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{{short description|Month of 1931}}
{{Events by month|1931}}
{{calendar|year=1931|month=December}}
The following events occurred in '''December 1931''':
[[File:Soviet calendar 1933 color.jpg|230px|thumb|left|December 1, 1931: Soviet Union institutes new six-day week policy, allowing workers and children one day off (marked in blue) for every five days worked]]
==[[December 1]], 1931 (Tuesday)==▼
[[File:Arkansas senator. Washington, D.C., March 11. Senator Hattie W. Caraway, Democrat of Arkansas, from a new informal picture made in her office at the Capitol today, 3-11-40 LCCN2016877256 (cropped).jpg|300px|thumb|Hattie Caraway sworn into office as United States Senator for Arkansas, only the second woman to hold office in the U.S. Senate]]
*A revision in the [[Soviet calendar]] went into effect, replacing the five-day work week with a new six-day system.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=November 24, 1931 |title=Russia Abandons 5 Day Week for One of Six Days |url= | work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]|page=1 |accessdate= }}</ref>▼
[[File:Christ saviour explosion.jpg|230px|thumb|left|December 5, 1931: Soviet government tears down Moscow's [[Cathedral of Christ the Savior]] to make way for planned [[Palace of the Soviets]], never constructed]]
*The second [[Round Table Conferences (India)|Round Table Conference]] on India broke off in London without success.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=December 1, 1931 |title=Gandhi is Ready to Renew Strife as Parley Fails |url= | work=[[Brooklyn Daily Eagle]] |publisher= |page=1 |accessdate= }}</ref>▼
▲*A revision in the [[Soviet calendar]] went into effect, replacing the five-day work week with a new six-day system.<ref>{{cite news
▲*The second [[Round Table Conferences (India)|Round Table Conference]] on India broke off in London without success.<ref>{{cite news
*'''Born:''' [[Jimmy Lyons]], alto saxophonist, in [[Jersey City, New Jersey]] (d. 1986); [[Jim Nesbitt]], country music singer, in [[Bishopville, South Carolina]] (d. 2007)
==
*[[1931 New Zealand general election
*'''Born:'''
*'''Born:''' [[Nigel Calder]], science writer, in England (d. 2014); [[Edwin Meese]], 75th United States Attorney General, in [[Oakland, California]] ▼
**[[Nigel Calder]], Scottish science writer and documentary producer; in [[Edinburgh]] (d. 2014)
▲*
**[[Gareth Wigan]], British-born American producer, talent agent and filmmaker; in [[London]] (d. 2010)
*'''Died:''' [[Vincent d'Indy]], 80, French composer and teacher
==
*[[Alka-Seltzer]] was first brought on the market by the [[Miles Laboratories|Dr. Miles Medical Company]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.themountaineagle.com/news/2014-12-03/Features/AlkaSeltzer_82_years_old.html |title=Alka-Seltzer 82 years old
*The film ''[[Blonde Crazy]]'' starring [[James Cagney]] was released.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://immortalephemera.com/21887/smart-money-1931-robinson-and-cagney/ |title=Smart Money (1931) Starring Edward G. Robinson and James Cagney |last=Aliperti |first=Cliff |date=August 14, 2012 |website=Immortal Ephemera |
*'''Born:''' [[Jaye P. Morgan]] (stage name for Mary Margaret Morgan), American singer and actress
==
*[[Adolf Hitler]] gave an interview to British and American press at the [[Hotel Kaiserhof (Berlin)|Hotel Kaiserhof]] in Berlin.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bonhoeffer |first=Dietrich |date=2012 |title=Ecumenical, Academic, and Pastoral Work, 1931–1932
==
*The [[Mahatma Gandhi]] left England to head back to India. "I return with a clear conscience", Gandhi said. "I have explored and exhausted every approach to peace."<ref>{{cite news
*The [[Montreal AAA Winged Wheelers]] defeated the [[Saskatchewan Roughriders|Regina Roughriders]]
*The [[Cathedral of Christ the Saviour]] in Moscow was demolished. The [[Palace of the Soviets]] was intended to be built in its place but never completed. At the end of the 20th century,
*'''Died:''' [[Vachel Lindsay]], 52, well-known American poet, killed himself by drinking a bottle of [[potassium hydroxide]] or
==
*[[Marģers Skujenieks]] became [[Prime Minister of Latvia]] for the second time.
