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| COSPAR_ID = 2013-021C |
| COSPAR_ID = 2013-021C |
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| SATCAT = 39161 |
| SATCAT = 39161 |
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| mission_duration = Planned: 12 months <br/> Final: {{time interval|7 May 2013| |
| mission_duration = Planned: 12 months <br/> Final: {{time interval|7 May 2013 02:06:31|17 February 10:27:00 2015|show=ymd|sep=,}} |
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| spacecraft_bus = |
| spacecraft_bus = |
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| deactivated = {{start-date|17 Feb 2015, 10:27:00|timezone=yes}} UTC<ref>{{cite web | date=17 Feb 2015 | title=ESTCube-1's 651-day career: 53 dissertations and a marriage proposal | url=http://news.err.ee/v/2c355053-51f0-4e84-bb15-9a938402e234}}</ref> |
| deactivated = {{start-date|17 Feb 2015, 10:27:00|timezone=yes}} UTC<ref>{{cite web | date=17 Feb 2015 | title=ESTCube-1's 651-day career: 53 dissertations and a marriage proposal | url=http://news.err.ee/v/2c355053-51f0-4e84-bb15-9a938402e234}}</ref> |
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| last_contact = 19 May 2015<ref name="ESTCube-1_ceased_working">Vladislav-Veniamin Pustõnski, [http://www.eas.ee/kosmos/en/estonian-space-office/news/article/389-estcube-1-ceased-working ESTCube-1 ceased working after 2 years in orbit], Estonian Space Office (accessed 8 June 2016)</ref> |
| last_contact = 19 May 2015<ref name="ESTCube-1_ceased_working">Vladislav-Veniamin Pustõnski, [http://www.eas.ee/kosmos/en/estonian-space-office/news/article/389-estcube-1-ceased-working ESTCube-1 ceased working after 2 years in orbit] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311140551/https://www.eas.ee/kosmos/en/estonian-space-office/news/article/389-estcube-1-ceased-working |date=2018-03-11 }}, Estonian Space Office (accessed 8 June 2016)</ref> |
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| decay_date = 2038''*estimated'' |
| decay_date = 2038''*estimated'' |
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'''ESTCube-1''' is the first [[Estonia]]n satellite and first satellite in the world to attempt to use an [[Electric sail|electric solar wind sail]] (E-sail). It was launched on 7 May 2013 aboard [[Vega (rocket)|Vega]] [[Vega flight VV02|VV02]] carrier rocket<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Launchers/Launch_schedule|title=Launch schedule|last=esa}}</ref><ref name="Amsat" /> and successfully deployed into orbit.<ref name= "photo" /> The [[CubeSat]] standard for [[Nanosatellite#Nanosatellite|nanosatellite]]s was followed during the engineering of ESTCube-1, resulting in a 10×10×11.35 cm cube, with a volume of 1 liter and a mass of 1.048 kg.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arianespace.com/news-mission-update/2013/1026.asp |title=Estonia's student cubesat satellite is ready for the next Vega launch |publisher=[[Arianespace]] |access-date=March 25, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328122909/http://www.arianespace.com/news-mission-update/2013/1026.asp |archive-date=March 28, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nature.com/nature/supplements/regionalreport/estonia/ | title=ESTCube-1 mentioned in Nature's regional report | date= 17 Nov 2010}}</ref> |
'''ESTCube-1''' is the first [[Estonia]]n satellite and first satellite in the world to attempt to use an [[Electric sail|electric solar wind sail]] (E-sail). It was launched on 7 May 2013 aboard [[Vega (rocket)|Vega]] [[Vega flight VV02|VV02]] carrier rocket<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Launchers/Launch_schedule|title=Launch schedule|last=esa}}</ref><ref name="Amsat" /> and successfully deployed into orbit.<ref name= "photo" /> The [[CubeSat]] standard for [[Nanosatellite#Nanosatellite|nanosatellite]]s was followed during the engineering of ESTCube-1, resulting in a 10×10×11.35 cm cube, with a volume of 1 liter and a mass of 1.048 kg.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arianespace.com/news-mission-update/2013/1026.asp |title=Estonia's student cubesat satellite is ready for the next Vega launch |publisher=[[Arianespace]] |access-date=March 25, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328122909/http://www.arianespace.com/news-mission-update/2013/1026.asp |archive-date=March 28, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nature.com/nature/supplements/regionalreport/estonia/ | title=ESTCube-1 mentioned in Nature's regional report | date= 17 Nov 2010}}</ref> |
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The mission ended officially |
