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{{short description|Cultural depictions of Isaac Newton}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}} |
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}} |
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[[Isaac Newton]] was an English [[mathematician]], [[natural philosopher]], [[theologian]], [[alchemist]] and one of the most influential [[scientist]]s in [[human history]]. His ''[[Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica]]'' is considered to be one of the most influential books in the [[history of science]], laying the groundwork for most of [[classical mechanics]] by describing [[universal gravitation]] and the three [[Newton's laws of motion|laws of motion]]. In mathematics, Newton shares the credit with [[Gottfried Leibniz]] for the [[history of calculus|development]] of the differential and integral [[infinitesimal calculus|calculus]]. |
[[Isaac Newton]] was an English [[mathematician]], [[natural philosopher]], [[theologian]], [[alchemist]] and one of the most influential [[scientist]]s in [[human history]]. His ''[[Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica]]'' is considered to be one of the most influential books in the [[history of science]], laying the groundwork for most of [[classical mechanics]] by describing [[universal gravitation]] and the three [[Newton's laws of motion|laws of motion]]. In mathematics, Newton shares the credit with [[Gottfried Leibniz]] for the [[history of calculus|development]] of the differential and integral [[infinitesimal calculus|calculus]]. |
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|year=2008 |
|year=2008 |
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|title=Genius, Method, and Morality: Images of Newton in Britain, 1760–1860 |
|title=Genius, Method, and Morality: Images of Newton in Britain, 1760–1860 |
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|journal= |
|journal=Science in Context |
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|volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=257–284 |
|volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=257–284 |
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|doi=10.1017/S0269889700000594 |
|doi=10.1017/S0269889700000594 |
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|s2cid=145327679 |
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}}</ref><ref> |
}}</ref><ref> |
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{{cite book |
{{cite book |
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|last1=Fara |
|last1=Fara |
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|doi=10.1038/26871 |
|doi=10.1038/26871 |
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}}</ref> |
}}</ref> |
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--> Many books, plays, and films focus on Newton or use Newton as a [[literary device]]. Newton's stature among scientists remains at the very top rank, as demonstrated by a 2005 survey of scientists in Britain's [[Royal Society]] (formerly headed by Newton) asking who had the greater effect on the [[history of science]], Newton or |
--> Many books, plays, and films focus on Newton or use Newton as a [[literary device]]. Newton's stature among scientists remains at the very top rank, as demonstrated by a 2005 survey of scientists in Britain's [[Royal Society]] (formerly headed by Newton) asking who had the greater effect on the [[history of science]], Newton or Albert Einstein. Newton was deemed the more influential.<ref> |
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{{cite web |
{{cite web |
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|date=23 November 2005 |
|date=23 November 2005 |
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|url=https://royalsociety.org/news/2012/newton-einstein/ |
|url=https://royalsociety.org/news/2012/newton-einstein/ |
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|publisher=[[The Royal Society]] |
|publisher=[[The Royal Society]] |
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}}</ref> In 1999, leading physicists voted |
}}</ref> In 1999, leading physicists voted Albert Einstein "greatest physicist ever"; Newton was the runner-up.<ref> |
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{{cite news |
{{cite news |
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|date=29 November 1999 |
|date=29 November 1999 |
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}}</ref> |
}}</ref> |
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== |
==Visual arts== |
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* [[William Blake]] created a colour copper engraving entitled ''[[Newton (Blake)|Newton]]'', in 1795.<ref>[http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/html/b/blake/02newton.html ''Isaac Newton'', Blake, William, Web Gallery of Art]</ref> The engraving would serve as the basis for bronze statue ''[[Newton (Paolozzi)|Newton]]'', made in 1995 by the sculptor [[Eduardo Paolozzi]].<ref>{{cite web|title='Newton', Sir Eduardo Paolozzi, 1988 |url=http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/paolozzi-newton-t06957|publisher=Tate}}</ref> |