*
==
*The resignation of [[Giovanni Giuriati]] as Secretary of the National Fascist Party was announced in Italy; [[Achille Starace]] was appointed to replace him.<ref>{{cite news |last=Darrah |first=David |date=December 8, 1931 |title=Duce Makes War Hero Chief Aid in Fascist Party
*The [[John Ford]]-directed drama film ''[[Arrowsmith (film)|Arrowsmith]]'' premiered at the [[Gaiety Theatre (New York City)|Gaiety Theatre]] in New York City.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holston |first=Kim R. |date=2013 |title=Movie Roadshows: A History and Filmography of Reserved-Seat Limited Showings, 1911–1973
==
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1989-0630-504, Heinrich Brüning.jpg|120px|thumb|Chancellor Bruening]]
*German President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] signed Chancellor [[Heinrich Brüning]]'s enormous 46-page emergency decree into law, slashing prices, wages and rents across the board in an effort to reverse inflation.<ref>{{cite news
*
*Herbert Hoover delivered the annual [[State of the Union]] message to Congress. The message reviewed the worldwide [[Great Depression|depression]] and laid out the measures the government was taking to alleviate the crisis, but made no mention of [[Prohibition in the United States|Prohibition]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Henning |first=Arthur Sears |date=December 9, 1931 |title=Message Held Key to Hoover 1932 Campaign | work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]|page=1 }}</ref>
==
*The Spanish [[Constituent Cortes|Constituent Assembly]] approved the new [[Spanish Constitution of 1931|Spanish Constitution]].<ref name="musiciandhistory">{{cite web |url=http://musicandhistory.com/music-and-history-by-the-year/192-1931.html |title=1931
*'''Born:''' [[Ladislav Smoljak]], film and
==
*The 1931 [[Nobel Prize]]s were awarded in [[Stockholm]]. The recipients were [[Carl Bosch]] and [[Friedrich Bergius]] of Germany for [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]], [[Otto Heinrich Warburg]] of Germany ([[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Medicine]]) and [[Erik Axel Karlfeldt]] of Sweden ([[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]]). The [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace Prize]] was awarded in [[Oslo]] to [[Jane Addams]] and [[Nicholas Murray Butler]] of the United States. The Physics Prize was not awarded that year.<ref name="chronicle of the 20th c.">{{cite book |last=Mercer |first=Derrik |date=1989
*In [[Clarksburg, West Virginia]], [[Harry Powers]] was convicted of first degree murder, which automatically carried a sentence of the death penalty.<ref>{{cite news
*The [[Alfred Hitchcock]]-directed film ''[[Rich and Strange]]'' was released in the United Kingdom.
*The final [[D. W. Griffith]]-directed film, ''[[The Struggle (1931 film)|The Struggle]]'', was released.<ref>{{cite book |last=Simmon |first=Scott |date=1993 |title=The Films of D. W. Griffith
==
*The [[Statute of Westminster 1931|Statute of Westminster]] was passed, establishing increased independence of the self-governing [[Dominion]]s of the [[British Empire]].
*[[Niceto Alcalá-Zamora]] was sworn in as the first [[Prime Minister of Spain|President of the Second Republic]] of Spain.<ref>{{cite news |last=Allen |first=Jay |date=December 12, 1931 |title=First President of Spaim Seated Amid Royal Echo
*The [[Chicago Cubs]] traded [[Hack Wilson]] and [[Bud Teachout]] to the [[St. Louis Cardinals]] for [[Burleigh Grimes]].<ref>{{cite web |url=
*'''Born:''' [[Rita Moreno]] (stage name for Rosa Alverio), Puerto Rican film, stage and TV actress and singer, winner of the Oscar, Tony, Emmy and Grammy awards; in [[Humacao, Puerto Rico]]
==
*Mahatma Gandhi met with [[Benito Mussolini]] in Rome. The two talked for half an hour through an interpreter.<ref>{{cite news |last=Darrah |first=David |date=December 13, 1931 |title=Pope Declines to See Gandhi in his Loin Cloth
*[[Army Black Knights football|Army]] defeated [[Navy Midshipmen football|Navy]]
==
*[[Inukai Tsuyoshi]] became [[Prime Minister of Japan]].
