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{{Short description|Genus of gastropods}} |
{{Short description|Genus of gastropods}} |
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{{for|the human use of Haliotis molluscs|Abalone}} |
{{for|the human use of Haliotis molluscs|Abalone}} |
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{{distinguish|Halitosis}} |
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{{Automatic taxobox |
{{Automatic taxobox |
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| fossil_range = {{Fossil range | Late Cretaceous | Recent | ref=<ref name="Geiger1999">{{harvnb|Geiger|Groves|1999|p=872}}</ref> }} |
| fossil_range = {{Fossil range | Late Cretaceous | Recent | ref=<ref name="Geiger1999">{{harvnb|Geiger|Groves|1999|p=872}}</ref> }} |
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This genus once contained six subgenera. These subgenera have become alternate representations of ''Haliotis''.<ref name="WoRMS">{{harvnb|Gofas|Tran|Bouchet|2014}}</ref> The genus consists of small to very large, edible, herbivorous [[sea snail]]s, [[marine (ocean)|marine]] [[gastropod]] [[mollusc]]s. The number of species recognized worldwide ranges between 30<ref name=DCMD>{{harvnb|Dauphin|Cuif|Mutvei|Denis|1989|p=9}}</ref> and 130,<ref name=Cox>{{harvnb|Cox|1962|p=8}}</ref> with over 230 species-level taxa described. The most comprehensive treatment of the family considers 56 species valid, with 18 additional subspecies.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=D.L.|first=Geiger|date=1999|title=Distribution and biogeography of the recent Haliotidae (Gastropoda: Vetigastropoda) world-wide|url=http://www.marinespecies.org/imis.php?module=ref&refid=999&basketaction=add|journal=Bollettino Malacologico|language=en}}</ref> |
This genus once contained six subgenera. These subgenera have become alternate representations of ''Haliotis''.<ref name="WoRMS">{{harvnb|Gofas|Tran|Bouchet|2014}}</ref> The genus consists of small to very large, edible, herbivorous [[sea snail]]s, [[marine (ocean)|marine]] [[gastropod]] [[mollusc]]s. The number of species recognized worldwide ranges between 30<ref name=DCMD>{{harvnb|Dauphin|Cuif|Mutvei|Denis|1989|p=9}}</ref> and 130,<ref name=Cox>{{harvnb|Cox|1962|p=8}}</ref> with over 230 species-level taxa described. The most comprehensive treatment of the family considers 56 species valid, with 18 additional subspecies.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=D.L.|first=Geiger|date=1999|title=Distribution and biogeography of the recent Haliotidae (Gastropoda: Vetigastropoda) world-wide|url=http://www.marinespecies.org/imis.php?module=ref&refid=999&basketaction=add|journal=Bollettino Malacologico|language=en}}</ref> |
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Other [[common name]]s are '''ear shells''', '''sea ears''', and, rarely, '''muttonfish''' or '''muttonshells''' in parts of Australia, '''ormer''' in [[United Kingdom|the UK]], '''perlemoen''' in [[South Africa]], and the |
Other [[common name]]s are '''ear shells''', '''sea ears''', and, rarely, '''muttonfish''' or '''muttonshells''' in parts of Australia, '''ormer''' in [[United Kingdom|the UK]], '''perlemoen''' in [[South Africa]], and the [[Māori language|Māori]] name for three species in New Zealand is '''pāua'''.<ref name="MtSS">{{harvnb|Beesley|Ross|Wells|1998}}{{page needed|date=August 2014}}</ref> |
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==Description== |
==Description== |
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A [[mantle (mollusc)|mantle]] cleft in the shell impresses a groove in the shell, in which are the row of holes (known as tremata), characteristic of the genus. These holes are respiratory apertures for venting water from the gills and for releasing sperm and eggs into the water column. They make up what is known as the [[selenizone]] which forms as the shell grows. This series of eight to 38 holes is near the anterior margin. Only a small number are generally open. The older holes are gradually sealed up as the shell grows and new holes form. Therefore, the number of tremata is not characteristic for the species. Each species has a number of open holes, between four and 10, in the selenizone. This number is not fixed and can vary within a species and between populations. Abalones have no [[Operculum (gastropod)|operculum]]. The [[Aperture (mollusc)|aperture]] of the shell is very wide and [[wikt:nacreous|nacreous]]. |
A [[mantle (mollusc)|mantle]] cleft in the shell impresses a groove in the shell, in which are the row of holes (known as tremata), characteristic of the genus. These holes are respiratory apertures for venting water from the gills and for releasing sperm and eggs into the water column. They make up what is known as the [[selenizone]] which forms as the shell grows. This series of eight to 38 holes is near the anterior margin. Only a small number are generally open. The older holes are gradually sealed up as the shell grows and new holes form. Therefore, the number of tremata is not characteristic for the species. Each species has a number of open holes, between four and 10, in the selenizone. This number is not fixed and can vary within a species and between populations. Abalones have no [[Operculum (gastropod)|operculum]]. The [[Aperture (mollusc)|aperture]] of the shell is very wide and [[wikt:nacreous|nacreous]]. |
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The exterior of the shell is striated and dull. The color of the shell is very variable from species to species, which may reflect the animal's diet.<ref name="MtSS" |
The exterior of the shell is striated and dull. The color of the shell is very variable from species to species, which may reflect the animal's diet.<ref name="MtSS"/> The iridescent nacre that lines the inside of the shell varies in color from silvery white, to pink, red and green-red, to deep blue, green to purple. |
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The animal shows [[wikt:fimbriated|fimbriated]] head-lobes. The side-lobes are also fimbriated and [[Cirrus (biology)|cirrated]]. The rounded foot is very large. The [[radula]] has small median teeth, and the lateral teeth are single and beam-like. About 70 [[uncini]] are present, with [[wikt:denticulated|denticulated]] hooks, the first four very large. The soft body is coiled around the [[Columella (gastropod)|columellar muscle]], and its insertion, instead of being on the columella, is on the middle of the inner wall of the shell. The [[gill]]s are symmetrical and both well developed.<ref name="Tryon">{{harvnb|Tryon |
The animal shows [[wikt:fimbriated|fimbriated]] head-lobes. The side-lobes are also fimbriated and [[Cirrus (biology)|cirrated]]. The rounded foot is very large. The [[radula]] has small median teeth, and the lateral teeth are single and beam-like. About 70 [[uncini]] are present, with [[wikt:denticulated|denticulated]] hooks, the first four very large. The soft body is coiled around the [[Columella (gastropod)|columellar muscle]], and its insertion, instead of being on the columella, is on the middle of the inner wall of the shell. The [[gill]]s are symmetrical and both well developed.<ref name="Tryon">{{harvnb|Tryon|1880|p=41}}</ref> |
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These snails cling solidly with their broad muscular foot to rocky surfaces at [[Sublittoral zone|sublittoral]] depths, although some species such as ''[[Haliotis cracherodii]]'' used to be common in the [[intertidal zone]]. Abalones reach maturity at a relatively small size. Their [[fecundity]] is high and increases with their size (from 10,000 to 11 million eggs at a time). The [[spermatozoa]] are [[wikt:filiform|filiform]] and pointed at one end, and the anterior end is a rounded head.<ref name="Tryon1">{{harvnb|Tryon |
