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{{Short description|Maltese architect and military engineer}} |
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{{Infobox person |
{{Infobox person |
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| name |
| name = Girolamo Cassa |
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| image |
| image = |
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| caption |
| caption = |
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| native_name |
| native_name = Ġlormu Cassar |
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| native_name_lang |
| native_name_lang = mt |
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| birth_date |
| birth_date = {{circa}} 1520 |
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| birth_place |
| birth_place = [[Gudja]], [[Malta (island)|Malta]], [[Kingdom of Sicily]] |
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| death_date |
| death_date = {{circa}} 1592 |
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| death_place |
| death_place = [[Valletta]], [[History of Malta under the Order of Saint John|Hospitaller Malta]] |
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| resting_place |
| resting_place = [[Basilica of St Dominic, Valletta|Church of Porto Salvo]], Valletta |
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⚫ | |||
| residence = probably Birgu, later Valletta |
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| occupation = [[Architect]] and [[military engineer]] |
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⚫ | |||
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| employer = [[Knights Hospitaller|Order of St. John]] |
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⚫ | | notable_works = Various buildings in [[Valletta]], including [[Saint John's Co-Cathedral]], the [[Grandmaster's Palace (Valletta)|Grandmaster's Palace]] and the [[Langue (Knights Hospitaller)#Auberges in Malta|auberges]] |
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| employer = [[Knights Hospitaller|Order of St. John]] |
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| style = [[Mannerism (architecture)|Mannerist]] |
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⚫ |
| notable_works |
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| |
| spouse = Mattea Cassar |
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⚫ | | children = [[Vittorio Cassar]]<br>Gabriele Cassar<br>Marietitina Cassar<br>Battistina Cassar<br>Caterinella Cassar<br>Gio Domenico (extra matrimonial) |
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| spouse = Mattea Cassar |
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⚫ |
| children |
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}} |
}} |
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'''Girolamo Cassar''' ({{lang-mt|Ġlormu Cassar}}, {{circa}} 1520 – {{circa}} 1592) was a [[Maltese people|Maltese]] architect and military engineer. He was the resident engineer of the [[Knights Hospitaller|Order of St. John]], and was admitted into the Order in |
'''Girolamo Cassar''' ({{lang-mt|Ġlormu Cassar}}, {{circa}} 1520 – {{circa}} 1592) was a [[Maltese people|Maltese]] architect and military engineer. He was the resident engineer of the [[Knights Hospitaller|Order of St. John]], and was admitted into the Order in 1567. He was involved in the construction of [[Valletta]], initially as an assistant to [[Francesco Laparelli]], before taking over the project himself. He designed many public, religious and private buildings in the new capital city, including [[Saint John's Co-Cathedral]], the [[Grandmaster's Palace (Valletta)|Grandmaster's Palace]] and the [[Langue (Knights Hospitaller)#Auberges in Malta|auberges]]. He was the father of [[Vittorio Cassar]], another architect and engineer. |
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==Biography== |
==Biography== |
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Cassar's date of birth is not known, but he is believed to have been born in around 1520 in either [[Birgu]] or [[Gudja]] |
Cassar's date of birth is not known, but he is believed to have been born in around 1520 in either [[Birgu]] or [[Gudja]]. The Cassar family, probably originating from Sicily, had been establishedinMalta since at least the year 1440.<ref name="melitensiawth">{{cite journal|last1=Mangion|first1=Giovanni|title=Girolamo Cassar Architetto maltese del cinquecento|journal=Melita Historica|date=1973|volume=6|issue=2|pages=192–200|url=http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Melita%20Historica/MH.06(1972-75)/MH.6(1972)2/orig07.pdf|publisher=Malta Historical Society|language=Italian|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416133159/http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Melita%20Historica/MH.06%281972-75%29/MH.6%281972%292/orig07.pdf|archivedate=16 April 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> He had two brothers, named Andreas and Ians, and married his wife Mathia in the early 1560s after which they had five children -two boys, [[Vittorio Cassar|Vittorio]] and Gabriele; and three girls, Marietta, Battistina and Caterinella. Cassar had another child, Gio Domenico, from an extra-matrimonial relationship which he made sure to inherit none of his will and testament, ironically justifying himself by writing that his son was disobedient.