* [[William Blake]] created a colour copper engraving entitled ''[[Newton (Blake)|Newton]]'', in 1795.<ref>[http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/html/b/blake/02newton.html ''Isaac Newton'', Blake, William, Web Gallery of Art]</ref> The engraving would serve as the basis for bronze statue ''[[Newton (Paolozzi)|Newton]]'', made in 1995 by the sculptor [[Eduardo Paolozzi]].<ref>{{cite web|title='Newton', Sir Eduardo Paolozzi, 1988 |url=http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/paolozzi-newton-t06957|publisher=Tate}}</ref> |
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== |
==Poetry== |
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[[File:StatueOfIsaacNewton.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The statue of [[Isaac Newton|Newton]], located in the chapel of [[Trinity College, Cambridge]]]] |
[[File:StatueOfIsaacNewton.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The statue of [[Isaac Newton|Newton]], located in the chapel of [[Trinity College, Cambridge]]]] |
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English poet [[Alexander Pope]] was moved by Newton's accomplishments to write the famous [[epitaph]]:<ref>http://www.bartleby.com/297/154.html</ref> |
English poet [[Alexander Pope]] was moved by Newton's accomplishments to write the famous [[epitaph]]:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/297/154.html|title=Epitaph on Sir Isaac Newton. Alexander Pope (1688-1744). March 21. James and Mary Ford, eds. 1902. Every Day in the Year: A Poetical Epitome of the World's History}}</ref> |
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<blockquote> |
<blockquote> |
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Nature and nature's laws lay hid in night;<br /> |
Nature and nature's laws lay hid in night;<br /> |
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</blockquote> |
</blockquote> |
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English poet [[J. C. Squire]] satirised this:<ref>http://izquotes.com/quote/268818</ref> |
English poet [[J. C. Squire]] satirised this:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://izquotes.com/quote/268818|title = Iz Quotes - Famous Quotes, Proverbs, & Sayings}}</ref> |
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<blockquote> |
<blockquote> |
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It could not last; the Devil shouting "Ho! <br>Let Einstein be!" restored the ''status quo''. |
It could not last; the Devil shouting "Ho! <br />Let Einstein be!" restored the ''status quo''. |
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</blockquote> |
</blockquote> |
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}}</ref> |
}}</ref> |
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<blockquote> |
<blockquote> |
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And from my pillow, looking forth by light<br> |
And from my pillow, looking forth by light<br /> |
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Of moon or favouring stars, I could behold<br> |
Of moon or favouring stars, I could behold<br /> |
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The antechapel where the statue stood<br> |
The antechapel where the statue stood<br /> |
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Of Newton with his prism and silent face,<br> |
Of Newton with his prism and silent face,<br /> |
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The marble index of a mind for ever<br> |
The marble index of a mind for ever<br /> |
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Voyaging through strange seas of Thought, alone. |
Voyaging through strange seas of Thought, alone. |
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</blockquote> |
</blockquote> |
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* |
*''[[Jerusalem: The Emanation of the Giant Albion]]'', [[William Blake]]<ref> |
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{{cite web |
{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/sts/gregory/109/handouts/h15_rr.doc |
|url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/sts/gregory/109/handouts/h15_rr.doc |
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|access-date=2 February 2010 |
|access-date=2 February 2010 |
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}}</ref> |
}}</ref> |
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* |
*''A Poem Sacred to the Memory of Sir Isaac Newton'', [[James Thomson (poet, born 1700)|James Thomson]]<ref> |
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{{cite web |
{{cite web |
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|author=James Thomson |
|author=James Thomson |