The mission ended officially on 17 February 2015 and it was said that during this time it resulted in 29 bachelor's and 19 master's dissertations, 5 doctoral theses and 4 start-ups.<ref>[http://news.err.ee/v/2c355053-51f0-4e84-bb15-9a938402e234 "ESTCube-1's 651-day career: 53 dissertations and a marriage proposal"] ERR, 17 February 2015</ref> The deployment of the E-sail tether was unsuccessful, and thus no measurements were taken of the E-sail or of the plasma braking deployment system.<ref name='end'>{{cite web | url=http://www.baltic-course.com/eng/Technology/?doc=102574 | title=ESTCube-1 sends its last words: "Long live Estonia!" | date= 17 Feb 2015}}</ref> The last signal from ESTCube-1 was received on 19 May 2015. |
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==Scientific purpose== |
==Scientific purpose== |
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[[File:The first image of the Earth, taken by ESTCube-1 nanosatellite..png|thumb|The first image of Earth taken by ESTCube-1 on May 15, 2013 |
[[File:The first image of the Earth, taken by ESTCube-1 nanosatellite..png|thumb|The first image of Earth taken by ESTCube-1 on May 15, 2013<ref name= "photo" />]] |
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[[File:ESTCube-1 E-sail experiment.jpg|thumb|ESTCube-1 E-sail experiment]] |
[[File:ESTCube-1 E-sail experiment.jpg|thumb|ESTCube-1 E-sail experiment]] |
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[[File:The structure of cubesat ESTCube-1 eng.jpg|thumb|The structure illustration of cubesat ESTCube-1]] |
[[File:The structure of cubesat ESTCube-1 eng.jpg|thumb|The structure illustration of cubesat ESTCube-1]] |
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==Orbit== |
==Orbit== |
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To complete the scientific experiment and communicate with the satellite on several occasions the orbit chosen was a [[Sun-synchronous orbit| |
To complete the scientific experiment and communicate with the satellite on several occasions the orbit chosen was a [[Sun-synchronous orbit|Sun–synchronous circular orbit]] at an altitude of 670 kilometers. ESTCube-1 was launched into orbit by [[Arianespace]], using [[Vega (rocket)|Vega]] [[Vega flight VV02|VV02]] rocket which lifted off from [[ELA-1]] at [[Guiana Space Centre|Kourou]] at 02:06:31 UTC on 7 May 2013. The satellite was placed into orbit and communication successfully established,<ref>Matteo Emanuelli, [http://www.spacesafetymagazine.com/2013/08/01/estonian-cubesat/ Estonian Cubesat on a Collision Course with Iridium-Cosmos Debris], August 1, 2013, ''Space Safety News'' (accessed Aug. 16 2013)</ref> with the first photo of the Earth taken on May 15 and transmitted to the ground on the amateur radio band.<ref name= "photo">Southgate Radio Amateur News, [http://www.southgatearc.org/news/may2013/first_picture_from_estcube1_ham_radio_cubesat.htm First picture from ESTCube-1 ham radio CubeSat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924104105/http://www.southgatearc.org/news/may2013/first_picture_from_estcube1_ham_radio_cubesat.htm |date=2015-09-24}}, May 22, 2013 (accessed Aug. 16 2013)</ref> |
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==Lifespan of the satellite== |
==Lifespan of the satellite== |
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*Orientation of the satellite so the on-board camera was facing Earth to acquire images of Estonia. That goal was achieved during the project. |
*Orientation of the satellite so the on-board camera was facing Earth to acquire images of Estonia. That goal was achieved during the project. |
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*Rotation of the satellite on its longitudinal axis with a speed of 1 revolution per second. ESTCube-1 became possibly the fastest controlled rotating satellite in history, reaching angular velocity 841 °/sec. |
*Rotation of the satellite on its longitudinal axis with a speed of 1 revolution per second. ESTCube-1 became possibly the fastest controlled rotating satellite in history, reaching angular velocity 841 °/sec. |
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*E-Sail element deployment from the satellite by [[centrifugal force]] was attempted in mid-October |
*E-Sail element deployment from the satellite by [[centrifugal force]] was attempted in mid-October 2014, however, the deployment failed, possibly due to a stuck reel.<ref name="ESTCube-1_ceased_working" /> No confirmation of the deployment was received via the on-board camera, and further E-sail experiments were not conducted. |
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*After the failure of E-Sail tether deployment, on-board cold cathode electron emitters were successfully tested. |
*After the failure of E-Sail tether deployment, on-board cold cathode electron emitters were successfully tested. |
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rect 2500 75 2820 315 [[Myanmar]] |
rect 2500 75 2820 315 [[Myanmar]] |