These snails cling solidly with their broad muscular foot to rocky surfaces at [[Sublittoral zone|sublittoral]] depths, although some species such as ''[[Haliotis cracherodii]]'' used to be common in the [[intertidal zone]]. Abalones reach maturity at a relatively small size. Their [[fecundity]] is high and increases with their size (from 10,000 to 11 million eggs at a time). The [[spermatozoa]] are [[wikt:filiform|filiform]] and pointed at one end, and the anterior end is a rounded head.<ref name="Tryon1">{{harvnb|Tryon|1880|p=46}}</ref> |
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The [[larva]]e are [[Lecithotrophic#Larval development strategies|lecithotrophic]]. The adults are [[herbivorous]] and feed with their [[Radula#The seven basic types|rhipidoglossan]] radula on [[macroalgae]], preferring red or brown algae. Sizes vary from {{convert|20|mm|in|abbr=on}} (''[[Haliotis pulcherrima]]'') to {{convert|200|mm|in|abbr=on}}, while ''[[Haliotis rufescens]]'' is the largest of the genus at {{convert|12|in|cm|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{harvnb|Hoiberg|1993|p=7}}</ref> |
The [[larva]]e are [[Lecithotrophic#Larval development strategies|lecithotrophic]]. The adults are [[herbivorous]] and feed with their [[Radula#The seven basic types|rhipidoglossan]] radula on [[macroalgae]], preferring red or brown algae. Sizes vary from {{convert|20|mm|in|abbr=on}} (''[[Haliotis pulcherrima]]'') to {{convert|200|mm|in|abbr=on}}, while ''[[Haliotis rufescens]]'' is the largest of the genus at {{convert|12|in|cm|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{harvnb|Hoiberg|1993|p=7}}</ref> |
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The number of species that are recognized within the genus ''Haliotis'' has fluctuated over time, and depends on the source that is consulted. The number of recognized species ranges from 30<ref name=DCMD/> to 130.<ref name=Cox/> This list finds a compromise using the "[[WoRMS]]" database, plus some species that have been added, for a total of 57.<ref name="WoRMS">{{harvnb|Gofas|Tran|Bouchet|2014}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Abbott|Dance|2000}}</ref> The majority of abalone have not been evaluated for conservation status. Those that have been reviewed tend to show that the abalone in general is declining in numbers, and will need protection throughout the globe. |
The number of species that are recognized within the genus ''Haliotis'' has fluctuated over time, and depends on the source that is consulted. The number of recognized species ranges from 30<ref name=DCMD/> to 130.<ref name=Cox/> This list finds a compromise using the "[[WoRMS]]" database, plus some species that have been added, for a total of 57.<ref name="WoRMS">{{harvnb|Gofas|Tran|Bouchet|2014}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Abbott|Dance|2000}}</ref> The majority of abalone have not been evaluated for conservation status. Those that have been reviewed tend to show that the abalone in general is declining in numbers, and will need protection throughout the globe. |
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=== Extant species === |
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{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable" |
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|+ Species of abalone |
|+ Species of abalone |
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! Species !! Range !! Conservation status |
! Species !! Range !! Conservation status |
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| ''[[Haliotis alfredensis]]'' <small>[[Paul Bartsch|Bartsch]], 1915</small>{{refn|group=nb|This species, depending on the source is its own species<ref name=WAlfred>{{harvnb|Tran|Bouchet|2009}}</ref> or is a synonym of ''Haliotis speciosa''.<ref>{{harvnb|EoL|2014}}</ref>}} || [[South Africa]] ||| |
| ''[[Haliotis alfredensis]]'' <small>[[Paul Bartsch|Bartsch]], 1915</small>{{refn|group=nb|This species, depending on the source is its own species<ref name=WAlfred>{{harvnb|Tran|Bouchet|2009}}</ref> or is a synonym of ''Haliotis speciosa''.<ref>{{harvnb|EoL|2014}}</ref>}} || [[South Africa]] ||| {{IUCN status|DD|78748407|1}} |
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| ''[[Haliotis arabiensis]]'' <small>Owen, Regter & Van Laethem, 2016</small> || Off Yemen and Oman||| |
| ''[[Haliotis arabiensis]]'' <small>Owen, Regter & Van Laethem, 2016</small> || Off Yemen and Oman||| {{IUCN status|NT|157247863|1}} |
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| ''[[Haliotis asinina]]'' <small>[[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]</small> || [[Philippines]]; [[Indonesia]]; [[Australia]]; [[Japan]]; [[Thailand]]; [[Vietnam]] ||| |
| ''[[Haliotis asinina]]'' <small>[[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]</small> || [[Philippines]]; [[Indonesia]]; [[Australia]]; [[Japan]]; [[Thailand]]; [[Vietnam]] ||| {{IUCN status|LC|78749198|1}} |
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| ''[[Haliotis australis]]'' <small>[[Johann Friedrich Gmelin|Gmelin]], 1791</small> || [[New Zealand]] ||| |
| ''[[Haliotis australis]]'' <small>[[Johann Friedrich Gmelin|Gmelin]], 1791</small> || [[New Zealand]] ||| {{IUCN status|LC|78763353|1}} |
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| ''[[Haliotis brazieri]]'' <small>[[George French Angas|Angas]], 1869</small> || Eastern Australia ||| {{IUCN status|NT|78763607|1}} |
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| ''[[Haliotis |
| ''[[Haliotis clathrata]]'' <small>[[Lovell Augustus Reeve|Reeve]], 1846</small> || [[Seychelles]]; [[Comores]]; [[Madagascar]]; [[Mauritius]]; [[Kenya]] ||| {{IUCN status|LC|78763614|1}} |
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| ''[[Haliotis |
| ''[[Haliotis coccoradiata]]'' <small>Reeve, 1846</small> || Eastern Australia ||| {{IUCN status|LC|78763643|1}} |
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| ⚫ | | ''[[Haliotis corrugata]]'' <small>[[William Wood (zoologist)|Wood]], 1828</small> || [[California]], USA; [[Baja California peninsula|Baja California]], [[Mexico]] ||| {{IUCN status|CR|78763727|1}}, Species of Concern [[NMFS|National Marine Fisheries Service]];<ref>{{harvnb|Neuman|2007}}</ref> Vulnerable (global) and imperiled (California) [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife]]<ref name="DFG">{{harvnb|State of California|2011}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ |
| ''[[Haliotis |
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| ''[[Haliotis |
| ''[[Haliotis cracherodii]]'' <small>[[William Elford Leach|Leach]], 1814</small> || California, USA; Baja California, Mexico ||| {{IUCN status|CR|41880|1}}, Vulnerable (Global, Nation: US, State: California) [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife]];<ref name="DFG" /><ref>{{harvnb|Anon|2014f}}</ref> Listed endangered [[NMFS|National Marine Fisheries Service]]<ref>{{harvnb|Anon|2009}}</ref> |
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| ''[[Haliotis cyclobates]]'' <small>[[François Péron|Péron]] & [[Charles Alexandre Lesueur|Lesueur]], 1816</small> || Southern Australia ||| {{IUCN status|LC|78763977|1}} |
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| ⚫ |
| ''[[Haliotis |
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| ''[[Haliotis |
| ''[[Haliotis dalli]]'' <small>Henderson, 1915</small> || [[Galapagos Islands]], western [[Colombia]]||| {{IUCN status|DD|78764148|1}} |
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| ''[[Haliotis |
| ''[[Haliotis discus]]'' <small>Reeve, 1846</small> || [[Japan]]; [[South Korea]] ||| {{IUCN status|EN|78764186|1}} |
