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{{Short description|Italian court}} |
{{Short description|Italian court}} |
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{{For|the film of the same name|Before the Jury}} |
{{For|the film of the same name|Before the Jury}}{{More footnotes needed|date=March 2023}}{{Politics of Italy}} |
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{{More footnotes needed|date=March 2023}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}} |
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{{Politics of Italy}} |
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The '''{{lang|it|Corte d'Assise|italic=no}}''' ({{lang-en|Court of Assizes}}) is an [[Law of Italy|Italian court]] composed of two professional, [[stipend]]iary judges or {{lang|it|giudici togati}}; and six [[lay judges]] or {{lang|it|giudici popolari}}, who are selected from the people. The {{lang|it|Corte d'Assise|italic=no}} has jurisdiction to try all crimes carrying a maximum penalty of 24 years in prison or more. These are the most serious crimes, such as [[terrorism]] and [[murder]]. [[Slavery]], killing a consenting human being, and helping a person to commit [[suicide]] are also serious crimes that are tried by this court. Penalties imposed by the court can include [[Life imprisonment in Italy|life sentence]]s ({{lang|it|ergastolo}}). The {{lang|it|Corte d'Assise|italic=no}} does not preside over cases involving [[attempted murder]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Factbook of Criminal Justice Systems: Italy |url=http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/pub/ascii/WFBCJITA.TXT |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118053611/http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/pub/ascii/WFBCJITA.TXT |archive-date=2012-01-18 |access-date=2011-11-15 |website=U.S. Department of Justice}}</ref> |
The '''{{lang|it|Corte d'Assise|italic=no}}''' ({{lang-en|Court of Assizes}}) is an [[Law of Italy|Italian court]] composed of two professional, [[stipend]]iary judges or {{lang|it|giudici togati}}; and six [[lay judges]] or {{lang|it|giudici popolari}}, who are selected from the people. The {{lang|it|Corte d'Assise|italic=no}} has jurisdiction to try all crimes carrying a maximum penalty of 24 years in prison or more. These are the most serious crimes, such as [[terrorism]] and [[murder]]. [[Slavery]], killing a consenting human being, and helping a person to commit [[suicide]] are also serious crimes that are tried by this court. Penalties imposed by the court can include [[Life imprisonment in Italy|life sentence]]s ({{lang|it|ergastolo}}). The {{lang|it|Corte d'Assise|italic=no}} does not preside over cases involving [[attempted murder]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Factbook of Criminal Justice Systems: Italy |url=http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/pub/ascii/WFBCJITA.TXT |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118053611/http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/pub/ascii/WFBCJITA.TXT |archive-date=2012-01-18 |access-date=2011-11-15 |website=U.S. Department of Justice}}</ref> |
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The prosecution is conducted by the Public Prosecutor ({{lang|it|[[Italian_Code_of_Criminal_Procedure#Pubblico_Ministero|Pubblico Ministero]]}}). Decisions are made by {{lang|it|giudici togati}} and {{lang|it|giudici popolari}} together at a special meeting held behind closed doors, named Council Chamber ({{lang|it|Camera di Consiglio}}), and the {{lang|it|Corte d'Assise|italic=no}} is required to publish written explanations of its decisions. |
The prosecution is conducted by the Public Prosecutor ({{lang|it|[[Italian_Code_of_Criminal_Procedure#Pubblico_Ministero|Pubblico Ministero]]}}). Decisions are made by {{lang|it|giudici togati}} and {{lang|it|giudici popolari}} together at a special meeting held behind closed doors, named Council Chamber ({{lang|it|Camera di Consiglio}}), and the {{lang|it|Corte d'Assise|italic=no}} is required to publish written explanations of its decisions. |
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===Office of lay judge and appointment thereto=== |
===Office of lay judge and appointment thereto=== |
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In every municipality (''[[comune]]''), a board composed by the mayor and two members of the municipal council ({{lang|it|Consiglio Comunale}}) form two registers containing all the citizens meeting the aforementioned criteria. If they do not see to that, the president of the local courthouse ({{lang|it|Tribunale}}) acts in their stead. The registers are then transmitted to the president of the courthouse. A board is then convened, formed by the president and all the mayors of the municipalities of the district, to form a register of all the eligible citizens living in that district. The register is then published and all citizen may raise objections within 15 days from publication. The registers are revised every two years. When a crime needs to be tried, the president of the courthouse draws the names of the lay judges and of their substitutes in a public audience. |
