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:{{lang|la|italic=no|<small>NOCTIACIS GRANNI D</small>(e) <small>S</small>(ua) <small>P</small>(ecunia) <small>D</small>}}(edit)<ref>''[[L'Année épigraphique|AE]]'' 1989: 521; ''AE'' 1991: 1222.</ref> |
:{{lang|la|italic=no|<small>NOCTIACIS GRANNI D</small>(e) <small>S</small>(ua) <small>P</small>(ecunia) <small>D</small>}}(edit)<ref>''[[L'Année épigraphique|AE]]'' 1989: 521; ''AE'' 1991: 1222.</ref> |
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Translation: "The [[vergobret]]us Postumus son of Dumnorix gave from his own money the ''Aqua Martia'' ("Water of Martius [or Mars]", an aqueduct<ref>Laurent Lamoine, ''Le pouvoir local en Gaule romaine'', Presses Universitaires Blaise Pascal, 2009, pp. 114-115.</ref>) for the ten-night festival of Grannus".{{ |
Translation: "The [[vergobret]]us Postumus son of Dumnorix gave from his own money the ''Aqua Martia'' ("Water of Martius [or Mars]", an aqueduct<ref>Laurent Lamoine, ''Le pouvoir local en Gaule romaine'', Presses Universitaires Blaise Pascal, 2009, pp. 114-115.</ref>) for the ten-night festival of Grannus".{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}} |
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==Divine entourage== |
==Divine entourage== |
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[[File:Autel d'Apollon Grannus et Sirona, Baumberg (Allemagne).jpg|thumb|Altar to Apollon Grannus and [[Sirona (goddess)|Sirona]], Baumberg ([[Germany]])]] |
[[File:Autel d'Apollon Grannus et Sirona, Baumberg (Allemagne).jpg|thumb|Altar to Apollon Grannus and [[Sirona (goddess)|Sirona]], Baumberg ([[Germany]])]] |
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The name Grannus is sometimes accompanied by those of other deities in the inscriptions. In [[Augsburg]], he is found with both [[Diana (mythology)|Diana]] and [[Sirona (goddess)|Sirona]];<ref>{{AE|1992|01304}}</ref> he is again invoked with Sirona at [[Rome]],<ref>{{CIL|06|00036}}</ref> |
The name Grannus is sometimes accompanied by those of other deities in the inscriptions. In [[Augsburg]], he is found with both [[Diana (mythology)|Diana]] and [[Sirona (goddess)|Sirona]];<ref>{{AE|1992|01304}}</ref> he is again invoked with Sirona at [[Rome]],<ref>{{CIL|06|00036}}</ref> [[Bitburg]],<ref>{{CIL|13|04129}}</ref> [[Baumberg]],<ref>{{CIL|03|05588}}</ref><ref name="SMF"/> [[Lauingen]],<ref>{{CIL|03|11903}}</ref> and [[Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa|Sarmizegetusa]] (twice).<ref>{{AE|1983|00828}}</ref> At [[Mengen, Germany|Ennetach]] he is with [[Nymph]]s,<ref>{{CIL|03|05861}}</ref> at [[Lauingen|Faimingen]] with [[Hygieia]] and the [[Cybele|Mother of the Gods]],<ref>{{CIL|03|05873}}</ref> and at [[Grand, Vosges|Grand]] with [[Sol (Roman mythology)|Sol]].<ref name="SMF"/> A votive altar at [[Astorga, Spain|Astorga]] invokes him after "holy [[Serapis]]" and "the many-named [[Isis]]", and before "the unvanquished [[Persephone|Core]] and [[Mars (mythology)|Mars]] [[Sagatus]]".<ref>{{AE|1968|00230}}. The dedicant is Julius Melanius, an [[Procurator (Roman)#As governors|imperial governor]].</ref><ref name="SMF"/> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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*{{Cite book|last=Delamarre|first=Xavier|title=Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: Une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental|year=2003|publisher=Errance|isbn=9782877723695|author-link=Xavier Delamarre}} |
*{{Cite book|last=Delamarre|first=Xavier|title=Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: Une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental|year=2003|publisher=Errance|isbn=9782877723695|author-link=Xavier Delamarre}} |
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*{{Cite book|last=Matasović|first=Ranko|title=Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic|year=2009|publisher=Brill|isbn=9789004173361|author-link=Ranko Matasović}} |
*{{Cite book|last=Matasović|first=Ranko|title=Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic|year=2009|publisher=Brill|isbn=9789004173361|author-link=Ranko Matasović}} |
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*{{Cite journal |last=Zeidler |first=Jürgen |year=2003 |title=On the etymology of Grannus |journal=Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages= |
*{{Cite journal |last=Zeidler |first=Jürgen |year=2003 |title=On the etymology of Grannus |journal=Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=77–92 |doi=10.1515/ZCPH.2003.77 |issn=0084-5302}} |
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==Further reading== |
==Further reading== |