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| ''[[Haliotis |
| ''[[Haliotis dissona]]'' <small>([[Tom Iredale|Iredale]], 1929)</small> || Australia; [[New Caledonia]] ||| {{IUCN status|LC|78764274|1}} |
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| ''[[Haliotis |
| ''[[Haliotis diversicolor]]'' <small>Reeve, 1846</small> || Japan; Australia; [[Southeast Asia]] ||| {{IUCN status|DD|78764384|1}} |
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| ''[[Haliotis |
| ''[[Haliotis drogini]]'' <small>[[Buzz Owen|Owen]] & Reitz, 2012</small> || [[Cocos Island]]||| {{IUCN status|VU|78764677|1}} |
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| ''[[Haliotis |
| ''[[Haliotis elegans]]'' <small>Koch & [[Rodolfo Amando Philippi|Philippi]], 1844</small> || Western Australia ||| {{IUCN status|LC|78764711|1}} |
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| ''[[Haliotis |
| ''[[Haliotis exigua]]'' <small>[[Wilhelm Dunker|Dunker, R.W.]], 1877</small> (synonym of ''H. diversicolor'') ||Japan ||| Not evaluated |
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| ''[[Haliotis |
| ''[[Haliotis fatui]]'' <small>[[Daniel L. Geiger|Geiger]], 1999</small> || [[Tonga]] [[Mariana Islands]] ||| {{IUCN status|DD|78764797|1}} |
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| ⚫ | | ''[[Haliotis fulgens]]'' <small>[[Rodolfo Amando Philippi|Philippi]], 1845</small> || California, USA; Baja California, Mexico ||| {{IUCN status|CR|78768961|1}}, Vulnerable (Global, State: California [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife]]);<ref name="DFG" /> Species of Concern [[National Marine Fisheries Service|NMFS]]<ref>{{harvnb|Neuman|2009}}</ref> |
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| ''[[Haliotis fatui]]'' <small>[[Daniel L. Geiger|Geiger]], 1999</small> || [[Tonga]] [[Mariana Islands]] ||| Not evaluated |
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| ''[[Haliotis geigeri]]'' <small>Owen, 2014</small> ||São Tomé and Príncipe Islands ||| {{IUCN status|VU|78768971|1}} |
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| ⚫ | | ''[[Haliotis gigantea]]'' <small>Gmelin, 1791</small> || Japan ||| {{IUCN status|EN|78768975|1}} |
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| ⚫ | | ''[[Haliotis fulgens]]'' <small>[[Rodolfo Amando Philippi|Philippi]], 1845</small> || California, USA; Baja California, Mexico ||| Vulnerable (Global, State: California [[California Department of Fish and Wildlife]]);<ref name=DFG/> Species of Concern [[National Marine Fisheries Service|NMFS]]<ref>{{harvnb|Neuman|2009}}</ref> |
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| ''[[Haliotis |
| ''[[Haliotis glabra]]'' <small>[[Johann Friedrich Gmelin|Gmelin]], 1791</small> || [[Philippines]]; [[Vietnam]] ||| {{IUCN status|LC|78768980|1}} |
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| ''[[Haliotis |
| ''[[Haliotis iris]]'' <small>Gmelin, 1791</small> || New Zealand ||| {{IUCN status|LC|78769001|1}} |
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| ''[[Haliotis |
| ''[[Haliotis jacnensis]]'' <small>Reeve, 1846</small> || Japan; [[Nicobar Islands]]; [[Ryukyu Islands]]; [[Pacific Islands]]; ||| {{IUCN status|LC|78769011|1}} |
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| ⚫ | | ''[[Haliotis kamtschatkana]]'' <small>Jonas, 1845</small> || Western North America ||| {{IUCN status|EN|61743|1}}, Imperiled ([[Alaska]], [[British Columbia]]), Vulnerable (global, US), critically imperiled (California);<ref name="DFG" /><ref>{{harvnb|Anon|2014c}}</ref> Species of Concern NMFS<ref>{{harvnb|Gustafson|Rumsey|2007}}</ref> |
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| ⚫ |
| ''[[Haliotis |
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| ''[[Haliotis |
| ''[[Haliotis laevigata]]'' <small>[[Edward Donovan|Donovan]], 1808</small> || South Australia; [[Tasmania]] ||| {{IUCN status|VU|78769674|1}} |
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| ''[[Haliotis |
| ''[[Haliotis madaka]]'' <small>(Habe, 1977)</small> || Japan; South Korea ||| {{IUCN status|EN|78769692|1}} |
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| ⚫ |
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| ''[[Haliotis |
| ''[[Haliotis mariae]]'' <small>[[William Wood (zoologist)|Wood]], 1828</small> || [[Oman]]; [[Yemen]] ||| {{IUCN status|EN|78769871|1}} |
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| ''[[Haliotis marmorata]]'' <small>[[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]</small> || [[Liberia]]; [[Ivory Coast]]; [[Ghana]] ||| {{IUCN status|LC|78769875|1}} |
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| ''[[Haliotis |
| ''[[Haliotis melculus]]'' <small>([[Tom Iredale|Iredale]], 1927)</small> ||Australia ([[New South Wales]], [[Queensland]]) ||| {{IUCN status|VU|78771080|1}} |
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| ''[[Haliotis |
| ''[[Haliotis midae]]'' <small>[[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]</small> || South Africa ||| {{IUCN status|EN|78771094|1}} |
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| ''[[Haliotis |
| ''[[Haliotis mykonosensis]]'' <small>Owen, Hanavan & Hall, 2001</small> || [[Greece]]; [[Turkey]]; [[Tunisia]] ||| {{IUCN status|LC|78771101|1}} |
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| ''[[Haliotis ovina]]'' <small>Gmelin, 1791</small> || [[Thailand]]; [[Vietnam]]; southern part of the Pacific Ocean; [[Andaman Islands]]; [[Maldives]]; Ryukyu Islands ||| {{IUCN status|LC|78771163|1}} |
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|''[[Haliotis papulata]]'' <small>Reeve, 1846</small> |
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|Australia; Papua New Guinea; Philippines; Sri Lanka; Thailand |
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|{{IUCN status|LC|161334052|1}} |
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| ''[[Haliotis parva]]'' <small>[[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]</small> || South Africa; [[Angola]] ||| {{IUCN status|DD|78771325|1}} |
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| ''[[Haliotis |
| ''[[Haliotis planata]]'' <small>[[George Brettingham Sowerby II|G. B. Sowerby II]], 1882</small> || Ryukyu Islands; [[Sri Lanka]]; [[Indonesia]]; Fiji; [[Andaman Sea]] ||| {{IUCN status|LC|78771329|1}} |
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| ''[[Haliotis |
| ''[[Haliotis pourtalesii]]'' <small>[[William Healey Dall|Dall]], 1881</small> || Eastern USA; [[GulfofMexico]]; Eastern South America; northern [[Colombia]] ||| {{IUCN status|DD|78771388|1}} |
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| ''[[Haliotis |
| ''[[Haliotis pulcherrima]]'' <small>Gmelin, 1791</small> || [[Polynesia]] ||| {{IUCN status|DD|78771440|1}} |
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| ''[[Haliotis |
| ''[[Haliotis queketti]]'' <small>[[Edgar Albert Smith|E.A. Smith]], 1910</small> || Eastern Africa ||| {{IUCN status|DD|78771516|1}} |
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| ''[[Haliotis |
| ''[[Haliotis roei]]'' <small>[[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1826</small> || Australia ||| {{IUCN status|NT|78771528|1}} |
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| ''[[Haliotis |
| ''[[Haliotis rubiginosa]]'' <small>Reeve, 1846</small> || [[Lord Howe Island]] ||| {{IUCN status|CR|78771575|1}} |
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| ''[[Haliotis |
| ''[[Haliotis rubra]]'' <small>[[William Elford Leach|Leach]], 1814</small> || Southern and Eastern Australia ||| {{IUCN status|VU|78771579|1}} |