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Melita%20Historica/MH.14(2004-07)/MH.14(2007)4/02.pdf |title=De uxore proxima futura magistri Hieroniymi Cassar : new light on Girolamo Cassar's immediate family / J. Abela. Melita Historica. 14(2007)4(375-386) |access-date=2017-07-01 |archive-date=2020-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517160853/http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Melita%20Historica/MH.14%282004-07%29/MH.14%282007%294/02.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Cassar was initially a ''capomastro'' (master builder), and he was a pupil of [[Evangelista Menga]], the resident engineer of the [[Knights Hospitaller|Order of St. John]]. He worked as a military engineer during the [[Battle of Djerba]] in 1560 and the [[Great Siege of Malta]] in 1565. During the latter siege, he worked on repairing fortifications damaged by the Ottoman assaults, sometimes at great personal risk.<ref name="dictionary">{{cite book|last1=Schiavone|first1=Michael J.|title=Dictionary of Maltese Biographies Vol. 1 A–F|date=2009|publisher=Pubblikazzjonijiet Indipendenza|location=[[Pietà, Malta|Pietà]]|isbn=9789993291329|pages=520–521}}</ref> |
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In 1566, the Order decided to construct a new capital city [[Valletta]], and Cassar became the assistant of [[Francesco Laparelli]], the Italian military engineer who had been sent to design the [[fortifications of Valletta|city's fortifications]] and [[grid plan]]. On 22 April 1569, Cassar was received within the Order in recognition of his merits as an architect and engineer. At this point, the Grand Master issued him a passport and Cassar spent the rest of the year touring Italian cities,<ref name="dictionary"/> including [[Naples]], [[Rome]] and [[Lucca]]. He became familiar with the [[Mannerism (architecture)|Mannerist style]] during this tour, and he employed this style in many of his later buildings.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ellul|first1=Michael|title=In search of Girolamo Cassar: An unpublished manuscript at the State Archives of Lucca|journal=Melita Historica|date=2004|volume=XIV|issue=1|page=37|url=http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Melita%20Historica/MH.14(2004-07)/MH.14(2004)1/02.pdf|issn=1021-6952|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313191703/http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Melita%20Historica/MH.14%282004-07%29/MH.14%282004%291/02.pdf|archivedate=13 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
In 1566, the Order decided to construct a new capital city [[Valletta]], and Cassar became the assistant of [[Francesco Laparelli]], the Italian military engineer who had been sent to design the [[fortifications of Valletta|city's fortifications]] and [[grid plan]]. On 22 April 1569, Cassar was received within the Order in recognition of his merits as an architect and engineer. At this point, the Grand Master issued him a passport and Cassar spent the rest of the year touring Italian cities,<ref name="dictionary"/> including [[Naples]], [[Rome]] and [[Lucca]]. He became familiar with the [[Mannerism (architecture)|Mannerist style]] during this tour, and he employed this style in many of his later buildings.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ellul|first1=Michael|title=In search of Girolamo Cassar: An unpublished manuscript at the State Archives of Lucca|journal=Melita Historica|date=2004|volume=XIV|issue=1|page=37|url=http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Melita%20Historica/MH.14(2004-07)/MH.14(2004)1/02.pdf|issn=1021-6952|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313191703/http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Melita%20Historica/MH.14%282004-07%29/MH.14%282004%291/02.pdf|archivedate=13 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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==Buildings attributed to Cassar== |
==Buildings attributed to Cassar== |
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[[File:St |
[[File:St John's Co-Cathedral, Valletta 001.jpg|thumb|[[Saint John's Co-Cathedral]]]] |
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[[File:Building Malta.jpg|thumb|[[Verdala Palace]]]] |
[[File:Building Malta.jpg|thumb|[[Verdala Palace]]]] |
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[[File: |
[[File:Saqqajja, Mdina 09.jpg|thumb|[[St Mark's Church, Rabat|Church of St. Mark]] in [[Rabat, Malta|Rabat]]]] |
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The following is a list of buildings which are known to have been designed by Girolamo Cassar or are attributed to him:<ref name="dictionary"/> |
The following is a list of buildings which are known to have been designed by Girolamo Cassar or are attributed to him:<ref name="dictionary"/> |
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*Carmelite convent (1576) |
*Carmelite convent (1576) |
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*[[Collegiate Parish Church of St Paul's Shipwreck|Church of St. Paul's Shipwreck]] (1577–82) |
*[[Collegiate Parish Church of St Paul's Shipwreck|Church of St. Paul's Shipwreck]] (1577–82) |
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*[[ |
*[[Forni della Signoria]] ({{circa}} 1584) |