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|url=http://www.poemhunter.com/poem/a-poem-sacred-to-the-memory-of-sir-isaac-newton/ |
|url=http://www.poemhunter.com/poem/a-poem-sacred-to-the-memory-of-sir-isaac-newton/ |
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|title=A Poem Sacred to the Memory of Sir Isaac Newton |
|title=A Poem Sacred to the Memory of Sir Isaac Newton |
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|date=3 January 2003 |
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|publisher=PoemHunter.com |
|publisher=PoemHunter.com |
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|access-date=2 February 2010 |
|access-date=2 February 2010 |
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}}</ref> |
}}</ref> |
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* |
*''The Movement of Bodies'', [[Sheenagh Pugh]]<ref> |
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{{cite news |
{{cite news |
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|author=Carol Rumens |
|author=Carol Rumens |
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}}</ref> |
}}</ref> |
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== |
==Literature== |
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=== |
===Books about Newton=== |
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*{{cite book |
*{{cite book |
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|author=Maureen McNeil |
|author=Maureen McNeil |
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}} |
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===Books featuring Newton as a character=== |
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* Newton and his alchemical experiments play a central role in the 2012 young adult novels ''The Prince of Soul and The Lighthouse'' by Fredrik Brounéus. |
* Newton and his alchemical experiments play a central role in the 2012 young adult novels ''The Prince of Soul and The Lighthouse'' by Fredrik Brounéus. |
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* Isaac Newton plays a significant role in ''[[The Age of Unreason]]'', a series of four [[alternate history]] [[novels]] written by American [[science fiction]] and [[fantasy]] author [[Gregory Keyes]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}} |
* Isaac Newton plays a significant role in ''[[The Age of Unreason]]'', a series of four [[alternate history]] [[novels]] written by American [[science fiction]] and [[fantasy]] author [[Gregory Keyes]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}} |
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* 'Sir Isaac Newton' is a newt in ''[[The Tale of Mr. Jeremy Fisher]]'' by [[Beatrix Potter]]. |
* 'Sir Isaac Newton' is a newt in ''[[The Tale of Mr. Jeremy Fisher]]'' by [[Beatrix Potter]]. |
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* The 2017 novel ''[[A Dragon's Guide to Making Your Human Smarter]]'' by [[Laurence Yep]] features Newton as a character, having lived to the present day due to finding the [[Philosopher's Stone]]. He is a teacher at the Spriggs Academy for ordinary humans and magical beings, and continues to create innovations such as a wormhole generator. Newton also displays a wry sense of humor, using his invention to prank [[Charles II of England|Charles II]], supposedly on the grounds of refusing to knight him. |
* The 2017 novel ''[[A Dragon's Guide to Making Your Human Smarter]]'' by [[Laurence Yep]] features Newton as a character, having lived to the present day due to finding the [[Philosopher's Stone]]. He is a teacher at the Spriggs Academy for ordinary humans and magical beings, and continues to create innovations such as a wormhole generator. Newton also displays a wry sense of humor, using his invention to prank [[Charles II of England|Charles II]], supposedly on the grounds of refusing to knight him. |
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* Newton is a significant historical character in [[Marvel Comics|Marvel]]'s [[Marvel Universe|616 universe]], first as an inductee and subsequent member of the [[S.H.I.E.L.D.|Brotherhood of the Shield]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hickman (writer) |first1=Jonathan |last2=Weaver (illustrator)|first2=Dustin |title=S. H. I. E. L. D.: Architects of Forever |date=2011-05-14 |publisher=Marvel |isbn=978-0785148944 |edition=Hardcover}}</ref> then as the [[Doctor Strange|sorcerer supreme]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Thompson (writer) |first1=Robbie |last2=Rodriguez (illustrator) |first2=Javier |title=Doctor Strange and the Sorcerers Supreme Vol. 1: Out of Time |date=2017-06-06 |publisher=Marvel |isbn=978-1302905903 |edition=Paperback}}</ref> of his era. He is shown to be super-intelligent and inventive and often plays a villainous role. |
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===Books featuring Newton as a plot element=== |