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| ''[[Haliotis rufescens]]'' <small>[[William John Swainson|Swainson]], 1822</small> || Western North America ||| {{IUCN status|CR|78771583|1}}, apparently secure (global, US); critically imperiled (Canada)<ref>{{harvnb|Anon|2014d}}</ref> |
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| ''[[Haliotis |
| ''[[Haliotis rugosa]]'' <small>[[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck|Lamarck]], 1822</small> || South Africa; Madagascar; [[Mauritius]]; [[Red Sea]] ||| {{IUCN status|LC|78771608|1}} |
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| ''[[Haliotis |
| ''[[Haliotis scalaris]]'' <small>([[William Elford Leach|Leach]], 1814)</small> || Southern and Western Australia ||| {{IUCN status|LC|78771632|1}} |
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| ''[[Haliotis |
| ''[[Haliotis semiplicata]]'' <small>[[Karl Theodor Menke|Menke]], 1843</small> || Western Australia ||| {{IUCN status|LC|78771692|1}} |
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| ⚫ | | ''[[Haliotis sorenseni]]'' <small>Bartsch, 1940</small> || California, USA; Baja California, Mexico ||| {{IUCN status|CR|78771696|1}}, critically imperiled (global, US, California);<ref name="DFG" /><ref>{{harvnb|Anon|2014e}}</ref> Endangered NMFS<ref>{{harvnb|Anon|2001}}</ref> |
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| ''[[Haliotis rubiginosa]]'' <small>Reeve, 1846</small> || [[Lord Howe Island]]; [[Malakula Island]] ||| Not evaluated |
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| ''[[Haliotis |
| ''[[Haliotis spadicea]]'' <small>Donovan, 1808</small> || South Africa ||| {{IUCN status|LC|78771700|1}} |
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| ''[[Haliotis |
| ''[[Haliotis speciosa]]'' <small>Reeve, 1846</small> (synonym of ''H. tuberculata'') |
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| Eastern South Africa ||| Not evaluated |
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| ''[[Haliotis |
| ''[[Haliotis squamosa]]'' <small>[[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1826</small> || Southern Madagascar ||| {{IUCN status|DD|78771710|1}} |
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| ''[[Haliotis |
| ''[[Haliotis stomatiaeformis]]'' <small>Reeve, 1846</small> || [[Malta]]; [[Sicily]]||| {{IUCN status|VU|78772043|1}} |
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||
| ''[[Haliotis |
| ''[[Haliotis supertexta]]'' <small>[[Karl Emil Lischke|Lischke]], 1870</small> (synonym of ''H. diversicolor'') || Japan; [[Sao Tome]] ||| Not evaluated |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| ⚫ | | ''[[Haliotis thailandis]]'' <small>Dekker & Patamakanthin, 2001</small> (synonym of ''H. papulata'') || Andaman Sea ||| Not evaluated |
||
| ⚫ |
| ''[[Haliotis sorenseni]]'' <small>Bartsch, 1940</small> || California, USA; Baja California, Mexico ||| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| ⚫ | | ''[[Haliotis tuberculata]]'' <small>[[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]</small> || [[Ireland]] (introduced); [[Channel Islands]]; [[Azores]]; [[Canary Islands]]; [[Madeira]] ; [[Brittany]]; [[Great Britain]] ||| {{IUCN status|VU|78772221|1}} |
||
| ⚫ |
|
||
|- |
|- |
||
| ''[[Haliotis |
| ''[[Haliotis unilateralis]]'' <small>Lamarck, 1822</small> || [[Gulf of Aqaba]]; East Africa; [[Seychelles]]; ||| {{IUCN status|LC|78772250|1}} |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| ''[[Haliotis |
| ''[[Haliotis varia]]'' <small>[[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]</small> || [[Mascarene Basin]]; Red Sea; Sri Lanka; Western Pacific; ||| {{IUCN status|LC|78772274|1}} |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| |
| ''[[Haliotis virginea]]'' <small>Gmelin, 1791</small> || New Zealand; [[Chatham Islands]]; [[Auckland Islands]]; [[Campbell Island, New Zealand|Campbell Island]] ||| {{IUCN status|LC|78772279|1}} |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| ''[[Haliotis |
| ''[[Haliotis walallensis]]'' <small>Stearns, 1899</small> || Western North America || {{IUCN status|CR|78772302|1}} |
||
|- |
|||
| ''[[Haliotis supertexta]]'' <small>[[Karl Emil Lischke|Lischke]], 1870</small> || Japan; [[Sao Tome]] ||| Not evaluated |
|||
|- |
|||
| ''[[Haliotis thailandis]]'' <small>Dekker & Patamakanthin, 2001</small> || Andaman Sea ||| Not evaluated |
|||
|- |
|||
| ⚫ |
| ''[[Haliotis tuberculata]]'' <small>[[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]</small> || [[Ireland]] (introduced); [[Channel Islands]]; [[Azores]]; [[Canary Islands]] |
||
|- |
|||
| ''[[Haliotis unilateralis]]'' <small>Lamarck, 1822</small> || [[Gulf of Aqaba]]; East Africa; [[Seychelles]]; ||| Not evaluated |
|||
|- |
|||
| ''[[Haliotis varia]]'' <small>[[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]</small> || [[Mascarene Basin]]; Red Sea; Sri Lanka; Western Pacific; ||| Not evaluated |
|||
|- |
|||
| ''[[Haliotis virginea]]'' <small>Gmelin, 1791</small> || New Zealand; [[Chatham Islands]]; [[Auckland Islands]]; [[Campbell Island, New Zealand|Campbell Island]]; Fiji ||| Not evaluated |
|||
|- |
|||
| ⚫ |
|
||
|- |
|||
| ⚫ |
|
||
|- |
|||
| ''[[Haliotis walallensis]]'' <small>Stearns, 1899</small> || Western North America || Not evaluated |
|||
|} |
|} |
||
| Line 216: | Line 202: | ||
</gallery> |
</gallery> |
||
{{ |
{{clear}} |
||
<gallery style="text-align:center;" mode="packed"> |
<gallery style="text-align:center;" mode="packed"> |
||
Image:Haliotis asinina 01.JPG|''[[Haliotis asinina]]'' |
Image:Haliotis asinina 01.JPG|''[[Haliotis asinina]]'' |
||
| Line 263: | Line 249: | ||
Image:Haliotis walallensis.jpg|''[[Haliotis walallensis]]'' |
Image:Haliotis walallensis.jpg|''[[Haliotis walallensis]]'' |
||
</gallery> |
</gallery> |
||
=== Fossil species === |
|||
*†''[[Haliotis benoisti]]'' <small>Cossmann, 1896</small> (Aquitaine, France) |
|||
| ⚫ | *†''[[Haliotis flemingi]]'' <small>Powell, 1938</small> (New Zealand) |
||
*†''[[Haliotis lomaensis]]'' <small>Anderson, 1902</small> |
|||
*†''[[Haliotis mathesonensis]]'' <small>(Eagle, 1996)</small> |
|||
*†''[[Haliotis (Marinauris) matihetihensis]]'' <small>(Eagle, 1999)</small> |
|||
| ⚫ | *†''[[Haliotis powelli]]'' <small>C. A. Fleming, 1952</small> |
||
*†''[[Haliotis stalennuyi]]'' <small>Owen & Berschauer, 2017</small> |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | *†''[[Haliotis waitemataensis]]'' <small>Powell, 1938</small> |
||
== Conservation == |
|||
Over half of the modern ''Haliotis'' species with sufficient data are considered threatened to some extent on the [[IUCN Red List]], with all but one species from the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] coast of [[North America]] being [[Critically Endangered|critically endangered]] as a consequence of massive historical [[Overexploitation|overharvesting]], [[withering abalone syndrome]], and recent [[marine heatwave]]s which have caused collapses of both abalones and their habitat. ''Haliotis'' species from elsewhere are also threatened by overexploitation and climate change. In addition, abalones as a whole are considered highly vulnerable to [[ocean acidification]] due to their accretion of [[aragonite]] and dependence on susceptible [[coralline algae]] for development, and thus may eventually go extinct unless the rate of ocean acidification is arrested.