*[[Winston Churchill]] was hit by a car driven by [[Edward F. Cantasano]] while crossing [[Fifth Avenue]] in New York City. Churchill went to the hospital with some bruises and cuts but was discharged the following week. Cantasano was not charged because Churchill took full responsibility for the accident, having crossed against the light and forgotten which side of the road automobiles drive on in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/07/nyregion/thecity/07fyi.html?_r=0 |title=Not His Finest Hour |last=Pollak |first=Michael |date=May 7, 2006 |website=[[The New York Times]] |
==
*[[Walter Pfrimer]] and seven other ''[[Heimwehr]]'' leaders went on trial for high treason in [[Graz]], Austria over the September 13 Styrian revolt.<ref name="gulick">{{cite book |last=Gulick |first=Charles Adams |date=1948 |title=Austria from
*'''Born:''' [[Arsenio Laurel]], Philippine race car driver, in [[Tanauan, Batangas
==
[[File:Chiang1933.jpg|120px|thumb|Chiang Kai-shek]]
*[[Chiang Kai-shek]] resigned as [[President of the Republic of China]] and was succeeded by [[Lin Sen]].<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=December 16, 1931 |title=Thousands Riot in China Capital; President Quits |url= | work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]|page=11 |accessdate= }}</ref>▼
[[File:Lin Sen.jpg|120px|thumb|President Lin Sen]]
*'''Born:''' [[Evald Schorm]], film and stage director, screenwriter and actor, in [[Prague]], [[Czecheslovakia]] (d. 1988)▼
▲*[[Chiang Kai-shek]] resigned as [[President of the Republic of China]] and was succeeded by [[Lin Sen]].<ref>{{cite news
▲*'''Born:''' [[Evald Schorm]], Czechoslovakian film and stage director, screenwriter and actor, in [[Prague
==
*The [[Iron Front]], an [[Anti-fascism|anti-fascist]] paramilitary organization, formed in Germany.<ref name="musiciandhistory" />
==
*Japan suspended the [[gold standard]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Kindleburger |first=Charles P. |date=1986 |title=The World in Depression, 1929–1939
*'''Born:''' [[Dave Madden]], Canadian-born AmericanTV actor
==
*A jury acquitted Walter Pfrimer and his associates of treason charges.<ref name="gulick" />
*'''Died:''' [[Legs Diamond]], 34, American gangster,
==
[[File:James Scullin at his desk-02.jpg|150px|thumb|Defeated Prime Minister Scullin]]
*[[1931 Australian federal election|Elections were held in Australia]] for all 75 seats in the [[Australian House of Representatives]] and half (18 of 26) of the seats of the [[Australian Senate]]. The [[Australian Labor Party]], which had had a majority (46 of the 75 seats) and was led by Prime Minister [[James Scullin]], lost all but 14 of the races, while the newly formed [[United Australia Party]], led by [[Joseph Lyons]], won 39 seats and control of the House.
*[[Joseph Goebbels]] married [[Magda Goebbels|Magda Quandt]] on the estate of Magda's first husband, [[Günther Quandt]], in [[Severin, Germany|Severin]]. Adolf Hitler served as [[Groomsman#Best man|best man]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Ginsborg |first=Paul |date=2014 |title=Family Politics: Domestic Life, Devastation and Survival, 1900–1950
==
*The [[Kragujevac Football Subassociation]] was formed.
*'''Born:''' [[Mala Powers]], American film actress, in [[San Francisco
*'''Died:'''
*
**[[Rosa C. Petherick]], 60, British book illustrator
==
[[File:Joseph Aloysius Lyons (cropped).jpg|150px|thumb|New Australian Prime Minister Joe Lyons]]
*[[Joseph Lyons]] became the new [[Prime Minister of Australia]] as [[James Scullin]] resigned
*Japanese forces in Manchuria launched a new offensive, the [[Jinzhou Operation]].
▲*[[James Scullin]] resigned as Australian Prime Minister.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=December 22, 1931 |title=Man Who Ousted Australia Labor is Made Premier |url= | work=[[Chicago Daily Tribune]]|page=7 |accessdate= }}</ref>
==
*The roof of the [[Vatican Library]] partially collapsed, killing five and destroying 800 books.<ref name="musiciandhistory" />
==
*In [[Basel]], the [[Young Plan]] advisory committee issued a report stating that Germany would be unable to meet its reparations payments when the [[Hoover Moratorium]] expired in July, and that the only solution was another revision to the plan.<ref>{{cite news
*'''Born:''' [[Ronnie Schell]], American actor and comedian, in [[Richmond, California]]
*'''Died:'''
**[[Knowlton Ames]], 63, American football player and college football coach, later a financier, shot himself after financial reverses during the Great Depression.