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* Newton's alleged participation in the [[Priory of Sion]]; Newton's grave in [[Westminster Abbey]] provides the crucial clue in the mystery thriller ''[[The Da Vinci Code (film)|The Da Vinci Code]]''.{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}} |
* Newton's alleged participation in the [[Priory of Sion]]; Newton's grave in [[Westminster Abbey]] provides the crucial clue in the mystery thriller ''[[The Da Vinci Code (film)|The Da Vinci Code]]''.{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}} |
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* Newton is credited as having invented the pet door (cat flap) as a monumental life achievement in Douglas Adams’s ''[[Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency]]'' (1987).{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}} |
* Newton is credited as having invented the pet door (cat flap) as a monumental life achievement in Douglas Adams’s ''[[Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency]]'' (1987).{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}} |
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*"[[Ghostwalk]]" is a story mainly about the mystery between Newton and Ezekiel Foxcroft's crime |
* "[[Ghostwalk]]" is a story mainly about the mystery between Newton and Ezekiel Foxcroft's crime. |
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* In [[Ben Aaronovitch]]'s [[Peter Grant (book series)|''Peter Grant'' series of novels]], Newton formalised the system and practice of magic in the United Kingdom in a process referred to as "The Newtonian Synthesis". Newton was also a founder of The Folly, the United Kingdom's state magical institution. |
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==Plays== |
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* ''[[Arcadia (play)|Arcadia]]'', [[Tom Stoppard]], includes long discussions of topics of mathematical interest including: Fermat's Last Theorem and Newtonian determinism<ref>[http://kasmana.people.cofc.edu/MATHFICT/search.php?go=yes&medium=pl&orderby=title ''Plays'', MathFiction]</ref> |
* ''[[Arcadia (play)|Arcadia]]'', [[Tom Stoppard]], includes long discussions of topics of mathematical interest including: Fermat's Last Theorem and Newtonian determinism<ref>[http://kasmana.people.cofc.edu/MATHFICT/search.php?go=yes&medium=pl&orderby=title ''Plays'', MathFiction]</ref> |
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* ''Five Fugues For Isaac Newton'', Rae Davis |
* ''Five Fugues For Isaac Newton'', Rae Davis |
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* ''Let Newton Be!'', a verbatim play constructed from the published and unpublished words of Newton and his immediate contemporaries by Craig Baxter |
* ''Let Newton Be!'', a verbatim play constructed from the published and unpublished words of Newton and his immediate contemporaries by Craig Baxter |
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==TV and radio== |
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* In 1982, Dan Kern played Newton in an episode of ''[[Voyagers!]]'', "Cleo and the Babe".{{Citation |
* In 1982, Dan Kern played Newton in an episode of ''[[Voyagers!]]'', "Cleo and the Babe".<ref>{{Citation|title="Voyagers!" Cleo and the Babe (TV Episode 1982) - IMDb|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0742358/fullcredits|access-date=2022-02-11}}</ref> |
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* From 1983 until 1998, ''[[Newton's Apple]]'' ran on PBS and was based around answering science questions for children.{{Citation |
* From 1983 until 1998, ''[[Newton's Apple]]'' ran on PBS and was based around answering science questions for children.<ref>{{Citation|title=Newton's Apple|date=1983-10-15|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0131678/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1|type=Talk-Show|publisher=KTCA Minneapolis|access-date=2022-02-11}}</ref> |
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*[[Trevor Howard]] guest-starred as Newton in the 1986 mini-series ''[[Peter the Great (TV series)|Peter the Great]]''. |
* [[Trevor Howard]] guest-starred as Newton in the 1986 mini-series ''[[Peter the Great (TV series)|Peter the Great]]''.<ref>{{Citation|title=Peter the Great|date=1986-02-02|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0090502/?ref_=nm_flmg_act_8|type=Biography, Drama, History|publisher=NBC Productions|access-date=2022-02-11}}</ref> |
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* In 1993, [[John Neville (actor)|John Neville]] played Newton in an episode of ''[[Star Trek: The Next Generation]]'', "[[Descent (Star Trek: The Next Generation)|Descent]]".{{Citation |
* In 1993, [[John Neville (actor)|John Neville]] played Newton in an episode of ''[[Star Trek: The Next Generation]]'', "[[Descent (Star Trek: The Next Generation)|Descent]]".<ref>{{Citation|last=Singer|first=Alexander|title=Descent|date=1993-06-21|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0708700/?ref_=nm_flmg_act_63|series=Star Trek: The Next Generation|access-date=2022-02-11}}</ref> |