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* Hofeneder, Andreas; Hainzmann, Manfred, and Mathieu, Nicolas. “Apollon Grannos – Überlegungen Zu Cassius Dio 77, 15,5–7”. In: ''Théonymie Celtique, Cultes, Interpretatio - Keltische Theonymie, Kulte, Interpretatio''. Edited by Andreas Hofeneder and Patrizia de Bernardo Stempel, 1st ed. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 2013. pp. |
* Hofeneder, Andreas; Hainzmann, Manfred, and Mathieu, Nicolas. “Apollon Grannos – Überlegungen Zu Cassius Dio 77, 15,5–7”. In: ''Théonymie Celtique, Cultes, Interpretatio - Keltische Theonymie, Kulte, Interpretatio''. Edited by Andreas Hofeneder and Patrizia de Bernardo Stempel, 1st ed. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 2013. pp. 101–112. http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv8mdn28.10. |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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Grannus (also Granus, Mogounus,[1] and Amarcolitanus[2]) was a Celtic deity of classical antiquity. He was regularly identified with ApolloasApollo Grannus and frequently worshipped in conjunction with Sirona, and sometimes with Mars and other deities.[3]
The theonym Grannus is a latinized form of Gaulish Grannos.[4] The same stem appears in the personal names Grania, Grannia, Grannicus, and Grannica, as well as in the place names Grignols (from an earlier *Granno-ialon 'Grannus' clearing'), Aquae Granni (> Aachen), and Granéjouls.[5]
Its etymology remains debated. The name could be connected to Proto-Celtic *grand-/grend-, meaning 'beard' (cf. Middle Irish grend, Middle Welsh grann 'chin, beard, cheek', Middle Breton grann 'eyebrow'), although some scholars have pointed that the god is never actually portrayed with a beard. Old French grenon ('small beard'), Old Spanish greñon ('beard') and Occitan gren ('moustache') are derived from an earlier *grennos, that is supposed to be Gaulish, but the vocalism is difficult to reconcile with the other forms.[5][6][7]
An alternative etymology connects the name to a reconstructed form *gra-snó- (< *gwhr-snó-), which could be related to Proto-Celtic *gwrīns-/gwrens-, meaning 'heat' (cf. Middle Irish grīs 'heat, glow, embers', Middle Welsh gwres 'heat [of the sun, fire], passion, lust').[4][8] Scholar Jürgen Zeidler contends that this would be a "probable reference to the sun's heat and its healing properties".[9] In early twentieth century scholarship, the theonym was often compared with the Old Irish grían ('sun'),[5] which, according to linguist Ranko Matasović, should be derived from Proto-Celtic *gwrensā (> Primitive Irish *gwrēnā).[8]
AtMonthelon, Grannus is called Deus Apollo Grannus Amarcolitanus[2] ("The one with a piercing or far-reaching look"[10]), and at Horbourg-Wihr Apollo Grannus Mogounus.[3][1]
In all of his centres of worship where he is assimilated to a Roman god, Grannus was identified with Apollo,[3] presumably in Apollo's role as a healing or solar deity. In Trier, he is identified more specifically with Phoebus as Apollo Grannus Phoebus.[11][3]
One of the god's most famous cult centres was at Aquae Granni (now Aachen, Germany). Aachen means ‘water’ in Old High German, a calque of the Roman name of "Aquae Granni".[12] The town's hot springs with temperatures between 45 °C and 75 °C lay in the somewhat inhospitably marshy area around Aachen's basin-shaped valley region.[12] Aachen first became a curative centreinHallstatt times.[12]
According to Cassius Dio, the Roman Emperor Caracalla (188 AD to 217 AD) unsuccessfully sought help from Apollo Grannus—as well as Aesculapius and Serapis—during a bout of physical and mental illness, visiting the god's shrine and making many votive offerings; Dio claims that the gods refused to heal him because they knew Caracalla's intentions to be evil.[13] Caracalla's visit to the shrine of ‘the Celtic healing-god’ Grannus was during the war with Germany in 213.[14][citation needed]
A 1st century AD Latin inscription from a public fountain in Limoges mentions a Gaulish ten-night festival of Grannus (lightly Latinized as decamnoctiacis Granni):
Translation: "The vergobretus Postumus son of Dumnorix gave from his own money the Aqua Martia ("Water of Martius [or Mars]", an aqueduct[16]) for the ten-night festival of Grannus".[citation needed]
The name Grannus is sometimes accompanied by those of other deities in the inscriptions. In Augsburg, he is found with both Diana and Sirona;[17] he is again invoked with Sirona at Rome,[18] Bitburg,[19] Baumberg,[20][3] Lauingen,[21] and Sarmizegetusa (twice).[22]AtEnnetach he is with Nymphs,[23]atFaimingen with Hygieia and the Mother of the Gods,[24] and at Grand with Sol.[3] A votive altar at Astorga invokes him after "holy Serapis" and "the many-named Isis", and before "the unvanquished Core and Mars Sagatus".[25][3]
Media related to Grannus at Wikimedia Commons| International |
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