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=IUCN |date=2021-05-21 |title=Haliotis rufescens: Peters, H., Rogers-Bennett, L. & De Shields, R.M.: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T78771583A78772573 |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/78771583/78772573 |language=en |doi=10.2305/iucn.uk.2021-3.rlts.t78771583a78772573.en|s2cid=245151062 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kerlin |first=Katherine E. |date=2022-12-12 |title=All West Coast Abalones at Risk of Extinction on the IUCN Red List |url=https://www.ucdavis.edu/climate/news/all-west-coast-abalone-added-endangered-iucns-red-list |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=UC Davis |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=First-ever global Red List assessment of abalone underlines urgency of combatting illegal trade - Wildlife Trade News from TRAFFIC |url=https://www.traffic.org/news/first-ever-global-red-list-assessment-of-abalone-underlines-urgency-of-combatting-illegal-trade/ |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=www.traffic.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Byrne |first1=Maria |last2=Ho |first2=Melanie |last3=Wong |first3=Eunice |last4=Soars |first4=Natalie A. |last5=Selvakumaraswamy |first5=Paulina |last6=Shepard-Brennand |first6=Hannah |last7=Dworjanyn |first7=Symon A. |last8=Davis |first8=Andrew R. |date=2010-12-22 |title=Unshelled abalone and corrupted urchins: development of marine calcifiers in a changing ocean |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.2404 |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=278 |issue=1716 |pages=2376–2383 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2010.2404 |pmid=21177689 |pmc=3119014 |issn=0962-8452}}</ref> |
|||
==Synonyms== |
==Synonyms== |
||
| Line 270: | Line 271: | ||
* [[Abalone]] |
* [[Abalone]] |
||
* ''[[Concholepas concholepas]]'' |
* ''[[Concholepas concholepas]]'' |
||
* [[Pāua]] |
|||
==References== |
==References== |
||
{{Reflist|2}} |
{{Reflist|2}} |
||
==Notes== |
==Notes== |
||
{{Reflist|group=nb}} |
{{Reflist|group=nb}} |
||
==Sources== |
==Sources== |
||
* {{cite book | last1 = Abbott | first = R. Tucker | last2 = Dance | first2 = S. Peter | title = Compendium of Seashells | url = https://archive.org/details/Compendium_of_Seashells_by_S._Peter_Dance | year = 2000 | publisher = Odyssey Publishing | isbn = 978-0-9661720-0-3 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/Compendium_of_Seashells_by_S._Peter_Dance/page/n29 19]–23 | edition = 4th }} |
|||
* {{cite web | author = Anon | year = 2014c | url = http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?sourceTemplate=tabular_report.wmt&loadTemplate=species_RptComprehensive.wmt&selectedReport=RptComprehensive.wmt&summaryView=tabular_report.wmt&elKey=113951&paging=home&save=true&startIndex=1&nextStartIndex=1&reset=false&offPageSelectedElKey=814921&offPageSelectedElType=species&offPageYesNo=true&post_processes=&radiobutton=radiobutton&selectedIndexes=814921&selectedIndexes=120086&selectedIndexes=814920&selectedIndexes=113951&selectedIndexes=107385&selectedIndexes=116467 | access-date = 22 August 2014 | title = ''Haliotis kamtschatkana'' – Jonas, 1845 | website = NatureServe Explorer | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120301/http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?sourceTemplate=tabular_report.wmt&loadTemplate=species_RptComprehensive.wmt&selectedReport=RptComprehensive.wmt&summaryView=tabular_report.wmt&elKey=113951&paging=home&save=true&startIndex=1&nextStartIndex=1&reset=false&offPageSelectedElKey=814921&offPageSelectedElType=species&offPageYesNo=true&post_processes=&radiobutton=radiobutton&selectedIndexes=814921&selectedIndexes=120086&selectedIndexes=814920&selectedIndexes=113951&selectedIndexes=107385&selectedIndexes=116467 | archive-date = 26 August 2014 | url-status = dead }} |
|||
* {{cite web | author = Anon | year = 2014d | url = http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?sourceTemplate=tabular_report.wmt&loadTemplate=species_RptComprehensive.wmt&selectedReport=RptComprehensive.wmt&summaryView=tabular_report.wmt&elKey=107385&paging=home&save=true&startIndex=1&nextStartIndex=1&reset=false&offPageSelectedElKey=814921&offPageSelectedElType=species&offPageYesNo=true&post_processes=&radiobutton=radiobutton&selectedIndexes=814921&selectedIndexes=120086&selectedIndexes=814920&selectedIndexes=113951&selectedIndexes=107385&selectedIndexes=116467 | access-date = 22 August 2014 | title = ''Haliotis refescens'' – Swainson, 1822 | website = NatureServe Explorer | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140826160903/http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?sourceTemplate=tabular_report.wmt&loadTemplate=species_RptComprehensive.wmt&selectedReport=RptComprehensive.wmt&summaryView=tabular_report.wmt&elKey=107385&paging=home&save=true&startIndex=1&nextStartIndex=1&reset=false&offPageSelectedElKey=814921&offPageSelectedElType=species&offPageYesNo=true&post_processes=&radiobutton=radiobutton&selectedIndexes=814921&selectedIndexes=120086&selectedIndexes=814920&selectedIndexes=113951&selectedIndexes=107385&selectedIndexes=116467 | archive-date = 26 August 2014 | url-status = dead }} |
|||
* {{cite web | author = Anon | year = 2014e | url = http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?sourceTemplate=tabular_report.wmt&loadTemplate=species_RptComprehensive.wmt&selectedReport=RptComprehensive.wmt&summaryView=tabular_report.wmt&elKey=116467&paging=home&save=true&startIndex=1&nextStartIndex=1&reset=false&offPageSelectedElKey=814921&offPageSelectedElType=species&offPageYesNo=true&post_processes=&radiobutton=radiobutton&selectedIndexes=814921&selectedIndexes=120086&selectedIndexes=814920&selectedIndexes=113951&selectedIndexes=107385&selectedIndexes=116467 | access-date = 22 August 2014 | title = ''Haliotis sorenseni'' – Bartsch, 1940 | website = NatureServe Explorer | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140826115417/http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?sourceTemplate=tabular_report.wmt&loadTemplate=species_RptComprehensive.wmt&selectedReport=RptComprehensive.wmt&summaryView=tabular_report.wmt&elKey=116467&paging=home&save=true&startIndex=1&nextStartIndex=1&reset=false&offPageSelectedElKey=814921&offPageSelectedElType=species&offPageYesNo=true&post_processes=&radiobutton=radiobutton&selectedIndexes=814921&selectedIndexes=120086&selectedIndexes=814920&selectedIndexes=113951&selectedIndexes=107385&selectedIndexes=116467 | archive-date = 26 August 2014 | url-status = dead }} |
|||
* {{cite web | author = Anon | year = 2014f | url = http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?sourceTemplate=tabular_report.wmt&loadTemplate=species_RptComprehensive.wmt&selectedReport=RptComprehensive.wmt&summaryView=tabular_report.wmt&elKey=120086&paging=home&save=true&startIndex=1&nextStartIndex=1&reset=false&offPageSelectedElKey=814921&offPageSelectedElType=species&offPageYesNo=true&post_processes=&radiobutton=radiobutton&selectedIndexes=814921&selectedIndexes=120086&selectedIndexes=814920&selectedIndexes=113951&selectedIndexes=107385&selectedIndexes=116467 | access-date = 22 August 2014 | title = ''Haliotis cracherodii'' – Leach, 1814 | website = NatureServe Explorer | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120205/http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?sourceTemplate=tabular_report.wmt&loadTemplate=species_RptComprehensive.wmt&selectedReport=RptComprehensive.wmt&summaryView=tabular_report.wmt&elKey=120086&paging=home&save=true&startIndex=1&nextStartIndex=1&reset=false&offPageSelectedElKey=814921&offPageSelectedElType=species&offPageYesNo=true&post_processes=&radiobutton=radiobutton&selectedIndexes=814921&selectedIndexes=120086&selectedIndexes=814920&selectedIndexes=113951&selectedIndexes=107385&selectedIndexes=116467 | archive-date = 26 August 2014 | url-status = dead }} |
|||
* {{cite web |author=Anon |date=14 January 2009 |website=Federal Register: The Daily Journal of the United States |title=Endangered and Threatened Species; Endangered Status for Black Abalone |url=https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2009/01/14/E9-635/endangered-and-threatened-wildlife-and-plants-endangered-status-for-black-abalone |access-date=22 August 2014 |archive-date=26 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826114139/https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2009/01/14/E9-635/endangered-and-threatened-wildlife-and-plants-endangered-status-for-black-abalone }} |
|||
* {{cite web |author=Anon |date=29 May 2001 |website=Federal Register: The Daily Journal of the United States |title=Endangered and Threatened Species; Endangered Status for White Abalone |url=https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2001/05/29/01-13430/endangered-and-threatened-species-endangered-status-for-white-abalone |access-date=22 August 2014 |archive-date=29 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729124601/https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2001/05/29/01-13430/endangered-and-threatened-species-endangered-status-for-white-abalone }} |
|||
* {{cite book | last1 = Beesley | first1 = P. L. | last2 = Ross | first2 = G. J. B. | last3 = Wells | first3 = A. | title = Mollusca: The Southern Synthesis: An Essential Reference | year = 1998 | publisher = CSIRO Publishing | isbn = 978-0-643-05756-2 | pages = 667–669 | location = Melbourne, Australia }} |
|||
* {{cite journal | last = Cox | first = Keith W. | year = 1962 | title = California abalone, family Haliotidae | journal = The Resources Agency of California Department of Fish and Game: Fish Bulletin | volume = 118 | issn = 6306-2593 }} |
|||
* {{cite journal | last1 = Dauphin | first1 = Y. | last2 = Cuif | first2 = J. P. | last3 = Mutvei | first3 = H. | last4 = Denis | first4 = A. | year = 1989 | title = Mineralogy, Chemistry and Ultrastructure of the External Shell-layer in Ten Species of ''Haliotis'' With Reference to ''Haliotis tuberculata'' (Mollusca, Archaeogastropoda) | journal = Bulletin of the Geological Institutions of the University of Uppsala | volume = 15 | pages = 7–38 | issn = 0302-2749 }} |
|||
* {{cite web |author=EoL |year=2014 |url=http://eol.org/pages/3048993/overview |website=Encyclopedia of Life |access-date=21 August 2014 |archive-date=21 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821215843/http://eol.org/pages/3048993/overview |title=Haliotis speciosa: Splendid Abalone |url-status=live }} |
|||
* {{cite journal | last1 = Geiger | first1 = Daniel L. | last2 = Groves | first2 = Lindsey T. | title = Review of Fossil Abalone (Gastropoda, Vetigastropoda, Haliotidae) with Comparison to Recent Species | journal = Journal of Paleontology | volume = 73 | issue = 5 | pages = 872–885 | doi = 10.1017/S0022336000040713| date = September 1999 | s2cid = 87537607 | issn = 0022-3360 }} |
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* {{cite web |last1=Gofas |first1=Serge |last2=Tran |first2=Bastien |last3=Bouchet |first3=Phillippe |year=2014 |title=WoRms Taxon Details: ''Haliotis'' Linnaeus, 1758 |website=WoRMS (World Register of Marine Species) |access-date=16 August 2014 |archive-date=10 October 2014 |url=http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=138050 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010200912/http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=138050 |url-status=live }} |
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* {{cite web |last1=Gustafson |first1=Rick |last2=Rumsey |first2=Scott |date=1 November 2007 |access-date=22 August 2014 |archive-date=7 October 2012 |url=http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/pdfs/species/pintoabalone_detailed.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007180626/http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/pdfs/species/pintoabalone_detailed.pdf |title=Species of Concern: Pinto Abalone ''Haliotis Kamtschatkana'' |website=NOAA: National Marine Fisheries Service |url-status=live }} |
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* {{cite encyclopedia | editor-last = Hoiberg | editor-first = Dale H. | encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica| edition = 15th | year = 1993 | publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. | volume = 1: A-ak Bayes | location = Chicago, IL | isbn = 978-0-85229-961-6 | lccn = 2002113989 | title = The New Encyclopaedia Britannica }} |
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* {{cite journal | last1 = Lin | first1 = Albert | last2 = Meyers | first2 = Marc André | doi = 10.1016/j.msea.2004.06.072 | title = Growth and Structure in Abalone Shell | date = 15 January 2005 | journal = Materials Science and Engineering: A | volume = 390 | issue = 1–2 | issn = 0921-5093 | pages = 27–41 }} |
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* {{cite web |last=Neuman |first=Melissa |date=10 June 2009 |access-date=22 August 2014 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url=http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/pdfs/species/greenabalone_detailed.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304111523/http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/pdfs/species/greenabalone_detailed.pdf |title=Species of Concern: Green Abalone ''Haliotis fulgens'' |website=NOAA: National Marine Fisheries Service |url-status=live }} |
|||
* {{cite web |last=Neuman |first=Melissa |date=2 November 2007 |access-date=22 August 2014 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url=http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/pdfs/species/pinkabalone_detailed.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304050111/http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/pdfs/species/pinkabalone_detailed.pdf |title=Species of Concern: Pink Abalone ''Haliotis corrugata'' |website=NOAA: National Marine Fisheries Service |url-status=live }} |
|||
* {{cite web |author=State of California |date=January 2011 |url=http://www.dfg.ca.gov/biogeodata/cnddb/pdfs/spanimals.pdf |title=Special Animals (898 Taxa) |website=State of California: Division of Fish and Game |access-date=22 August 2014 |archive-date=24 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140124164328/http://www.dfg.ca.gov/biogeodata/cnddb/pdfs/spanimals.pdf |url-status=dead }} |
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* {{cite web |last1=Tran |first1=Bastien |last2=Bouchet |first2=Phillippe |year=2009 |url=http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=445309 |website=WoRMS: World Register of Marine Species |title=WoRMS Taxon Details: ''Haliotis corrugata oweni'' Talmadge, 1966 |access-date=19 August 2014 |archive-date=17 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017054534/http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=445309 |url-status=live }} |
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* Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna tria Naturae, secundem Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentis, Synonymis, Locis. Tom.1 Editio decima, reformata. Holmiae : Laurentii Salvii 824 pp. |
* Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna tria Naturae, secundem Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentis, Synonymis, Locis. Tom.1 Editio decima, reformata. Holmiae : Laurentii Salvii 824 pp. |
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* Iredale, T. 1927. ''Caloundra Shells.'' The Australian Zoologist 4: |
* Iredale, T. 1927. ''Caloundra Shells.'' The Australian Zoologist 4: 331–336, pl. 46 |
||
* Iredale, T. 1929. ''Queensland molluscan notes, No. 1''. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 9(3): |
* Iredale, T. 1929. ''Queensland molluscan notes, No. 1''. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 9(3): 261–297, pls 30-31 |
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* Cotton, B.C. & Godfrey, F.K. 1933. ''South Australian Shells. Part 9''. South Australian Naturalist 15(1): 14-24 |
* Cotton, B.C. & Godfrey, F.K. 1933. ''South Australian Shells. Part 9''. South Australian Naturalist 15(1): 14-24 |
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* Cotton, B.C. 1943. ''Australian Shells of the Family Haliotidae''. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 67(1): 175-180 |
* Cotton, B.C. 1943. ''Australian Shells of the Family Haliotidae''. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 67(1): 175-180 |
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| Line 285: | Line 309: | ||
* Geiger, D.L. & Poppe, G.T. 2000. ''A Conchological Iconography. The family Haliotidae''. Germany : ConchBooks 135 pp. |
* Geiger, D.L. & Poppe, G.T. 2000. ''A Conchological Iconography. The family Haliotidae''. Germany : ConchBooks 135 pp. |
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* Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2014). Haliotis Linnaeus, 1758. Accessed through: [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=138050 World Register of Marine Species] |
* Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2014). Haliotis Linnaeus, 1758. Accessed through: [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=138050 World Register of Marine Species] |
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* {{cite book | last = Tryon | first = George W. Jr.| author-link = George Washington Tryon | year = 1880 | title = Manual of Conchology; Structural and Systematic With Illustrations of the Species | volume = II: Muricinæ, Purpurinæ | publisher = Academy of Natural Sciences | location = Philadelphia, PA | url = https://archive.org/details/manualofconcholo2tryo | format = PDF }} |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
||
| Haliotis
| |
|---|---|
| |
| Living abalone in tank showing epipodium and tentacles, anterior end to the right. | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Gastropoda |
| Subclass: | Vetigastropoda |
| Order: | Lepetellida |
| Superfamily: | Haliotoidea |
| Family: | Haliotidae Rafinesque, 1815 |
| Genus: | Haliotis Linnaeus, 1758 |
| Type species | |
| Haliotis asinina | |
| Synonyms[2] | |
| |
Haliotis, common name abalone, is the only genus in the family Haliotidae.[2]
This genus once contained six subgenera. These subgenera have become alternate representations of Haliotis.[2] The genus consists of small to very large, edible, herbivorous sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs. The number of species recognized worldwide ranges between 30[3] and 130,[4] with over 230 species-level taxa described. The most comprehensive treatment of the family considers 56 species valid, with 18 additional subspecies.[5]
Other common names are ear shells, sea ears, and, rarely, muttonfishormuttonshells in parts of Australia, ormerinthe UK, perlemoeninSouth Africa, and the Māori name for three species in New Zealand is pāua.[6]
The shells of abalones have a low, open, spiral structure, and are characterized by having several open respiratory pores in a row near the shell's outer edge. The thick inner layer of the shell is composed of nacre, which in many species of abalone is highly iridescent, giving rise to a range of strong, changeable colors, which make the shells attractive to humans as decorative objects, in jewelry, and as a source of colorful mother-of-pearl.
The shell of abalones is convex, rounded to oval shape, and may be highly arched or very flattened. The shell of the majority of species is ear-shaped, presenting a small, flat spire and two to three whorls. The last whorl, known as the body whorl, is auriform, meaning that the shell resembles an ear, giving rise to the common name "ear shell". Haliotis asinina has a somewhat different shape, as it is more elongated and distended. The shell of Haliotis cracherodii cracherodii is also unusual as it has an ovate form, is imperforate, shows an exserted spire, and has prickly ribs.
Amantle cleft in the shell impresses a groove in the shell, in which are the row of holes (known as tremata), characteristic of the genus. These holes are respiratory apertures for venting water from the gills and for releasing sperm and eggs into the water column. They make up what is known as the selenizone which forms as the shell grows. This series of eight to 38 holes is near the anterior margin. Only a small number are generally open. The older holes are gradually sealed up as the shell grows and new holes form. Therefore, the number of tremata is not characteristic for the species. Each species has a number of open holes, between four and 10, in the selenizone. This number is not fixed and can vary within a species and between populations. Abalones have no operculum. The aperture of the shell is very wide and nacreous.
The exterior of the shell is striated and dull. The color of the shell is very variable from species to species, which may reflect the animal's diet.[6] The iridescent nacre that lines the inside of the shell varies in color from silvery white, to pink, red and green-red, to deep blue, green to purple.
The animal shows fimbriated head-lobes. The side-lobes are also fimbriated and cirrated. The rounded foot is very large. The radula has small median teeth, and the lateral teeth are single and beam-like. About 70 uncini are present, with denticulated hooks, the first four very large. The soft body is coiled around the columellar muscle, and its insertion, instead of being on the columella, is on the middle of the inner wall of the shell. The gills are symmetrical and both well developed.[7]
These snails cling solidly with their broad muscular foot to rocky surfaces at sublittoral depths, although some species such as Haliotis cracherodii used to be common in the intertidal zone. Abalones reach maturity at a relatively small size. Their fecundity is high and increases with their size (from 10,000 to 11 million eggs at a time). The spermatozoa are filiform and pointed at one end, and the anterior end is a rounded head.[8]
The larvae are lecithotrophic. The adults are herbivorous and feed with their rhipidoglossan radula on macroalgae, preferring red or brown algae. Sizes vary from 20 mm (0.79 in) (Haliotis pulcherrima) to 200 mm (7.9 in), while Haliotis rufescens is the largest of the genus at 12 in (30 cm).[9]
By weight, about one-third of the animal is edible meat, one-third is offal, and one-third is shell.[citation needed]
The shell of the abalone is exceptionally strong and is made of microscopic calcium carbonate tiles stacked like bricks. Between the layers of tiles is a clingy protein substance. When the abalone shell is struck, the tiles slide instead of shattering and the protein stretches to absorb the energy of the blow. Material scientists around the world are studying this tiled structure for insight into stronger ceramic products such as body armor.[10] The dust created by grinding and cutting abalone shell is dangerous; appropriate safeguards must be taken to protect people from inhaling these particles. There is much discussion of this topic online.[citation needed][11][12]
The number of species that are recognized within the genus Haliotis has fluctuated over time, and depends on the source that is consulted. The number of recognized species ranges from 30[3] to 130.[4] This list finds a compromise using the "WoRMS" database, plus some species that have been added, for a total of 57.[2][13] The majority of abalone have not been evaluated for conservation status. Those that have been reviewed tend to show that the abalone in general is declining in numbers, and will need protection throughout the globe.
| Species | Range | Conservation status |
|---|---|---|
| Haliotis alfredensis Bartsch, 1915[nb 1] | South Africa | DD IUCN |
| Haliotis arabiensis Owen, Regter & Van Laethem, 2016 | Off Yemen and Oman | NT IUCN |
| Haliotis asinina Linnaeus, 1758 | Philippines; Indonesia; Australia; Japan; Thailand; Vietnam | LC IUCN |
| Haliotis australis Gmelin, 1791 | New Zealand | LC IUCN |
| Haliotis brazieri Angas, 1869 | Eastern Australia | NT IUCN |
| Haliotis clathrata Reeve, 1846 | Seychelles; Comores; Madagascar; Mauritius; Kenya | LC IUCN |
| Haliotis coccoradiata Reeve, 1846 | Eastern Australia | LC IUCN |
| Haliotis corrugata Wood, 1828 | California, USA; Baja California, Mexico | CR IUCN, Species of Concern National Marine Fisheries Service;[16] Vulnerable (global) and imperiled (California) California Department of Fish and Wildlife[17] |
| Haliotis cracherodii Leach, 1814 | California, USA; Baja California, Mexico | CR IUCN, Vulnerable (Global, Nation: US, State: California) California Department of Fish and Wildlife;[17][18] Listed endangered National Marine Fisheries Service[19] |
| Haliotis cyclobates Péron & Lesueur, 1816 | Southern Australia | LC IUCN |
| Haliotis dalli Henderson, 1915 | Galapagos Islands, western Colombia | DD IUCN |
| Haliotis discus Reeve, 1846 | Japan; South Korea | EN IUCN |
| Haliotis dissona (Iredale, 1929) | Australia; New Caledonia | LC IUCN |
| Haliotis diversicolor Reeve, 1846 | Japan; Australia; Southeast Asia | DD IUCN |
| Haliotis drogini Owen & Reitz, 2012 | Cocos Island | VU IUCN |
| Haliotis elegans Koch & Philippi, 1844 | Western Australia | LC IUCN |
| Haliotis exigua Dunker, R.W., 1877 (synonym of H. diversicolor) | Japan | Not evaluated |
| Haliotis fatui Geiger, 1999 | Tonga Mariana Islands | DD IUCN |
| Haliotis fulgens Philippi, 1845 | California, USA; Baja California, Mexico | CR IUCN, Vulnerable (Global, State: California California Department of Fish and Wildlife);[17] Species of Concern NMFS[20] |
| Haliotis geigeri Owen, 2014 | São Tomé and Príncipe Islands | VU IUCN |
| Haliotis gigantea Gmelin, 1791 | Japan | EN IUCN |
| Haliotis glabra Gmelin, 1791 | Philippines; Vietnam | LC IUCN |
| Haliotis iris Gmelin, 1791 | New Zealand | LC IUCN |
| Haliotis jacnensis Reeve, 1846 | Japan; Nicobar Islands; Ryukyu Islands; Pacific Islands; | LC IUCN |
| Haliotis kamtschatkana Jonas, 1845 | Western North America | EN IUCN, Imperiled (Alaska, British Columbia), Vulnerable (global, US), critically imperiled (California);[17][21] Species of Concern NMFS[22] |
| Haliotis laevigata Donovan, 1808 | South Australia; Tasmania | VU IUCN |
| Haliotis madaka (Habe, 1977) | Japan; South Korea | EN IUCN |
| Haliotis mariae Wood, 1828 | Oman; Yemen | EN IUCN |
| Haliotis marmorata Linnaeus, 1758 | Liberia; Ivory Coast; Ghana | LC IUCN |
| Haliotis melculus (Iredale, 1927) | Australia (New South Wales, Queensland) | VU IUCN |
| Haliotis midae Linnaeus, 1758 | South Africa | EN IUCN |
| Haliotis mykonosensis Owen, Hanavan & Hall, 2001 | Greece; Turkey; Tunisia | LC IUCN |
| Haliotis ovina Gmelin, 1791 | Thailand; Vietnam; southern part of the Pacific Ocean; Andaman Islands; Maldives; Ryukyu Islands | LC IUCN |
| Haliotis papulata Reeve, 1846 | Australia; Papua New Guinea; Philippines; Sri Lanka; Thailand | LC IUCN |
| Haliotis parva Linnaeus, 1758 | South Africa; Angola | DD IUCN |
| Haliotis planata G. B. Sowerby II, 1882 | Ryukyu Islands; Sri Lanka; Indonesia; Fiji; Andaman Sea | LC IUCN |
| Haliotis pourtalesii Dall, 1881 | Eastern USA; Gulf of Mexico; Eastern South America; northern Colombia | DD IUCN |
| Haliotis pulcherrima Gmelin, 1791 | Polynesia | DD IUCN |
| Haliotis queketti E.A. Smith, 1910 | Eastern Africa | DD IUCN |
| Haliotis roei Gray, 1826 | Australia | NT IUCN |
| Haliotis rubiginosa Reeve, 1846 | Lord Howe Island | CR IUCN |
| Haliotis rubra Leach, 1814 | Southern and Eastern Australia | VU IUCN |
| Haliotis rufescens Swainson, 1822 | Western North America | CR IUCN, apparently secure (global, US); critically imperiled (Canada)[23] |
| Haliotis rugosa Lamarck, 1822 | South Africa; Madagascar; Mauritius; Red Sea | LC IUCN |
| Haliotis scalaris (Leach, 1814) | Southern and Western Australia | LC IUCN |
| Haliotis semiplicata Menke, 1843 | Western Australia | LC IUCN |
| Haliotis sorenseni Bartsch, 1940 | California, USA; Baja California, Mexico | CR IUCN, critically imperiled (global, US, California);[17][24] Endangered NMFS[25] |
| Haliotis spadicea Donovan, 1808 | South Africa | LC IUCN |
| Haliotis speciosa Reeve, 1846 (synonym of H. tuberculata) | Eastern South Africa | Not evaluated |
| Haliotis squamosa Gray, 1826 | Southern Madagascar | DD IUCN |
| Haliotis stomatiaeformis Reeve, 1846 | Malta; Sicily | VU IUCN |
| Haliotis supertexta Lischke, 1870 (synonym of H. diversicolor) | Japan; Sao Tome | Not evaluated |
| Haliotis thailandis Dekker & Patamakanthin, 2001 (synonym of H. papulata) | Andaman Sea | Not evaluated |
| Haliotis tuberculata Linnaeus, 1758 | Ireland (introduced); Channel Islands; Azores; Canary Islands; Madeira ; Brittany; Great Britain | VU IUCN |
| Haliotis unilateralis Lamarck, 1822 | Gulf of Aqaba; East Africa; Seychelles; | LC IUCN |
| Haliotis varia Linnaeus, 1758 | Mascarene Basin; Red Sea; Sri Lanka; Western Pacific; | LC IUCN |
| Haliotis virginea Gmelin, 1791 | New Zealand; Chatham Islands; Auckland Islands; Campbell Island | LC IUCN |
| Haliotis walallensis Stearns, 1899 | Western North America | CR IUCN |
Over half of the modern Haliotis species with sufficient data are considered threatened to some extent on the IUCN Red List, with all but one species from the Pacific coast of North America being critically endangered as a consequence of massive historical overharvesting, withering abalone syndrome, and recent marine heatwaves which have caused collapses of both abalones and their habitat. Haliotis species from elsewhere are also threatened by overexploitation and climate change. In addition, abalones as a whole are considered highly vulnerable to ocean acidification due to their accretion of aragonite and dependence on susceptible coralline algae for development, and thus may eventually go extinct unless the rate of ocean acidification is arrested.[26][27][28][29]
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