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rect 2180 315 2820 556 [[Bay of Bengal]] |
rect 2180 315 2820 556 [[Bay of Bengal]] |
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rect 174 586 814 1065 [[Algeria]] |
rect 174 586 814 1065 [[Algeria]] |
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rect 2180 1096 2820 1575 [[China–Mongolia border]] |
rect 2180 1096 2820 1575 [[China–Mongolia border]] |
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</imagemap> |
</imagemap> |
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Communication from the satellite was made at two [[International Amateur Radio Union]]s registered frequencies |
Communication from the satellite was made at two [[International Amateur Radio Union]]s registered frequencies |
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*437.250 MHz |
*437.250 MHz |
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*437.505 MHz<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.amsatuk.me.uk/iaru/finished_detail.php?serialnum=171 | title=ESTCube-1 | publisher=International Amateur Radio Union | date=15 Mar 2013 | access-date=March 25, 2013}}</ref> |
*437.505 MHz<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.amsatuk.me.uk/iaru/finished_detail.php?serialnum=171 | title=ESTCube-1 | publisher=International Amateur Radio Union | date=15 Mar 2013 | access-date=March 25, 2013 | archive-date=3 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303210603/http://www.amsatuk.me.uk/iaru/finished_detail.php?serialnum=171 | url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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Periodic but very slow communication was made by using 18 WPM telegraphy signal on a frequency of 437.250 MHz. At that frequency, the most important satellite parameters are returned every 3 to 10 minutes. For fast connections [[Frequency-shift keying|FSK-modulation]] radio signals on a frequency of 437.505 MHz with a 9600 baud connection speed and [[AX.25]] packet standard is used. The relatively slow connection speeds result from the use of amateur radio frequencies which limits the bandwidth to 25 kilohertz. The fast connection is used only when the satellite has been given a specific order. Both telegraphy and packet telemetry protocols of ESTCube-1 are published on project webpage.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.estcube.eu/en/telemetry-packet-description | title=Telemetry packet description | access-date=August 5, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.estcube.eu/en/radio/beacon-decoding | title=Beacon decoding | access-date=August 5, 2014}}</ref> |
Periodic but very slow communication was made by using 18 WPM telegraphy signal on a frequency of 437.250 MHz. At that frequency, the most important satellite parameters are returned every 3 to 10 minutes. For fast connections [[Frequency-shift keying|FSK-modulation]] radio signals on a frequency of 437.505 MHz with a 9600 baud connection speed and [[AX.25]] packet standard is used. The relatively slow connection speeds result from the use of amateur radio frequencies which limits the bandwidth to 25 kilohertz. The fast connection is used only when the satellite has been given a specific order. Both telegraphy and packet telemetry protocols of ESTCube-1 are published on project webpage.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.estcube.eu/en/telemetry-packet-description | title=Telemetry packet description | access-date=August 5, 2014 | archive-date=August 8, 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808061141/http://www.estcube.eu/en/telemetry-packet-description | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.estcube.eu/en/radio/beacon-decoding | title=Beacon decoding | access-date=August 5, 2014 | archive-date=August 8, 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808061129/http://www.estcube.eu/en/radio/beacon-decoding | url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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Commands sent to the satellite used the 145 MHz (2 meter) amateur band. |
Commands sent to the satellite used the 145 MHz (2 meter) amateur band. |
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==Financing and costs== |
==Financing and costs== |
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[[File:ESTCube-1 esitlus.jpg|thumb|ESTCube-1 presentation in January 2013 |
[[File:ESTCube-1 esitlus.jpg|thumb|ESTCube-1 presentation in January 2013]] |
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ESTCube-1 was launched as a secondary payload onboard [[Vega flight VV02]],<ref name="Amsat">Amsat-UK, [https://amsat-uk.org/tag/estcube-1/ ESTCube-1]. Retrieved 13 April 2017.</ref> the least expensive satellite launch offered by the [[European Space Agency]]. Because Estonia is an associated member of ESA, most of the launch expenses (about 70,000 euros) were covered by the Estonian member fee for educational expenses. With the launch, total expenses for the project were approximately 100,000 euros. |