In every municipality (''[[comune]]''), a board composed by the mayor and two members of the municipal council ({{lang|it|Consiglio Comunale}}) form two registers containing all the citizens meeting the aforementioned criteria. If they do not see to that, the president of the local courthouse ({{lang|it|Tribunale}}) acts in their stead. The registers are then transmitted to the president of the courthouse. A board is then convened, formed by the president and all the mayors of the municipalities of the district, to form a register of all the eligible citizens living in that district. The register is then published and all citizen may raise objections within 15 days from publication. The registers are revised every two years. When a crime needs to be tried, the president of the courthouse draws the names of the lay judges and of their substitutes in a public audience. |
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After being appointed, the lay judges take the following oath: |
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{{blockquote|{{lang|it|Con la ferma volontà di compiere da persona d'onore tutto il mio dovere, cosciente della suprema importanza morale e civile dell'ufficio che la legge mi affida, giuro di ascoltare con diligenza e di esaminare con serenità prove e ragioni dell'accusa e della difesa, di formare il mio intimo convincimento giudicando con rettitudine ed imparzialità, e di tenere lontano dall'animo mio ogni sentimento di avversione e di favore, affinché la sentenza riesca quale la società deve attenderla: affermazione di verità e di giustizia. Giuro altresì di conservare il segreto.}}|}} |
{{blockquote|{{lang|it|Con la ferma volontà di compiere da persona d'onore tutto il mio dovere, cosciente della suprema importanza morale e civile dell'ufficio che la legge mi affida, giuro di ascoltare con diligenza e di esaminare con serenità prove e ragioni dell'accusa e della difesa, di formare il mio intimo convincimento giudicando con rettitudine ed imparzialità, e di tenere lontano dall'animo mio ogni sentimento di avversione e di favore, affinché la sentenza riesca quale la società deve attenderla: affermazione di verità e di giustizia. Giuro altresì di conservare il segreto.}}|}} |
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by which they swear they will diligently listen to the reasons of both the prosecution and the defense, will serenely examine the evidence, and will honestly and impartially judge. |
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The lay judges are paid for every day of actual exercise of their duty. In these instances, they are considered [[public official]]s. They continue in office for three months, or until the trial in which they are serving ends. Lay judges wear a sash in the [[Flag of Italy|national colours]] and are not technically ''[[jurors]]'', as the term is understood in Anglo-Saxon [[jurisprudence]]. The Italian word {{lang|it|Giudice}} (Judge) refers both to the eight together as a collective body and to each of them considered separately as a member of that body. |
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Since lay judges are not jurors, they cannot be excused, unless there are grounds that would also justify an objection to a judge. So, the office is practically mandatory. Also, they are not [[Sequestration (law)|sequestered]], because a trial often lasts too long to restrict travel. An Italian trial, including the preliminary investigations, preliminary hearing, trial and appeals, can last several years. Keeping a citizen - who continues to work, while serving as a lay judge - sequestered for years would be unfeasible. |
Since lay judges are not jurors, they cannot be excused, unless there are grounds that would also justify an objection to a judge. So, the office is practically mandatory. Also, they are not [[Sequestration (law)|sequestered]], because a trial often lasts too long to restrict travel. An Italian trial, including the preliminary investigations, preliminary hearing, trial and appeals, can last several years. Keeping a citizen - who continues to work, while serving as a lay judge - sequestered for years would be unfeasible. |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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* {{Lang|fr|[[Cour d'assises]]|italic=no}} |
* {{Lang|fr|[[Cour d'assises]]|italic=no}} - the French version of {{lang|it|Corte d'Assise|italic=no}} |
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* [[Court of assizes (Belgium)]] |
* [[Court of assizes (Belgium)]] |
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Latin: A a Á á À à  â Ä ä Ǎ ǎ Ă ă Ā ā à ã Å å Ą ą Æ æ Ǣ ǣ B b C c Ć ć Ċ ċ Ĉ ĉ Č č Ç ç D d Ď ď Đ đ Ḍ ḍ Ð ð E e É é È è Ė ė Ê ê Ë ë Ě ě Ĕ ĕ Ē ē Ẽ ẽ Ę ę Ẹ ẹ Ɛ ɛ Ǝ ǝ Ə ə F f G g Ġ ġ Ĝ ĝ Ğ ğ Ģ ģ H h Ĥ ĥ Ħ ħ Ḥ ḥ I i İ ı Í í Ì ì Î î Ï ï Ǐ ǐ Ĭ ĭ Ī ī Ĩ ĩ Į į Ị ị J j Ĵ ĵ K k Ķ ķ L l Ĺ ĺ Ŀ ŀ Ľ ľ Ļ ļ Ł ł Ḷ ḷ Ḹ ḹ M m Ṃ ṃ N n Ń ń Ň ň Ñ ñ Ņ ņ Ṇ ṇ Ŋ ŋ O o Ó ó Ò ò Ô ô Ö ö Ǒ ǒ Ŏ ŏ Ō ō Õ õ Ǫ ǫ Ọ ọ Ő ő Ø ø Œ œ Ɔ ɔ P p Q q R r Ŕ ŕ Ř ř Ŗ ŗ Ṛ ṛ Ṝ ṝ S s Ś ś Ŝ ŝ Š š Ş ş Ș ș Ṣ ṣ ß T t Ť ť Ţ ţ Ț ț Ṭ ṭ Þ þ U u Ú ú Ù ù Û û Ü ü Ǔ ǔ Ŭ ŭ Ū ū Ũ ũ Ů ů Ų ų Ụ ụ Ű ű Ǘ ǘ Ǜ ǜ Ǚ ǚ Ǖ ǖ V v W w Ŵ ŵ X x Y y Ý ý Ŷ ŷ Ÿ ÿ Ỹ ỹ Ȳ ȳ Z z Ź ź Ż ż Ž ž ß Ð ð Þ þ Ŋ ŋ Ə ə
Greek: Ά ά Έ έ Ή ή Ί ί Ό ό Ύ ύ Ώ ώ Α α Β β Γ γ Δ δ Ε ε Ζ ζ Η η Θ θ Ι ι Κ κ Λ λ Μ μ Ν ν Ξ ξ Ο ο Π π Ρ ρ Σ σ ς Τ τ Υ υ Φ φ Χ χ Ψ ψ Ω ω {{Polytonic|}}
Cyrillic: А а Б б В в Г г Ґ ґ Ѓ ѓ Д д Ђ ђ Е е Ё ё Є є Ж ж З з Ѕ ѕ И и І і Ї ї Й й Ј ј К к Ќ ќ Л л Љ љ М м Н н Њ њ О о П п Р р С с Т т Ћ ћ У у Ў ў Ф ф Х х Ц ц Ч ч Џ џ Ш ш Щ щ Ъ ъ Ы ы Ь ь Э э Ю ю Я я ́
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