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==Working conditions== |
==Working conditions== |
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Workers in coal mines were naked due to the heat and the narrow tunnels that would catch on clothing. Men and boys worked completely naked, while women and girls would generally strip to the waist; but in some mines might be naked also. In testimony before a Parliamentary commission, it was stated that working naked in confined spaces "... it is not to be supposed but that where opportunity thus prevails sexual vices are of common occurrence."<ref name="FordhamU">{{cite web| url=https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/1842womenminers.asp| website=Fordham University| title=Modern History Sourcebook: Women Miners in English Coal Pits| |
Workers in coal mines were naked due to the heat and the narrow tunnels that would catch on clothing. Men and boys worked completely naked, while women and girls would generally strip to the waist; but in some mines might be naked also. In testimony before a Parliamentary commission, it was stated that working naked in confined spaces "... it is not to be supposed but that where opportunity thus prevails sexual vices are of common occurrence."<ref name="FordhamU">{{cite web| url=https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/1842womenminers.asp| website=Fordham University| title=Modern History Sourcebook: Women Miners in English Coal Pits| accessdate=November 9, 2019}}</ref> |
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==Legislation== |
==Legislation== |
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In August 1842 the [[Royal Commission of Inquiry into Children's Employment|Children's Employment Commission]] drew up an act of Parliament which gave a minimum working age for boys in mines, though the age varied between districts and even between mines. The [[Mines and Collieries Act 1842]] also outlawed the employment of women and girls in mines.<ref name="HalifaxToday" /><ref name="MI" /> In 1870 it became compulsory for all children aged between five and thirteen to go to school, ending much of the hurrying. It was still a common profession for school leavers well into the 1920s.<ref name="HalifaxToday" /> |
In August 1842 the [[Royal Commission of Inquiry into Children's Employment|Children's Employment Commission]] drew up an act of Parliament which gave a minimum working age for boys in mines, though the age varied between districts and even between mines. The [[Mines and Collieries Act 1842]] also outlawed the employment of women and girls in mines.<ref name="HalifaxToday" /><ref name="MI" /> In 1870 it became compulsory for all children aged between five and thirteen to go to school, ending much of the hurrying. It was still a common profession for school leavers well into the 1920s.<ref name="HalifaxToday" /> |
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The 1969 song ''The Testimony of Patience Kershaw''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sniff.numachi.com/pages/tiPATKRSHW.html |title=Testimony of Patience Kershaw |website=Sniff.numachi.com |date= | |
The 1969 song ''The Testimony of Patience Kershaw''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sniff.numachi.com/pages/tiPATKRSHW.html |title=Testimony of Patience Kershaw |website=Sniff.numachi.com |date= |accessdate=2016-08-09}}</ref> by Frank Higgins (recorded by [[Roy Bailey (folk singer)|Roy Bailey]]<ref>''If I Knew Who the Enemy Was'' Fuse Records CF 284; 1979</ref> and [[The Unthanks]]) is based on the testimony of Patience Kershaw (aged 17) when she spoke to the Children's Employment Commission.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.victorianweb.org/history/ashley.html |title=Testimony Gathered by Ashley's Mines Commission, 1842 |website=Victorianweb.org |date=2002-09-26 |accessdate=2016-08-09}}</ref> Her testimony includes: "The bald place upon my head is made by thrusting the corves ... I hurry the corves a mile and more underground and back; they weigh 3 [[Hundredweight|cwt]] ... The getters that I work for are naked except for their caps ... Sometimes they beat me if I am not quick enough".<ref>Lloyd, A. L. (1975) ''Folk Song in England''. Frogmore: Granada Publishing {{ISBN|0-586-08210-7}}; p. 327</ref> It was published in ''My Song Is My Own'' (compiled by Kathy Henderson, Pluto Press, 1979).<ref>"Although the Honourable Gentlemen of the Commission may have been hearing the shocking news for the first time, contemporary songs and broadsheets, like "The Collier Lass", had made the predicament of the women and children working in the mines common knowledge in the streets."--Henderson, K. et al. ''My Song Is My Own''; pp. 151-52</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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