s2cid=128545750|issn=0939-6314}}</ref> |
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⚫ | Wheat first reached [[North America]] with Spanish missions in the 16th century, but North America's role as a major exporter of grain dates from the colonization of the [[prairies]] in the 1870s. As grain exports from Russia ceased in the [[First World War]], grain production in [[Kansas]] doubled.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} |
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⚫ |
Worldwide, bread wheat has proved well adapted to modern industrial [[baking]], and has displaced many of the other wheat, [[barley]], and [[rye]] species that were once commonly used for [[bread]] making, particularly in Europe.{{ |
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⚫ | Worldwide, bread wheat has proved well adapted to modern industrial [[baking]], and has displaced many of the other wheat, [[barley]], and [[rye]] species that were once commonly used for [[bread]] making, particularly in Europe.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} |
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⚫ | |||
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[[File:A field of wheat.JPG|thumb|right| |
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Modern wheat varieties have been selected for short stems, the result of RHt dwarfing genes<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1007/s00122-002-1048-4| pmid = 12582931| title = "Perfect" markers for the Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b dwarfing genes in wheat| journal = Theoretical and Applied Genetics| volume = 105| issue = 6–7| pages = 1038–1042| year = 2002| last1 = |
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⚫ |
that reduce the plant's sensitivity to [[gibberellic acid]], a plant hormone that lengthens cells. RHt genes were introduced to modern wheat varieties in the 1960s by [[Norman Borlaug]] from [[Norin 10 wheat|Norin 10]] cultivars of wheat grown in [[Japan]]. Short stems are important because the application of high levels of chemical fertilizers would otherwise cause the stems to grow too high, resulting in lodging (collapse of the stems). Stem heights are also even, which is important for modern harvesting techniques.{{ |
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⚫ | |||
==Other forms of common wheat== |
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⚫ | [[File:A field of wheat.JPG|thumb|right|[[Deggendorf]], Germany|alt=Field in [[Deggendorf]], Germany ]] |
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[[File:usdacompactum.jpg| |
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⚫ | Modern wheat varieties have been selected for short stems, the result of RHt dwarfing genes<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1007/s00122-002-1048-4| pmid = 12582931| title = "Perfect" markers for the Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b dwarfing genes in wheat| journal = [[Theoretical and Applied Genetics]] | volume = 105| issue = 6–7| pages = 1038–1042| year = 2002 | s2cid = 22854512| last1 = Ellis| first1 = M.| last2 = Spielmeyer| first2 = W.| last3 = Gale| first3 = K.| last4 = Rebetzke| first4 = G.| last5 = Richards| first5 = R.}}</ref> |
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⚫ |
[[Triticum compactum|Compact wheats]] (e.g., club wheat ''[[Triticum compactum]]'', but in India '' |
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⚫ | that reduce the plant's sensitivity to [[gibberellic acid]], a plant hormone that lengthens cells. RHt genes were introduced to modern wheat varieties in the 1960s by [[Norman Borlaug]] from [[Norin 10 wheat|Norin 10]] cultivars of wheat grown in [[Japan]]. Short stems are important because the application of high levels of chemical fertilizers would otherwise cause the stems to grow too high, resulting in lodging (collapse of the stems). Stem heights are also even, which is important for modern harvesting techniques.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} |
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== |
== Other forms of common wheat == |
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⚫ | |||
* [[International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants]] |
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⚫ | [[Triticum compactum|Compact wheats]] (e.g., club wheat ''[[Triticum compactum]]'', but in India ''T. sphaerococcum'') are closely related to common wheat, but have a much more compact ear. Their shorter rachis segments lead to spikelets packed closer together. Compact wheats are often regarded as subspecies rather than species in their own right (thus ''T. aestivum'' subsp. ''compactum'').{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} |
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==References== |
== References == |
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{{Reflist}} |
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{{Wheat}} |
{{Wheat}} |
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{{Cereals}} |
{{Cereals}} |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q161098}} |
{{Taxonbar|from=Q161098}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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[[Category:Wheat cultivars]] |
[[Category:Wheat cultivars]] |
Common wheat | |
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![]() | |
Scientific classification ![]() | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Monocots |
Clade: | Commelinids |
Order: | Poales |
Family: | Poaceae |
Subfamily: | Pooideae |
Genus: | Triticum |
Species: |
T. aestivum
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Binomial name | |
Triticum aestivum | |
Synonyms | |
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Common wheat (Triticum aestivum), also known as bread wheat, is a cultivated wheat species.[1][2][3][4][5] About 95% of wheat produced worldwide is common wheat;[6] it is the most widely grown of all crops and the cereal with the highest monetary yield.[7]
Numerous forms of wheat have evolved under human selection. This diversity has led to confusion in the naming of wheats, with names based on both genetic and morphological characteristics.
Bread wheat is an allohexaploid – a combination of six sets of chromosomes from different species. Of the six sets of chromosomes, four come from emmer (Triticum turgidum, itself a tetraploid) and two from Aegilops tauschii (a wild diploid goatgrass). Wild emmer arose from an even earlier ploidy event, a tetraploidy between two diploids, wild einkorn (T. urartu) and A. speltoides (another wild goatgrass).[9][6][10][11][12]
Free-threshing wheat is closely related to spelt. As with spelt, genes contributed from Ae. tauschii give bread wheat greater cold hardiness than most wheats, and it is cultivated throughout the world's temperate regions.[citation needed]
Common wheat was first domesticated in Western Asia during the early Holocene, and spread from there to North Africa, Europe and East Asia in the prehistoric period.[citation needed] Naked wheats (including Triticum aestivum, T. durum, and T. turgidum) were found in Roman burial sites ranging from 100BCE to 300CE .[13]
Wheat first reached North America with Spanish missions in the 16th century, but North America's role as a major exporter of grain dates from the colonization of the prairies in the 1870s. As grain exports from Russia ceased in the First World War, grain production in Kansas doubled.[citation needed]
Worldwide, bread wheat has proved well adapted to modern industrial baking, and has displaced many of the other wheat, barley, and rye species that were once commonly used for bread making, particularly in Europe.[citation needed]
Modern wheat varieties have been selected for short stems, the result of RHt dwarfing genes[14] that reduce the plant's sensitivity to gibberellic acid, a plant hormone that lengthens cells. RHt genes were introduced to modern wheat varieties in the 1960s by Norman Borlaug from Norin 10 cultivars of wheat grown in Japan. Short stems are important because the application of high levels of chemical fertilizers would otherwise cause the stems to grow too high, resulting in lodging (collapse of the stems). Stem heights are also even, which is important for modern harvesting techniques.[citation needed]
Compact wheats (e.g., club wheat Triticum compactum, but in India T. sphaerococcum) are closely related to common wheat, but have a much more compact ear. Their shorter rachis segments lead to spikelets packed closer together. Compact wheats are often regarded as subspecies rather than species in their own right (thus T. aestivum subsp. compactum).[citation needed]
{{cite book}}
: |author=
has generic name (help) Excellent resource for 20th century plant breeding.
{{cite book}}
: |author=
has generic name (help)
{{cite book}}
: |author=
has generic name (help)
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Types |
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Agronomy |
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Trade |
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Plant parts and their uses |
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Basic preparation |
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As an ingredient |
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Associated human diseases |
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Related concepts |
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Cereals and pseudocereals
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Pseudocereals |
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Emerging grain crops |
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Triticum aestivum |
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