ESTCube-1 was launched as a secondary payload onboard [[Vega flight VV02]],<ref name="Amsat">Amsat-UK, [https://amsat-uk.org/tag/estcube-1/ ESTCube-1]. Retrieved 13 April 2017.</ref> the least expensive satellite launch offered by the [[European Space Agency]]. Because Estonia is an associated member of ESA, most of the launch expenses (about 70,000 euros) were covered by the Estonian member fee for educational expenses. With the launch, total expenses for the project were approximately 100,000 euros. |
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{{Commons category}} |
{{Commons category}} |
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*[https://old.estcube.eu/en/home.html ESTcube-1 original homepage] |
*[https://old.estcube.eu/en/home.html ESTcube-1 original homepage] |
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*[https://www.estcube.eu/ESTCube-1 ESTcube-1 homepage] |
*[https://www.estcube.eu/ESTCube-1 ESTcube-1 homepage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231102450/https://www.estcube.eu/ESTCube-1 |date=2021-12-31 }} |
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*[https://kosmos.ut.ee/en Tartu Observatory homepage] |
*[https://kosmos.ut.ee/en Tartu Observatory homepage] |
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*[https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/e/estcube-1 ESTCube-1] details on eoPortal site |
*[https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/e/estcube-1 ESTCube-1] details on eoPortal site |
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*[http://www.uk.amsat.org/?p=11707 AMSAT UK overview on ESTcube-1] |
*[http://www.uk.amsat.org/?p=11707 AMSAT UK overview on ESTcube-1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203072106/http://www.uk.amsat.org/?p=11707 |date=2012-12-03 }} |
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*[http://www.electric-sailing.fi/ E-sail] – Electric solar wind sail website |
*[http://www.electric-sailing.fi/ E-sail] – Electric solar wind sail website |
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*[http://CubeSat.atl.calpoly.edu/ CubeSat "Home"] |
*[http://CubeSat.atl.calpoly.edu/ CubeSat "Home"] |
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[[Category:Student satellites]] |
[[Category:Student satellites]] |
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[[Category:CubeSats]] |
[[Category:CubeSats]] |
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[[Category:First artificial |
[[Category:First artificial satellites of a country]] |
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[[Category:2013 in Estonia]] |
[[Category:2013 in Estonia]] |
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[[Category:Spacecraft launched in 2013]] |
[[Category:Spacecraft launched in 2013]] |
![]()
ESTCube-1 illustration
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Mission type | Technology |
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Operator | University of Tartu |
COSPAR ID | 2013-021C ![]() |
SATCAT no. | 39161 |
Website | http://www.estcube.eu/en/home |
Mission duration | Planned: 12 months Final: 1 year, 9 months, 10 days |
Spacecraft properties | |
Launch mass | 1.048 kilograms (2.31 lb) |
Dry mass | 1.048 kilograms (2.31 lb) |
Power | 3.6 W [1] |
Start of mission | |
Launch date | 7 May 2013, 02:06:31 (2013-05-07UTC02:06:31Z) UTC |
Rocket | Vega flight VV02 |
Launch site | Kourou ELA-1 |
Contractor | ESA |
End of mission | |
Deactivated | 17 Feb 2015, 10:27:00 (2015-02-17UTC10:27Z) UTC[2] |
Last contact | 19 May 2015[1] |
Decay date | 2038*estimated |
Orbital parameters | |
Reference system | Geocentric |
Regime | Low Earth |
Perigee altitude | 665 km |
Apogee altitude | 665 km |
Inclination | 98.129 degrees |
Period | 98.03 minutes |
ESTCube-1 is the first Estonian satellite and first satellite in the world to attempt to use an electric solar wind sail (E-sail). It was launched on 7 May 2013 aboard Vega VV02 carrier rocket[3][4] and successfully deployed into orbit.[5] The CubeSat standard for nanosatellites was followed during the engineering of ESTCube-1, resulting in a 10×10×11.35 cm cube, with a volume of 1 liter and a mass of 1.048 kg.[6][7]
The mission ended officially on 17 February 2015 and it was said that during this time it resulted in 29 bachelor's and 19 master's dissertations, 5 doctoral theses and 4 start-ups.[8] The deployment of the E-sail tether was unsuccessful, and thus no measurements were taken of the E-sail or of the plasma braking deployment system.[9] The last signal from ESTCube-1 was received on 19 May 2015.