**[[Tyrone Power, Sr.]], 62, English stage and film actor, died of a heart attack.
==
*
*'''Born:''' [[Mauricio Kagel]], Argentine composer
*'''Died:''' [[Carlo Fornasini]], Italian micropalaeontologist; in [[Bologna]] (b. 1854)
==
*The first [[Metropolitan Opera radio broadcasts|Metropolitan Opera network radio broadcast]] took place when the [[Engelbert Humperdinck (composer)|Engelbert Humperdinck]] opera ''[[Hansel and Gretel (opera)|Hansel and Gretel]]'' aired on NBC.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oldradio.org/2014/12/december-25-1931-hansel-and-gretel.html |title=December 25, 1931: Hansel and Gretel Opera Broadcast on NBC
*The film ''[[Hell Divers]]'', starring [[Wallace Beery]] and [[Clark Gable]], premiered at [[TCL Chinese Theatre|Grauman's Chinese Theatre]] in [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.graumanschinese.org/1931.html |title=1931
==
*The [[George Gershwin|George]] and [[Ira Gershwin]] musical ''[[Of Thee I Sing]]'' premiered at the [[Music Box Theatre]] on Broadway.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.playbillvault.com/Show/Detail/2686/Of-Thee-I-Sing |title=Of Thee I Sing
*The film ''[[Mata Hari (1931 film)|Mata Hari]]'', starring [[Greta Garbo]] in the title role, was released.
*'''Died:''' [[Melvil Dewey]], 80, American librarian
==
*Indian independence leader [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] was arrested
*'''Born:''' [[Scotty Moore]], American guitarist and recording engineer
*'''Died:''' [[José Figueroa Alcorta]], 71,
==
*The Mahatma Gandhi returned to India, docking at [[Mumbai|Bombay]]. A huge crowd was there to greet him despite the very early morning hour.<ref>{{cite news
*Sections of Los Angeles flooded after five days of rain.<ref>{{cite news
*'''Born:''' [[Martin Milner]], American film and TV actor known as the star of two series, ''Route 66'' and later for ''Adam-12''; in [[Detroit]]
==
*The [[Deseret News Publishing Company]] was founded.
==
*A two-day [[1931 Finnish prohibition referendum
*The [[Sippenbuch]], the genealogical clan book carried by every member of the [[Schutzstaffel|SS]], was created.<ref name="krononations">{{cite web |url=http://krononations.weebly.com/allemagne-1931.html |title=L'Allemagne en 1931 |
*'''Born:''' [[Skeeter Davis]] (stage name for Mary Frances Penick), American country music singer
==
*German President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] gave a New Year's address over the radio. "Germans deserve thanks and praise for the sacrifices they have made and the patience with which they have borne their sufferings and burdens", Hindenburg said. "The greatness of their sacrifice justifies Germany's demand that foreign countries should not seek to oppose Germany's restoration through imposition of impossible conditions." At one point during Hindenburg's address the broadcast was [[Broadcast signal intrusion|hijacked]] and an unknown voice called out, "Attention Germany! The Red fighters are here."<ref>{{cite news |last=Schultz |first=Sigrid |
*In the [[Northwest Territories]] of Canada near [[Aklavik]], four members of the [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]] trekked to the cabin of a mysterious man by the name of [[Albert Johnson (criminal)|Albert Johnson]] with a search warrant after Aboriginal trappers suspected him of interfering with their traps. When they knocked on Johnson's cabin door he responded with gunfire, seriously wounding one of the Mounties in the ensuing shootout. Johnson now faced the more serious charge of attempted murder of an RCMP officer.<ref>{{cite book |last=Smith |first=Barbara |date=2009 |title=The Mad Trapper: Unearthing a Mystery
*The film ''[[Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1931 film)|Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde]]'' starring [[Fredric March]] was released.
*'''Born:''' [[Bob Shaw]], Northern Irish science fiction writer
==References==
{{Reflist|
{{Events by month links}}
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[[Category:December|1931]]
[[Category:1931|*1931-12]]
[[Category:Months in the
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01 | 02 | 03 | 04 | 05 | ||
06 | 07 | 08 | 09 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 |
20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 |
27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 |
The following events occurred in December 1931: