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The '''horsehair crab''', '''''Erimacrus isenbeckii''''', (Japanese: ケガニ ''kegani''), is a species of [[crab]] which is found mainly in the east [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]], around the [[Hokkaido]] coast in the [[Sea of Okhotsk]] and the eastern [[Bering Sea]] and is an important commercial species used in [[Japanese cuisine]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=98665#null|title=ITIS Standard Report Page: Erimacrus isenbeckii|website=www.itis.gov|access-date=2019-04-13}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sealifebase.org/summary/Erimacrus-isenbeckii.html|title=Erimacrus isenbeckii, hair crab : fisheries|website=www.sealifebase.org|access-date=2019-04-13}}</ref> Despite the importance of the species, biological studies are usually specialized and limited.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://resolver.ebscohost.com.pallas2.tcl.sc.edu/openurl?sid=EBSCO%3aa9h&genre=article&issn=10964959&ISBN=&volume=159&issue=2&date=20110601&spage=103&pages=103-108&title=Comparative+Biochemistry+&atitle=Hemocyanin-derived+phenoloxidase+activity+with+broad+temperature+stability+extending+into+the+cold+environment+in+hemocytes+of+the+hair+crab+Erimacrus+isenbeckii&aulast=Kim%2c+Sang+Gu&id=DOI%3a10.1016%2fj.cbpb.2011.02.004&site=ftf-live|title=Hemocyanin-derived phenoloxidase activity with broad temperature stability extending into the cold environment in hemocytes of the hair crab Erimacrus isenbeckii|last=Kim|first=Sang Gu|date=June 2011|website=Science Direct|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> The catch for the species reached a peak in the 1950's at 27,000 tons, and has decreased since, reaching 2,000 tons in 2003.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Murakami|first=Keisuke|last2=Hamasaki|first2=Katsuyuki|last3=Ichikawa|first3=Takashi|date=2018-07-01|title=Larval survival, development and growth in the horsehair crab, Erimacrus isenbeckii, cultured under different photoperiod conditions|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/are.13711|journal=Aquaculture Research|language=en|volume=49|issue=7|pages=2511–2517|doi=10.1111/are.13711|issn=1365-2109}}</ref> Due to the commercial importance of the species, many stock enhancement programs have been utilized to help maintain a successful fishery.<ref name=":2" /> The species is commonly found on sandy [[Benthic zone|benthic]] environments from shallow water to depths of up to 350 meters.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Azuma|first=Noriko|last2=Kunihiro|first2=Yasushi|last3=Sasaki|first3=Jun|last4=Mihara|first4=Eiji|last5=Mihara|first5=Yukio|last6=Yasunaga|first6=Tomoaki|last7=Jin|first7=Deuk-Hee|last8=Abe|first8=Syuiti|date=2008-1|title=Genetic Variation and Population Structure of Hair Crab (Erimacrus isenbeckii ) in Japan Inferred from Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Analysis|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10126-007-9033-1|journal=Marine Biotechnology|language=en|volume=10|issue=1|pages=39–48|doi=10.1007/s10126-007-9033-1|issn=1436-2228}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|date=1999-01-01|title=EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE HAIR CRAB ERIMACRUS ISENBECKII|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/193724099x00277|journal=Journal of Crustacean Biology|volume=19|issue=1|pages=77–83|doi=10.1163/193724099x00277|issn=0278-0372}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.crabs.ru/russia/fam_cheiragonidae_erimacrus_isenbeckii.htm|title=Crabs of Russia, crab Erimacrus isenbeckii (Brandt, 1848) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Cheiragonidae), 3 photo|website=www.crabs.ru|access-date=2019-04-13}}</ref> |
The '''horsehair crab''', '''''Erimacrus isenbeckii''''', (Japanese: ケガニ ''kegani''), is a species of [[crab]] which is found mainly in the east [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]], around the [[Hokkaido]] coast in the [[Sea of Okhotsk]] and the eastern [[Bering Sea]] and is an important commercial species used in [[Japanese cuisine]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=98665#null|title=ITIS Standard Report Page: Erimacrus isenbeckii|website=www.itis.gov|access-date=2019-04-13}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sealifebase.org/summary/Erimacrus-isenbeckii.html|title=Erimacrus isenbeckii, hair crab : fisheries|website=www.sealifebase.org|access-date=2019-04-13}}</ref> Despite the importance of the species, biological studies are usually specialized and limited.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://resolver.ebscohost.com.pallas2.tcl.sc.edu/openurl?sid=EBSCO%3aa9h&genre=article&issn=10964959&ISBN=&volume=159&issue=2&date=20110601&spage=103&pages=103-108&title=Comparative+Biochemistry+&atitle=Hemocyanin-derived+phenoloxidase+activity+with+broad+temperature+stability+extending+into+the+cold+environment+in+hemocytes+of+the+hair+crab+Erimacrus+isenbeckii&aulast=Kim%2c+Sang+Gu&id=DOI%3a10.1016%2fj.cbpb.2011.02.004&site=ftf-live|title=Hemocyanin-derived phenoloxidase activity with broad temperature stability extending into the cold environment in hemocytes of the hair crab Erimacrus isenbeckii|last=Kim|first=Sang Gu|date=June 2011|website=Science Direct|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> The catch for the species reached a peak in the 1950's at 27,000 tons, and has decreased since, reaching 2,000 tons in 2003.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Murakami|first=Keisuke|last2=Hamasaki|first2=Katsuyuki|last3=Ichikawa|first3=Takashi|date=2018-07-01|title=Larval survival, development and growth in the horsehair crab, Erimacrus isenbeckii, cultured under different photoperiod conditions|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/are.13711|journal=Aquaculture Research|language=en|volume=49|issue=7|pages=2511–2517|doi=10.1111/are.13711|issn=1365-2109}}</ref> Due to the commercial importance of the species, many stock enhancement programs have been utilized to help maintain a successful fishery.<ref name=":2" /> The species is commonly found on sandy [[Benthic zone|benthic]] environments from shallow water to depths of up to 350 meters.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Azuma|first=Noriko|last2=Kunihiro|first2=Yasushi|last3=Sasaki|first3=Jun|last4=Mihara|first4=Eiji|last5=Mihara|first5=Yukio|last6=Yasunaga|first6=Tomoaki|last7=Jin|first7=Deuk-Hee|last8=Abe|first8=Syuiti|date=2008-1|title=Genetic Variation and Population Structure of Hair Crab (Erimacrus isenbeckii ) in Japan Inferred from Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Analysis|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10126-007-9033-1|journal=Marine Biotechnology|language=en|volume=10|issue=1|pages=39–48|doi=10.1007/s10126-007-9033-1|issn=1436-2228}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|date=1999-01-01|title=EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE HAIR CRAB ERIMACRUS ISENBECKII|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/193724099x00277|journal=Journal of Crustacean Biology|volume=19|issue=1|pages=77–83|doi=10.1163/193724099x00277|issn=0278-0372}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.crabs.ru/russia/fam_cheiragonidae_erimacrus_isenbeckii.htm|title=Crabs of Russia, crab Erimacrus isenbeckii (Brandt, 1848) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Cheiragonidae), 3 photo|website=www.crabs.ru|access-date=2019-04-13}}</ref> |
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== Biology and description == |
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''E. isenbeckii'' has a hard shell and soft spines which cover the shell and appendages.<ref name=":4" /> can reach over 1 kg in weight. ''Erimacrus isenbeckii'' is known to feed three to four times in a ten to twelve hour time-span, and [[cannibalism]] is common for ''E. isenbeckii'' in the spring.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chuchukalo|first=V. I.|last2=Nadtochy|first2=V. A.|last3=Koblikov|first3=V. N.|last4=Borilko|first4=O. Yu.|date=2011-12|title=Diet and some ecological features of the most widespread commercial crab species in the northwestern Sea of Japan in early spring|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1134/S1063074011070029|journal=Russian Journal of Marine Biology|language=en|volume=37|issue=7|pages=558–569|doi=10.1134/S1063074011070029|issn=1063-0740}}</ref> <ref name=":0" /> The [[carapace]] of ''E. isenbeckii'' can reach 100 to 120 mm in length in adults.<ref name=":1" /> Like the two other species in the same family, the gonophores of females are exposed.<ref name=":3" /> |
''E. isenbeckii'' has a hard shell and soft spines which cover the shell and appendages.<ref name=":4" /> can reach over 1 kg in weight. ''Erimacrus isenbeckii'' is known to feed three to four times in a ten to twelve hour time-span, and [[cannibalism]] is common for ''E. isenbeckii'' in the spring.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chuchukalo|first=V. I.|last2=Nadtochy|first2=V. A.|last3=Koblikov|first3=V. N.|last4=Borilko|first4=O. Yu.|date=2011-12|title=Diet and some ecological features of the most widespread commercial crab species in the northwestern Sea of Japan in early spring|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1134/S1063074011070029|journal=Russian Journal of Marine Biology|language=en|volume=37|issue=7|pages=558–569|doi=10.1134/S1063074011070029|issn=1063-0740}}</ref> <ref name=":0" /> The [[carapace]] of ''E. isenbeckii'' can reach 100 to 120 mm in length in adults.<ref name=":1" /> Like the two other species in the same family, the gonophores of females are exposed.<ref name=":3" /> |
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In the eastern Bering Sea, males typically live in areas of around 3.4°C and depths of around 66 meters, while females can be found in temperatures of 2.4°C and depths of around 64 meters.<ref name=":4" /> |
In the eastern Bering Sea, males typically live in areas of around 3.4°C and depths of around 66 meters, while females can be found in temperatures of 2.4°C and depths of around 64 meters.<ref name=":4" /> |
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== Life cycle == |
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The embryonic development of the species can be divided into 9 stages, each defined by cleavage and formation of distinct appendages. To incubate the eggs after spawning, females attach them to their [[Decapod anatomy|pleopods]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4020(00)00959-5|title=Sex Pheromones of the Hair Crab Erimacrus isenbeckii. Part 1: Isolation and Structures of Novel Ceramides|last=Asai|first=Naoki|date=Oct. 11, 2000|website=www.sciencedirect.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-04-13}}</ref> Based on many surveys conducted during the spawning and hatching seasons, the incubation period of the species is estimated to be over a year , with the embryonic growth rate mainly being controlled by the temperature of the water.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www-jstor-org.pallas2.tcl.sc.edu/stable/pdf/1549549.pdf?ab_segments=0%252Ftbsub-1%252Frelevance_config_with_defaults&refreqid=excelsior:66d2b1bda8996aa9dbb7a141bb612994|title=Embryonic Development of the Hair Crab Erimacrus isenbeckii|last=Nagao|first=Jiro|date=Feb. 1999|website=login.pallas2.tcl.sc.edu|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-04-13}}</ref> Young hatch between March to May, and remain as [[zooplankton]] until they reach the bottom of the sea by July.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Azuma|first=Noriko|last2=Kunihiro|first2=Yasushi|last3=Sasaki|first3=Jun|last4=Mihara|first4=Eiji|last5=Mihara|first5=Yukio|last6=Yasunaga|first6=Tomoaki|last7=Jin|first7=Deuk-Hee|last8=Abe|first8=Syuiti|date=2008-1|title=Genetic Variation and Population Structure of Hair Crab (Erimacrus isenbeckii ) in Japan Inferred from Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Analysis|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10126-007-9033-1|journal=Marine Biotechnology|language=en|volume=10|issue=1|pages=39–48|doi=10.1007/s10126-007-9033-1|issn=1436-2228}}</ref> The hatching process occurs during the spring [[phytoplankton]] bloom in the Sea of Okhotsk.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=440405#attributes|title=WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Erimacrus isenbeckii (J. F. Brandt, 1848)|website=www.marinespecies.org|access-date=2019-04-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www-jstor-org.pallas2.tcl.sc.edu/stable/pdf/1548791.pdf?ab_segments=0%252Fdefault-2%252Fcontrol&refreqid=excelsior:a555ad78c2184bf950ab048888fbf545|title=Early Larval Stages of the Hair Crab Erimacrus isenbeckii (Brandt) (Brachyura: |
The embryonic development of the species can be divided into 9 stages, each defined by cleavage and formation of distinct appendages. To incubate the eggs after spawning, females attach them to their [[Decapod anatomy|pleopods]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4020(00)00959-5|title=Sex Pheromones of the Hair Crab Erimacrus isenbeckii. Part 1: Isolation and Structures of Novel Ceramides|last=Asai|first=Naoki|date=Oct. 11, 2000|website=www.sciencedirect.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-04-13}}</ref> Based on many surveys conducted during the spawning and hatching seasons, the incubation period of the species is estimated to be over a year , with the embryonic growth rate mainly being controlled by the temperature of the water.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www-jstor-org.pallas2.tcl.sc.edu/stable/pdf/1549549.pdf?ab_segments=0%252Ftbsub-1%252Frelevance_config_with_defaults&refreqid=excelsior:66d2b1bda8996aa9dbb7a141bb612994|title=Embryonic Development of the Hair Crab Erimacrus isenbeckii|last=Nagao|first=Jiro|date=Feb. 1999|website=login.pallas2.tcl.sc.edu|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-04-13}}</ref> Young hatch between March to May, and remain as [[zooplankton]] until they reach the bottom of the sea by July.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Azuma|first=Noriko|last2=Kunihiro|first2=Yasushi|last3=Sasaki|first3=Jun|last4=Mihara|first4=Eiji|last5=Mihara|first5=Yukio|last6=Yasunaga|first6=Tomoaki|last7=Jin|first7=Deuk-Hee|last8=Abe|first8=Syuiti|date=2008-1|title=Genetic Variation and Population Structure of Hair Crab (Erimacrus isenbeckii ) in Japan Inferred from Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Analysis|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10126-007-9033-1|journal=Marine Biotechnology|language=en|volume=10|issue=1|pages=39–48|doi=10.1007/s10126-007-9033-1|issn=1436-2228}}</ref> The hatching process occurs during the spring [[phytoplankton]] bloom in the Sea of Okhotsk.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=440405#attributes|title=WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Erimacrus isenbeckii (J. F. Brandt, 1848)|website=www.marinespecies.org|access-date=2019-04-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www-jstor-org.pallas2.tcl.sc.edu/stable/pdf/1548791.pdf?ab_segments=0%252Fdefault-2%252Fcontrol&refreqid=excelsior:a555ad78c2184bf950ab048888fbf545|title=Early Larval Stages of the Hair Crab Erimacrus isenbeckii (Brandt) (Brachyura: |
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Atelecyclidae), with Special Reference to Its Hatching Process|last=Sasaki|first=Jun|date=1993|website=login.pallas2.tcl.sc.edu|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-04-13}}</ref> The [[Crustacean larva|zoea]] of this species can be mistaken for the two other species in the same Family, but ''E. isenbeckii'' zoea lack carapace spines and have shorter lateral spines on the fork of the telson.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://login.pallas2.tcl.sc.edu/login?url=https://doi.org/10.1080/19768354.2010.528207|title=Early zoeal stages of edible crab Erimacrus isenbeckii (Brandt, 1848) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Cheiragonidae) and a comparison with other cheiragonid zoeae|last=Lee|first=Chu|date=Dec. 10 2010|website=login.pallas2.tcl.sc.edu|doi=10.1080/19768354.2010.528207|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-04-13}}</ref> |
Atelecyclidae), with Special Reference to Its Hatching Process|last=Sasaki|first=Jun|date=1993|website=login.pallas2.tcl.sc.edu|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-04-13}}</ref> The [[Crustacean larva|zoea]] of this species can be mistaken for the two other species in the same Family, but ''E. isenbeckii'' zoea lack carapace spines and have shorter lateral spines on the fork of the telson.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://login.pallas2.tcl.sc.edu/login?url=https://doi.org/10.1080/19768354.2010.528207|title=Early zoeal stages of edible crab Erimacrus isenbeckii (Brandt, 1848) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Cheiragonidae) and a comparison with other cheiragonid zoeae|last=Lee|first=Chu|date=Dec. 10 2010|website=login.pallas2.tcl.sc.edu|doi=10.1080/19768354.2010.528207|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-04-13}}</ref> |
Horsehair Crab | |
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Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: |
Animalia
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Phylum: |
Arthropoda
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Class: |
Malacostraca
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Order: |
Decapoda
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Family: |
Cheiragonidae
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Genus: |
Erimacrus
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The horsehair crab, Erimacrus isenbeckii, (Japanese: ケガニ kegani), is a species of crab which is found mainly in the east Pacific, around the Hokkaido coast in the Sea of Okhotsk and the eastern Bering Sea and is an important commercial species used in Japanese cuisine.[1] [2] Despite the importance of the species, biological studies are usually specialized and limited.[3] The catch for the species reached a peak in the 1950's at 27,000 tons, and has decreased since, reaching 2,000 tons in 2003.[4] Due to the commercial importance of the species, many stock enhancement programs have been utilized to help maintain a successful fishery.[4] The species is commonly found on sandy benthic environments from shallow water to depths of up to 350 meters.[5] [6][7]
E. isenbeckii has a hard shell and soft spines which cover the shell and appendages.[3] can reach over 1 kg in weight. Erimacrus isenbeckii is known to feed three to four times in a ten to twelve hour time-span, and cannibalism is common for E. isenbeckii in the spring.[8] [2] The carapaceofE. isenbeckii can reach 100 to 120 mm in length in adults.[7] Like the two other species in the same family, the gonophores of females are exposed.[9]
In the eastern Bering Sea, males typically live in areas of around 3.4°C and depths of around 66 meters, while females can be found in temperatures of 2.4°C and depths of around 64 meters.[3]
The embryonic development of the species can be divided into 9 stages, each defined by cleavage and formation of distinct appendages. To incubate the eggs after spawning, females attach them to their pleopods.[10] Based on many surveys conducted during the spawning and hatching seasons, the incubation period of the species is estimated to be over a year , with the embryonic growth rate mainly being controlled by the temperature of the water.[11] Young hatch between March to May, and remain as zooplankton until they reach the bottom of the sea by July.[12] The hatching process occurs during the spring phytoplankton bloom in the Sea of Okhotsk.[13][14] The zoea of this species can be mistaken for the two other species in the same Family, but E. isenbeckii zoea lack carapace spines and have shorter lateral spines on the fork of the telson.[9]
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