Developed as part of the Estonian Student Satellite Program, ESTCube-1 was an educational project in which university and high school students participated.[10][11]
While emphasis was placed on educating students during creation of ESTCube-1, it did have a scientific purpose. The satellite carried an electric solar wind sail (E-sail) which was invented by Finnish scientist Pekka Janhunen. During the ESTCube-1 flight, 10 meters of 20–50 micrometer thick E-sail wire, sometimes referred to as "Heytether," were to be deployed from the satellite. The deployment of the Heytether was to be detected by a decrease of the satellite's rotation speed or an onboard camera.[12]
To control the E-sail element's interaction with both the plasma surrounding the Earth and the effect it had on the spacecraft's spinning speed, two nanotechnology electron emitters/guns were on board. The electron emitters were connected to the E-sail element which was to be charged positively to 500 volts by shooting out electrons. The positive ions in the plasma were intended to push the E-sail element and influence the satellite's rotation speed. The effect of the plasma on the E-sail was to be measured by the change in said rotation speed. The tether had also been intended to de-orbit the satellite by use as a plasma-brake to demonstrate a possibility for returning small satellites from orbit. A color CMOS camera was also on board that was capable of making RAW-format pictures with VGA-resolution. This camera was used to acquire images of Earth and had been intended to monitor deployment of the Heytether.
To complete the scientific experiment and communicate with the satellite on several occasions the orbit chosen was a Sun–synchronous circular orbit at an altitude of 670 kilometers. ESTCube-1 was launched into orbit by Arianespace, using Vega VV02 rocket which lifted off from ELA-1atKourou at 02:06:31 UTC on 7 May 2013. The satellite was placed into orbit and communication successfully established,[13] with the first photo of the Earth taken on May 15 and transmitted to the ground on the amateur radio band.[5]
The plan, beginning with the 7 May 2013 launch, included the following steps:
The mission ended due to degradation of the photovoltaic power system[1] and subsequently the batteries became exhausted. The last official transmission was transmitted on 17 February 2015, however, imaging the Earth and gathering environmental data continued till May 19, 2015. The plan to test a solar sail the satellite carried failed since the sail cable unwinding mechanics did not survive the rocket takeoff vibration.[9]
During the development of the Estonian satellite mission it was decided to make a 1U CubeSat. By standard 1 unit (1U) CubeSat base side length must be 100.0±0.1 millimeters and satellite height must be 113.5±0.1 mm. Mass is also set in CubeSat standard, the highest possible mass for 1U CubeSat is 1300 grams.
Communication from the satellite was made at two International Amateur Radio Unions registered frequencies
Periodic but very slow communication was made by using 18 WPM telegraphy signal on a frequency of 437.250 MHz. At that frequency, the most important satellite parameters are returned every 3 to 10 minutes. For fast connections FSK-modulation radio signals on a frequency of 437.505 MHz with a 9600 baud connection speed and AX.25 packet standard is used. The relatively slow connection speeds result from the use of amateur radio frequencies which limits the bandwidth to 25 kilohertz. The fast connection is used only when the satellite has been given a specific order. Both telegraphy and packet telemetry protocols of ESTCube-1 are published on project webpage.[15][16]
Commands sent to the satellite used the 145 MHz (2 meter) amateur band.
ESTCube-1 microcontrollers use the following operating systems:
Mission Control System is currently being developed by the students of Tartu University under the supervision of the company CGI Group.
ESTCube-1 was launched as a secondary payload onboard Vega flight VV02,[4] the least expensive satellite launch offered by the European Space Agency. Because Estonia is an associated member of ESA, most of the launch expenses (about 70,000 euros) were covered by the Estonian member fee for educational expenses. With the launch, total expenses for the project were approximately 100,000 euros.
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This section needs expansion with: text. You can help by adding to it. (May 2015)
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The satellite successfully demonstrated the operation of the systems in space, with a two-year operational life. The deployment of the E-sail was unsuccessful, and no measurements were taken of the E-sail or of the plasma braking deployment system.[9]
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Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ). |