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* In 1996, Newton was the main villain of the anime ''[[The Vision of Escaflowne]]'' as [[List of The Vision of Escaflowne characters#Emperor Dornkirk|Emperor Dornkirk]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mania.com/anime-expo-friday-report_article_86123.html |title=Anime Expo Friday Report |publisher=AnimeOnDVD.com |first=Andrew |last=Tei |date=5 July 2002 |access-date=23 July 2008 |quote="Q) Where did the idea to use Isaac Newton as a model for Dornkirk (leader of Zaibach) come from? A) Kawamori answers by saying that Newton was an alchemist and wrote a book on alchemy. Kawamori came up with the theory that Newton discovered the "power" [of Atlantis]. He designed Dornkirk as not a bad guy." |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080727032541/http://www.mania.com/anime-expo-friday-report_article_86123.html |archive-date=27 July 2008 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> |
* In 1996, Newton was the main villain of the anime ''[[The Vision of Escaflowne]]'' as [[List of The Vision of Escaflowne characters#Emperor Dornkirk|Emperor Dornkirk]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mania.com/anime-expo-friday-report_article_86123.html |title=Anime Expo Friday Report |publisher=AnimeOnDVD.com |first=Andrew |last=Tei |date=5 July 2002 |access-date=23 July 2008 |quote="Q) Where did the idea to use Isaac Newton as a model for Dornkirk (leader of Zaibach) come from? A) Kawamori answers by saying that Newton was an alchemist and wrote a book on alchemy. Kawamori came up with the theory that Newton discovered the "power" [of Atlantis]. He designed Dornkirk as not a bad guy." |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080727032541/http://www.mania.com/anime-expo-friday-report_article_86123.html |archive-date=27 July 2008 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> |
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* In 1996 and 1997, Newton was played by [[Peter Dennis]] in the ''[[Star Trek: Voyager]]'' episodes "[[Death Wish (Star Trek: Voyager)|Death Wish]]" and "[[Darkling]]".{{Citation |
* In 1996 and 1997, Newton was played by [[Peter Dennis]] in the ''[[Star Trek: Voyager]]'' episodes "[[Death Wish (Star Trek: Voyager)|Death Wish]]" and "[[Darkling]]".<ref>{{Citation|last=Conway|first=James L.|title=Death Wish|date=1996-02-19|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0708875/?ref_=fn_tt_tt_1|series=Star Trek: Voyager|access-date=2022-02-11}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Singer|first=Alexander|title=Darkling|date=1997-02-19|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0708979/?ref_=fn_tt_tt_1|series=Star Trek: Voyager|access-date=2022-02-11}}</ref> |
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* In 2007, [[David Warner (actor)|David Warner]] portrayed Newton in the ''[[Doctor Who]]'' audio drama ''[[Circular Time]]''.{{ |
* In 2007, [[David Warner (actor)|David Warner]] portrayed Newton in the ''[[Doctor Who]]'' audio drama ''[[Circular Time]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=091. Doctor Who: Circular Time - Doctor Who - The Monthly Adventures - Big Finish|url=https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-circular-time-257|access-date=2022-02-11|website=www.bigfinish.com}}</ref> The [[Fourth Doctor]] had previously mentioned his acquaintance with Newton in the TV serials ''[[Shada (Doctor Who)|Shada]]'' and "[[The Five Doctors]]" (the same footage reused). |
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*In the Japanese television show, [[Kamen Rider Ghost]], the ghost of Isaac Newton helps the main character Takeru Tenkuji/Kamen Rider Ghost to access his gravity-controlling Newton Damashii form. Newton's ghost also helps him on his journey to unite the 15 Heroic souls. |
* In the Japanese television show, ''[[Kamen Rider Ghost]]'', the ghost of Isaac Newton helps the main character Takeru Tenkuji/Kamen Rider Ghost to access his gravity-controlling Newton Damashii form. Newton's ghost also helps him on his journey to unite the 15 Heroic souls. |
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* In 2023, the character of Newton returned in the ''[[Doctor Who]]'' 2023 special, Wild Blue Yonder, played by ''[[Nathaniel Curtis]]''. |
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==Films and video== |
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* [[Harpo Marx]] played Newton in a comic appearance in the film ''[[The Story of Mankind (film)|The Story of Mankind]]''. |
* [[Harpo Marx]] played Newton in a comic appearance in the film ''[[The Story of Mankind (film)|The Story of Mankind]]''. |
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* ''[[Me & Isaac Newton]]'', (1999) is a documentary, by [[Michael Apted]], about seven scientists.<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0218433/ ''Me & Isaac Newton'', imdb.com ]</ref><ref>[http://www.monstersatplay.com/review/dvd/m/meand.php ''Me & Isaac Newton'', Monsters at Play] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511155628/http://www.monstersatplay.com/review/dvd/m/meand.php |date=11 May 2008 }}</ref> |
* ''[[Me & Isaac Newton]]'', (1999) is a documentary, by [[Michael Apted]], about seven scientists.<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0218433/ ''Me & Isaac Newton'', imdb.com ]</ref><ref>[http://www.monstersatplay.com/review/dvd/m/meand.php ''Me & Isaac Newton'', Monsters at Play] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511155628/http://www.monstersatplay.com/review/dvd/m/meand.php |date=11 May 2008 }}</ref> |
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* [["Weird Al" Yankovic]] portrayed Newton in a third-season episode of the |
* [["Weird Al" Yankovic]] portrayed Newton in a third-season episode of the web series ''[[Epic Rap Battles of History]]''. |
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* Newton appears in the |
* Newton appears in the web series ''[[Super Science Friends]]'' where he is the hero of a teenage [[Albert Einstein]]. |
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==Video games== |
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* [[Empire: Total War]] features Isaac Newton, to [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Britain]] in the Grand Campaign. |
* ''[[Empire: Total War]]'' features Isaac Newton, to [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Britain]] in the Grand Campaign. |
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== |
==Newtonmas== |
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{{quote box|quote= 25 December is the birthday of one of the truly great men ever to walk the earth. His achievements might justly be celebrated wherever his truths hold sway. And that means from one end of the universe to the other. Happy Newton Day!|author= – [[Richard Dawkins]], [[evolutionary biologist]] and prominent [[atheist]]<ref name="NS-20071213">{{cite web |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |title=Happy Newton Day! - December 25th is a date to celebrate not because it is the disputed birthday of the "son of God" but |url=http://www.newstatesman.com/life-and-society/2007/12/birthday-jesus-lady-god |date=13 December 2007 |work=[[New Statesman]] |access-date=11 January 2014 }}</ref>|width = 40%|align = right|quoted = 1}} |
{{quote box|quote= 25 December is the birthday of one of the truly great men ever to walk the earth. His achievements might justly be celebrated wherever his truths hold sway. And that means from one end of the universe to the other. Happy Newton Day!|author= – [[Richard Dawkins]], [[evolutionary biologist]] and prominent [[atheist]]<ref name="NS-20071213">{{cite web |last=Dawkins |first=Richard |title=Happy Newton Day! - December 25th is a date to celebrate not because it is the disputed birthday of the "son of God" but |url=http://www.newstatesman.com/life-and-society/2007/12/birthday-jesus-lady-god |date=13 December 2007 |work=[[New Statesman]] |access-date=11 January 2014 }}</ref>|width = 40%|align = right|quoted = 1}} |
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Some atheists, sceptics, and others have referred to 25 December as '''Newtonmas''', a [[tongue-in-cheek]] reference to [[Christmas]]. Celebrants send cards with "Reason's Greetings!" printed inside, and exchange boxes of apples and science-related items as gifts. The celebration may have had its origin in a meeting of the Newton Association at Christmas 1890 to talk, distribute gifts, and share laughter and good cheer. The name ''Newtonmas'' can be attributed to [[The Skeptics Society]], which needed an alternative name for its Christmas party.<ref name=Newtonmas>{{cite news|last=Winston|first=Kimberly|title=On Dec. 25, atheists celebrate a different birthday|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/on-faith/on-dec-25-atheists-celebrate-a-different-birthday/2011/12/16/gIQADJPyyO_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219162124/http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/on-faith/on-dec-25-atheists-celebrate-a-different-birthday/2011/12/16/gIQADJPyyO_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 December 2011|newspaper=Washington Post|date=16 December 2011|access-date=22 December 2011}}</ref> Another name for this holiday is Gravmas (also spelt Gravmass or Grav-mass) which is an abbreviation of "gravitational mass" due to Newton's Theory of Gravitation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://stallman.org/grav-mass.html |first=Richard M. |last=Stallman |title=Celebrate Grav-Mass |access-date=21 December 2013}}</ref> |