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*Second [[Auberge de France]] ({{circa}} 1588) |
*Second [[Auberge de France]] ({{circa}} 1588) |
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*Del Soccorso Chapel in [[Fort Saint Elmo]] |
*[[Chapel of St Anne, Fort St Elmo|Del Soccorso Chapel]] in [[Fort Saint Elmo]] |
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*Windmills |
*Windmills |
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==Personal life== |
==Personal life== |
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[[File:Statue of Francesco Laparelli and Girolamo Cassar.jpg|thumb|[[Monument to Francesco Laparelli and Girolamo Cassar]], Valletta]] |
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Girolamo Cassar was married to Mattea Cassar, and they had five children:<ref name="melitensiawth"/> |
Girolamo Cassar was married to Mattea Cassar, and they had five children:<ref name="melitensiawth"/> |
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[[File:Malta - Valletta - Triq Girolamo Cassar (St. James Bastion) 01 ies.jpg|thumb|Girolamo Cassar Avenue]] |
[[File:Malta - Valletta - Triq Girolamo Cassar (St. James Bastion) 01 ies.jpg|thumb|Girolamo Cassar Avenue]] |
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{{see also|Monument to Francesco Laparelli and Girolamo Cassar}} |
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Many of Cassar's buildings were altered or demolished between the 17th and the 20th centuries, and very few buildings still retain his original design. The only auberge in Valletta retaining Cassar's façade is [[Auberge d'Aragon]], with the only alteration being a portico which was added to the main doorway in the 19th century. Other buildings which retain Cassar's exterior design include [[Saint John's Co-Cathedral]] in Valletta and the [[St Mark's Church, Rabat|Church of St. Mark]] in Rabat, although their interiors were altered over time.<ref>{{cite news|title=Façade of church dedicated to St Mark in Rabat to be restored|url=http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2016-06-30/local-news/Facade-of-church-dedicated-to-St-Mark-in-Rabat-to-be-restored-6736160244|work=[[The Malta Independent]]|date=30 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701131243/http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2016-06-30/local-news/Facade-of-church-dedicated-to-St-Mark-in-Rabat-to-be-restored-6736160244|archivedate=1 July 2016}}</ref> |
Many of Cassar's buildings were altered or demolished between the 17th and the 20th centuries, and very few buildings still retain his original design. The only auberge in Valletta retaining Cassar's façade is [[Auberge d'Aragon]], with the only alteration being a portico which was added to the main doorway in the 19th century. Other buildings which retain Cassar's exterior design include [[Saint John's Co-Cathedral]] in Valletta and the [[St Mark's Church, Rabat|Church of St. Mark]] in Rabat, although their interiors were altered over time.<ref>{{cite news|title=Façade of church dedicated to St Mark in Rabat to be restored|url=http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2016-06-30/local-news/Facade-of-church-dedicated-to-St-Mark-in-Rabat-to-be-restored-6736160244|work=[[The Malta Independent]]|date=30 June 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701131243/http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2016-06-30/local-news/Facade-of-church-dedicated-to-St-Mark-in-Rabat-to-be-restored-6736160244|archivedate=1 July 2016}}</ref> |
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[[Category:Renaissance architects]] |
[[Category:Renaissance architects]] |
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[[Category:Knights of Malta]] |
[[Category:Knights of Malta]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Maltese slave owners]] |
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[[Category:Architects of cathedrals]] |
[[Category:Architects of cathedrals]] |
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[[Category:Architects of Roman Catholic churches]] |
[[Category:Architects of Roman Catholic churches]] |
Girolamo Cassa
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Ġlormu Cassar
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Born | c. 1520 |
Died | c. 1592 |
Resting place | Church of Porto Salvo, Valletta |
Nationality | Maltese |
Occupation(s) | Architect and military engineer |
Employer | Order of St. John |
Notable work | Various buildings in Valletta, including Saint John's Co-Cathedral, the Grandmaster's Palace and the auberges |
Style | Mannerist |
Spouse | Mattea Cassar |
Children | Vittorio Cassar Gabriele Cassar Marietitina Cassar Battistina Cassar Caterinella Cassar Gio Domenico (extra matrimonial) |
Girolamo Cassar (Maltese: Ġlormu Cassar, c. 1520 – c. 1592) was a Maltese architect and military engineer. He was the resident engineer of the Order of St. John, and was admitted into the Order in 1567. He was involved in the construction of Valletta, initially as an assistant to Francesco Laparelli, before taking over the project himself. He designed many public, religious and private buildings in the new capital city, including Saint John's Co-Cathedral, the Grandmaster's Palace and the auberges. He was the father of Vittorio Cassar, another architect and engineer.