Some atheists, sceptics, and others have referred to 25 December as '''Newtonmas''', a [[tongue-in-cheek]] reference to [[Christmas]]. Celebrants send cards with "Reason's Greetings!" printed inside, and exchange boxes of apples and science-related items as gifts. The celebration may have had its origin in a meeting of the Newton Association at Christmas 1890 to talk, distribute gifts, and share laughter and good cheer. The name ''Newtonmas'' can be attributed to [[The Skeptics Society]], which needed an alternative name for its Christmas party.<ref name=Newtonmas>{{cite news|last=Winston|first=Kimberly|title=On Dec. 25, atheists celebrate a different birthday|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/on-faith/on-dec-25-atheists-celebrate-a-different-birthday/2011/12/16/gIQADJPyyO_story.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219162124/http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/on-faith/on-dec-25-atheists-celebrate-a-different-birthday/2011/12/16/gIQADJPyyO_story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 December 2011|newspaper=Washington Post|date=16 December 2011|access-date=22 December 2011}}</ref> Another name for this holiday is Gravmas (also spelt Gravmass or Grav-mass) which is an abbreviation of "gravitational mass" due to Newton's Theory of Gravitation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://stallman.org/grav-mass.html |first=Richard M. |last=Stallman |title=Celebrate Grav-Mass |access-date=21 December 2013}}</ref> |
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On 25 December 2014, American [[Astrophysics|astrophysicist]] Neil deGrasse Tyson [[Twitter|tweeted]]: {{ |
On 25 December 2014, American [[Astrophysics|astrophysicist]] Neil deGrasse Tyson [[Twitter|tweeted]]: {{blockquote|On this day long ago, a child was born who, by age 30, would transform the world. Happy Birthday Isaac Newton b. Dec. 25, 1642.}} In a subsequent interview, Tyson denied being "anti-Christian", noting that Jesus' true birthdate is unknown.<ref name="AP-20150107-DB">{{cite news |last=Bauder |first=David |title=Neil deGrasse Tyson Says He's Not Anti-Christian |url=http://apnews.excite.com/article/20150108/us--tv_critics_watch-tyson-7dde5e935a.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108160404/http://apnews.excite.com/article/20150108/us--tv_critics_watch-tyson-7dde5e935a.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 January 2015 |date=7 January 2015 |access-date=8 January 2015 }}</ref> |
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Newton's birthday was 25 December under the [[Julian Calendar|Old Style Julian Calendar]] used in Protestant England at the time, but was 4 January under the [[Gregorian Calendar|New Style Gregorian Calendar]] used simultaneously in Catholic Europe. The period between has been proposed for a holiday season called "10 Days of Newton" to commemorate this.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/12/23/the-ten-days-of-newton/ | work=The New York Times | first=Olivia | last=Judson | title=The 10 Days of Newton | date=23 December 2008}}</ref> |
Newton's birthday was 25 December under the [[Julian Calendar|Old Style Julian Calendar]] used in Protestant England at the time, but was 4 January under the [[Gregorian Calendar|New Style Gregorian Calendar]] used simultaneously in Catholic Europe. The period between has been proposed for a holiday season called "10 Days of Newton" to commemorate this.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/12/23/the-ten-days-of-newton/ | work=The New York Times | first=Olivia | last=Judson | title=The 10 Days of Newton | date=23 December 2008}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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* [[:Category:Cultural depictions of scientists]] |
* [[:Category:Cultural depictions of scientists]] |
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* [[List of cultural icons of England]] |
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* [[List of things named after Isaac Newton]] |
* [[List of things named after Isaac Newton]] |
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|volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=549–571 |
|volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=549–571 |
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|doi=10.1016/j.shpsa.2004.06.007 |
|doi=10.1016/j.shpsa.2004.06.007 |
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|bibcode=2004SHPSA..35..549F |
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}} |
}} |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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Isaac Newton was an English mathematician, natural philosopher, theologian, alchemist and one of the most influential scientistsinhuman history. His Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica is considered to be one of the most influential books in the history of science, laying the groundwork for most of classical mechanics by describing universal gravitation and the three laws of motion. In mathematics, Newton shares the credit with Gottfried Leibniz for the development of the differential and integral calculus.
Because of the resounding impact of his work, Newton became a science icon, as did Albert Einstein after publishing his theory of relativity more than 200 years later.[1][2][3] Many books, plays, and films focus on Newton or use Newton as a literary device. Newton's stature among scientists remains at the very top rank, as demonstrated by a 2005 survey of scientists in Britain's Royal Society (formerly headed by Newton) asking who had the greater effect on the history of science, Newton or Albert Einstein. Newton was deemed the more influential.[4] In 1999, leading physicists voted Albert Einstein "greatest physicist ever"; Newton was the runner-up.[5]
English poet Alexander Pope was moved by Newton's accomplishments to write the famous epitaph:[8]
Nature and nature's laws lay hid in night;
God said "Let Newton be" and all was light.
English poet J. C. Squire satirised this:[9]
It could not last; the Devil shouting "Ho!
Let Einstein be!" restored the status quo.
The following passage is from William Wordsworth's The Prelude, in which he describes a marble statue of Newton at Trinity College, Cambridge:[10]
And from my pillow, looking forth by light
Of moon or favouring stars, I could behold
The antechapel where the statue stood
Of Newton with his prism and silent face,
The marble index of a mind for ever
Voyaging through strange seas of Thought, alone.
25 December is the birthday of one of the truly great men ever to walk the earth. His achievements might justly be celebrated wherever his truths hold sway. And that means from one end of the universe to the other. Happy Newton Day!
– Richard Dawkins, evolutionary biologist and prominent atheist[27]
Some atheists, sceptics, and others have referred to 25 December as Newtonmas, a tongue-in-cheek reference to Christmas. Celebrants send cards with "Reason's Greetings!" printed inside, and exchange boxes of apples and science-related items as gifts. The celebration may have had its origin in a meeting of the Newton Association at Christmas 1890 to talk, distribute gifts, and share laughter and good cheer. The name Newtonmas can be attributed to The Skeptics Society, which needed an alternative name for its Christmas party.[28] Another name for this holiday is Gravmas (also spelt Gravmass or Grav-mass) which is an abbreviation of "gravitational mass" due to Newton's Theory of Gravitation.[29]
On 25 December 2014, American astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson tweeted:
On this day long ago, a child was born who, by age 30, would transform the world. Happy Birthday Isaac Newton b. Dec. 25, 1642.
In a subsequent interview, Tyson denied being "anti-Christian", noting that Jesus' true birthdate is unknown.[30]
Newton's birthday was 25 December under the Old Style Julian Calendar used in Protestant England at the time, but was 4 January under the New Style Gregorian Calendar used simultaneously in Catholic Europe. The period between has been proposed for a holiday season called "10 Days of Newton" to commemorate this.[31]
Q) Where did the idea to use Isaac Newton as a model for Dornkirk (leader of Zaibach) come from? A) Kawamori answers by saying that Newton was an alchemist and wrote a book on alchemy. Kawamori came up with the theory that Newton discovered the "power" [of Atlantis]. He designed Dornkirk as not a bad guy.