Cassar's date of birth is not known, but he is believed to have been born in around 1520 in either BirguorGudja. The Cassar family, probably originating from Sicily, had been established in Malta since at least the year 1440.[1] He had two brothers, named Andreas and Ians, and married his wife Mathia in the early 1560s after which they had five children -two boys, Vittorio and Gabriele; and three girls, Marietta, Battistina and Caterinella. Cassar had another child, Gio Domenico, from an extra-matrimonial relationship which he made sure to inherit none of his will and testament, ironically justifying himself by writing that his son was disobedient.[2] Cassar was initially a capomastro (master builder), and he was a pupil of Evangelista Menga, the resident engineer of the Order of St. John. He worked as a military engineer during the Battle of Djerba in 1560 and the Great Siege of Malta in 1565. During the latter siege, he worked on repairing fortifications damaged by the Ottoman assaults, sometimes at great personal risk.[3]
In 1566, the Order decided to construct a new capital city Valletta, and Cassar became the assistant of Francesco Laparelli, the Italian military engineer who had been sent to design the city's fortifications and grid plan. On 22 April 1569, Cassar was received within the Order in recognition of his merits as an architect and engineer. At this point, the Grand Master issued him a passport and Cassar spent the rest of the year touring Italian cities,[3] including Naples, Rome and Lucca. He became familiar with the Mannerist style during this tour, and he employed this style in many of his later buildings.[4]
Upon his return to Malta in around late 1569, work on the Valletta fortifications was almost completed, and he took over the project after Laparelli left the island. He also became the Order's resident architect and engineer. He designed many public, religious and private buildings within the city, including the Grandmaster's Palace, the seven original auberges and the Conventual Church of St. John (now known as Saint John's Co-Cathedral). Cassar also designed a few buildings outside the capital city, most notably the Verdala PalaceinBuskett.[3] The original design of the Sacra Infermeria is also attributed to him.[5]
The date and circumstances of Cassar's death are not recorded. He made his second will on 9 January 1589. He is believed to have died in around 1592 in Valletta. He was buried in the Church of Porto Salvo in the same city.[3]
The following is a list of buildings which are known to have been designed by Girolamo Cassar or are attributed to him:[3]
Girolamo Cassar was married to Mattea Cassar, and they had five children:[1]
The Cassar family was sufficiently wealthy, and they had at least two slaves. They lived in a house located between present-day St. Ursula and Melita Streets in Valletta.[1]
Many of Cassar's buildings were altered or demolished between the 17th and the 20th centuries, and very few buildings still retain his original design. The only auberge in Valletta retaining Cassar's façade is Auberge d'Aragon, with the only alteration being a portico which was added to the main doorway in the 19th century. Other buildings which retain Cassar's exterior design include Saint John's Co-Cathedral in Valletta and the Church of St. Mark in Rabat, although their interiors were altered over time.[6]
After Malta's independence in 1964, the road leading from Floriana to Castille Square in Valletta was renamed from Duke of York Avenue to Girolamo Cassar Avenue (Maltese: Triq Girolamo Cassar) after the architect.[7]
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